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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Durability of ABC Team Wall Assemblies

This study evaluates the long-term hygrothermal durability of four advanced retrofit wall systems using a field test facility located in Hollywood, South Carolina, representative of a mixed-humid coastal climate (Zone 3). The research focuses on assessing the thermal and moisture performance of a baseline wall assembly retrofitted with (1) Tremco/Dryvit prefabricated panel systems (Revitalite and Fedderlite), (2) Reinforced Fiberglass Plastic (RFP) panels developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), and (3) Vacuum Insulated Panels (VIP) integrated with EPS by Home Innovation Research Labs (HIRL) and ORNL. A baseline wall representing a typical uninsulated wood-frame construction was used for comparison.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS2004

Outbrief - Long Life Rocket Engine Panel

This white paper is an overview of the JANNAF Long Life Rocket Engine (LLRE) Panel results from the last several years of activity. The LLRE Panel has met over the last several years in order to develop an approach for the development of long life rocket engines. Membership for this panel was drawn from a diverse set of the groups currently working on rocket engines (Le. government labs, both large and small companies and university members). The LLRE Panel was formed in order to determine the best way to enable the design of rocket engine systems that have life capability greater than 500 cycles while meeting or exceeding current performance levels (Specific Impulse and Thrust/Weight) with a 1/1,OOO,OOO likelihood of vehicle loss due to rocket system failure. After several meetings and much independent work the panel reached a consensus opinion that the primary issues preventing LLRE are a lack of: physics based life prediction, combined loads prediction, understanding of material microphysics, cost effective system level testing. and the inclusion of fabrication process effects into physics based models. With the expected level of funding devoted to LLRE development, the panel recommended that fundamental research efforts focused on these five areas be emphasized.

Quinn, Jason Eugene↗
NASA NTRS2013

Flight Deck Weather Avoidance Decision Support: Implementation and Evaluation

Weather related disruptions account for seventy percent of the delays in the National Airspace System (NAS). A key component in the weather plan of the Next Generation of Air Transportation System (NextGen) is to assimilate observed weather information and probabilistic forecasts into the decision process of flight crews and air traffic controllers. In this research we explore supporting flight crew weather decision making through the development of a flight deck predicted weather display system that utilizes weather predictions generated by ground-based radar. This system integrates and presents this weather information, together with in-flight trajectory modification tools, within a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) prototype. that the CDTI features 2D and perspective 3D visualization models of weather. The weather forecast products that we implemented were the Corridor Integrated Weather System (CIWS) and the Convective Weather Avoidance Model (CWAM), both developed by MIT Lincoln Lab. We evaluated the use of CIWS and CWAM for flight deck weather avoidance in two part-task experiments. Experiment 1 compared pilots' en route weather avoidance performance in four weather information conditions that differed in the type and amount of predicted forecast (CIWS current weather only, CIWS current and historical weather, CIWS current and forecast weather, CIWS current and forecast weather and CWAM predictions). Experiment 2 compared the use of perspective 3D and 21/2D presentations of weather for flight deck weather avoidance. Results showed that pilots could take advantage of longer range predicted weather forecasts in performing en route weather avoidance but more research will be needed to determine what combinations of information are optimal and how best to present them.

CWAM↗
NASA NTRS2016

Nasa's Ant-Inspired Swarmie Robots

As humans push further beyond the grasp of earth, robotic missions in advance of human missions will play an increasingly important role. These robotic systems will find and retrieve valuable resources as part of an in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) strategy. They will need to be highly autonomous while maintaining high task performance levels. NASA Kennedy Space Center has teamed up with the Biological Computation Lab at the University of New Mexico to create a swarm of small, low-cost, autonomous robots to be used as a ground-based research platform for ISRU missions. The behavior of the robot swarm mimics the central-place foraging strategy of ants to find and collect resources in a previously unmapped environment and return those resources to a central site. This talk will guide the audience through the Swarmie robot project from its conception by students in a New Mexico research lab to its robot trials in an outdoor parking lot at NASA. The software technologies and techniques used on the project will be discussed, as well as various challenges and solutions that were encountered by the development team along the way.

biologically inspired robots↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Comparison of Two Non-Contact Strain Measurement Techniques with Applications to Scientific Balloons

Strain measurements of scientific balloon films are necessary for evaluating the film’s material properties, validating material models, and structural evaluations of scale model balloons. This paper presents a comparison of the strain measurement techniques used by the Balloon Program Office’s Balloon Research and Development Lab at NASA Wallops Flight Facility. Two non-contact strain measurement techniques are presented for comparison, along with an assessment of measurement accuracy for both methods. The case study of a vertically oriented cylindrical balloon is presented to illustrate both systems’ performance and draw nominal conclusions of strain as a function of pressure and axial load.

Non-Contact↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Comparison of Two Non-Contact Strain Measurement Techniques with Applications to Scientific Balloons

Strain measurements of scientific balloon films are necessary for evaluating the film’s material properties, validating material models, and structural evaluations of scale model balloons. This paper presents a comparison of the strain measurement techniques used by the Balloon Program Office’s Balloon Research and Development Lab at NASA Wallops Flight Facility. Two non-contact strain measurement techniques are presented for comparison, along with an assessment of measurement accuracy for both methods. The case study of a vertically oriented cylindrical balloon is presented to illustrate both systems’ performance and draw nominal conclusions of strain as a function of pressure and axial load.

Non-Contact↗
DOE OSTI2024

Approaches for Autonomous Peer to Peer Communication: For Resilient Community Microgrids

The final phase of the Islandable Communications task of the SECURE project consisted of integrating the islandable communications network into a microgrid simulation at NREL. Initially integration was planned for a microgrid implemented as a mix of simulation and physical hardware. As the project evolved, the microgrid became fully simulated. The simulation environment was structured to break out the communication paths that would pass over a communication network in a field demonstration. The Islandable Communication network was integrated into the simulation environment, allowing both a commercial cellular carrier and a Private LTE network to be evaluated. The microgrid simulation showed differences in performance and behavior when operating over the wireless networks (compared to operating over wired Ethernet in the lab). These differences point to further research opportunities to better understand how microgrid communication carried over real-world or impaired networks affects the microgrid system behavior.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Midwest Nuclear-based Net-Zero Carbon Steelmaking Demonstration

Globally, the iron and steel industry accounts for around a quarter of GHG emissions from the manufacturing sector , which is about 7% of the 33 gigatonnes (Gt) of global CO 2 emissions . Thus, globally, the steel industry is a 2-3 Gt CO 2 per year emissions challenge. The steel industry is important to the U.S. economy with output equal to $0.5 trillion and domestic production capacity is critical to national defense, infrastructure, energy production, and transportation. President Biden’s executive order on climate identifies actions and policies to put the Nation on a path to achieve net-zero carbon emissions, economy-wide, by no later than 2050. To achieve this, deep carbon reductions in the power, transportation, buildings and capital-intensive industrial manufacturing segments such as steel, cement and chemicals need to be addressed. In its recent “Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System” report , the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) stated that, “while technology exists to decarbonize all parts of the energy system, some sectors remain at precommercial or first-of-a-kind demonstration stages and require significant improvement in cost and performance to become commercially viable.” The NAS goes on to state that these hard to decarbonize sectors include “aviation, shipping, and industrial subsectors such as steel, cement, and chemicals manufacturing .” The Administration has proposed a timeline to decarbonize energy, transportation and then industry and manufacturing. From a life-cycle approach, decarbonizing steel and other large industrial inputs are necessary to decarbonize transformations in energy and transportation. DOE’s TRI-Lab Consortium’s Integrated Energy Systems (IES) program is a collaboration amongst DOE’s three applied energy laboratories: the National Energy Technology Laboratory; National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Idaho National Laboratory. The IES approach looks at more tightly integrating low-carbon nuclear energy, renewable electricity, energy storage, load/demand balancing, and biomass (including plastics and other wastes) with one or more industrial processes that utilize heat and/or power from these clean and waste energy sources to produce a low-carbon commodity-scale product.

08 HYDROGEN↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA Kennedy Space Center Swamp Works 10th Anniversary: Innovative Research & Technology Development Summary

Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC) Swamp Works, provides government and commercial space ventures with the technologies required for working and living on the surfaces of the Moon or other planets and bodies in our solar system. The Swamp Works team establishes rapid, innovative and cost-effective exploration mission solutions through leveraging of partnerships across NASA, industry and academia. Concepts start small and build up fast, with lean development processes and a hands-on approach. Testing is performed in early stages to drive design improvements and progressively increase Technology Readiness Levels (TRL). Swamp Works provides concepts, architecture studies and trades, designs, data, technology development, technology demonstration hardware, flight hardware, testing, flight support and knowledge in support of the development of surface systems. It consists of several teams with associated laboratories and test capabilities. The Granular Mechanics and Regolith Operations (GMRO) Laboratory and the Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory (ESPL) are co-located in the Engineering Development Lab (EDL) facility high bay. The Applied Chemistry Lab (ACL) is in an adjacent facility and other KSC labs are being influenced by the innovation methods pioneered at the Swamp Works. The Swamp Works was founded in January 2013 by a group of scientists and engineers at KSC with the over-arching vision of expanding humanity and civilization into the solar system by the use of space resources via advanced technology. Ultimately, this will create a solar system economy that will improve the human condition due to the abundance of energy and resources. This paper will summarize the projects and technology development that have been performed by the Swamp Works to celebrate its 10th Anniversary of innovation success.

Robotic Mining↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Swamp Works Technology Development 10th Anniversary: 2013-2023

Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC) Swamp Works, provides government and commercial space ventures with the technologies required for working and living on the surfaces of the Moon or other planets and bodies in our solar system. The Swamp Works team establishes efficient, innovative and cost-effective exploration mission solutions through leveraging of partnerships across NASA, industry and academia. Concepts start small and build up momentum, with lean development processes and a hands-on approach. Testing is performed in early stages to drive design improvements and progressively increase Technology Readiness Levels (TRL). Swamp Works provides concepts, architecture studies and trades, designs, data, technology development, technology demonstration hardware, flight hardware, testing, flight support and knowledge in support of the development of surface systems. It consists of several teams with associated laboratories and test capabilities. The Granular Mechanics and Regolith Operations (GMRO) Laboratory and the Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory (ESPL) are co-located in the Engineering Development Lab (EDL) facility high bay. The Applied Chemistry Lab (ACL) is in an adjacent facility and other KSC labs are being influenced by the innovation methods pioneered at the Swamp Works. The Swamp Works was founded in January 2013 by a group of scientists and engineers at KSC with the over-arching vision of expanding humanity and civilization into the solar system by the use of space resources via advanced technology. Ultimately, this will create a solar system economy that will improve the human condition due to the abundance of energy and resources. This presentation will summarize the projects and technology development that have been performed by the Swamp Works to celebrate its 10th Anniversary of innovation success.

Swamp Works↗
NASA NTRS2023

Swamp Works Technology Development 10th Anniversary: 2013-2023 - Innovative Research & Technology Development Summary

Kennedy Space Center’s (KSC) Swamp Works, provides government and commercial space ventures with the technologies required for working and living on the surfaces of the Moon or other planets and bodies in our solar system. The Swamp Works team establishes rapid, innovative and cost-effective exploration mission solutions through leveraging of partnerships across NASA, industry and academia. Concepts start small and build up efficiently, with lean development processes and a hands-on approach. Testing is performed in early stages to drive design improvements and progressively increase Technology Readiness Levels (TRL). Swamp Works provides concepts, architecture studies and trades, designs, data, technology development, technology demonstration hardware, flight hardware, testing, flight support and knowledge in support of the development of surface systems. It consists of several teams with associated laboratories and test capabilities. The Granular Mechanics and Regolith Operations (GMRO) Laboratory and the Electrostatics and Surface Physics Laboratory (ESPL) are co-located in the Engineering Development Lab (EDL) facility high bay. The Applied Chemistry Lab (ACL) is in an adjacent facility and other KSC labs are being influenced by the innovation methods pioneered at the Swamp Works. The Swamp Works was founded in January 2013 by a group of scientists and engineers at KSC with the over-arching vision of expanding humanity and civilization into the solar system by the use of space resources via advanced technology. Ultimately, this will create a solar system economy that will improve the human condition due to the abundance of energy and resources. This presentation will summarize the projects and technology development that have been performed by the Swamp Works to celebrate its 10th Anniversary of innovation success.

Swamp Works↗
DOE OSTI2021

The BDX-MINI detector for Light Dark Matter search at JLab

This paper describes the design and performance of a compact detector, BDX-MINI, that incorporates all features of a concept that optimized the detection of light dark matter in the MeV-GeV mass range produced by electrons in a beam dump. It represents a reduced version of the future BDX experiment expected to run at JLAB. BDX-MINI was exposed to penetrating particles produced by a 2.176GeV electron beam incident on the beam dump of Hall A at Jefferson Lab. The detector consists of 30.5 kg of PbWO 4 crystals with sufficient material following the beam dump to eliminate all known particles except neutrinos. The crystals are read out using silicon photomultipliers. Completely surrounding the detector are a passive layer of tungsten and two active scintillator veto systems, which are also read out using silicon photomultipliers. The design was validated and the performance of the robust detector was shown to be stable during a six month period during which the detector was operated with minimal access.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS2009

Developments to Increase the Performance, Operational Versatility and Automation of a Lunar Surface Manipulation System

The objective of this paper is to describe and summarize the results of the development efforts for the Lunar Surface Manipulation System (LSMS) with respect to increasing the performance, operational versatility, and automation. Three primary areas of development are covered, including; the expansion of the operational envelope and versatility of the current LSMS test-bed, the design of a second generation LSMS, and the development of automation and remote control capability. The first generation LSMS, which has been designed, built, and tested both in lab and field settings, is shown to have increased range of motion and operational versatility. Features such as fork lift mode, side grappling of payloads, digging and positioning of lunar regolith, and a variety of special end effectors are described. LSMS operational viability depends on bei nagble to reposition its base from an initial position on the lander to a mobility chassis or fixed locations around the lunar outpost. Preliminary concepts are presented for the second generation LSMS design, which will perform this self-offload capability. Incorporating design improvements, the second generation will have longer reach and three times the payload capability, yet it will have approximately equivalent mass to the first generation. Lastly, this paper covers improvements being made to the control system of the LSMS test-bed, which is currently operated using joint velocity control with visual cues. These improvements include joint angle sensors, inverse kinematics, and automated controls.

Dorsey, John T.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Final Report – Cooperative Research and Development Agreement between National Energy Technology Laboratory and Oxergy, Inc.

The NETL Raman Gas Analyzer (RGA) has been demonstrated to have an extremely fast response (<1 second) multi-gas analysis capability. All but the noble gases are Raman active, although the Raman interaction is weak. The RGA uses a reflectively lined capillary as the optical cell, providing both a small sample volume for fast gas exchange, and a much greater Raman signal collection than traditional instrument configurations. This allows very fast measurement of fuel gases (hydrogen, methane, ethane, propane) as well as other common industrial gases (carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, and water). This provides a new enabling technology for faster, smarter process control based on the chemical composition of the gases in the process – including improved fuel flexibility and efficiency for power generation systems. Research and development up to 2016 resulted in the construction of two field prototypes of the NETL RGA, which has been in applied to various laboratory applications for testing. The results of the testing have been used to improve the RGA design, with the intent to support technology transfer. The quality of the optical capillary used in the RGA is critical to its performance, and prior work at NETL produced a few optical capillaries superior to those commercially available. The production of high optical quality capillaries, however, was inconsistent in its results. With the support of the DOE Office of Technology Transitions, through the Technology Commercialization Fund program, this project was undertaken to address this commercialization barrier and to also evaluate the possible application of Raman gas analysis to a supercritical water gasification process being developed by Oxergy Inc. Oxergy, a small business located in Fairbanks, Alaska, is developing ultra-compact thermochemical reaction devices built with advanced manufacturing processes. Chief Technology Officer Jonathan Kamler holds the (pending) patent to Oxergy’s core reactor technology. Oxergy maintains wet-lab and combustion-lab space at the University of Alaska Fairbanks Center for Sustainable Living in Palmer, Alaska, where Mr. Kamler operates a pilot-scale, supercritical water gasification system designed and built by Oxergy. Mr. Kamler also operates an All Powers Labs Power Pallet gasifier coupled to a 10KW electrical generator as a dry biomass test platform at the Palmer facility. Both systems are suitable for real-world, collaborative testing of Raman gas analysis applications. The objectives of the CRADA include making the production of high-quality optical capillaries consistent and high yield, investigating other options for optical waveguides, and testing the capillaries for measurements in supercritical water gasification. Success on these objectives will support commercialization of both the RGA and supercritical water gasification technologies. Through the work performed on this project, a new apparatus was constructed and optimized to provide consistent production of high-quality optical capillaries. Several thick-walled capillaries were coated using this apparatus and shipped to Oxergy in September 2018 for testing in both dry gasification and supercritical water gasification process monitoring applications at University of Alaska Fairbanks facilities in Palmer. The strong earthquake near Anchorage and Palmer in November 2018 caused extensive damage and closure of the facilities used by Oxergy, preventing Oxergy from proceeding with experimental testing before the end of the project; the facility has been closed indefinitely. Earthquake damage prohibited the completion of all the project objectives prior to the end of the project. However, significant progress was made toward addressing a core technology commercialization barrier. The largest and most mature potential market for Raman gas analysis is its use in analytical instruments, which require sensitivity and low detection limits, and Oxergy’s market research found that market inertia is a barrier to commercial success in this market. Although NETL’s innovations in capillary coating have substantially improved Raman gas analysis capability, the likely market is expected to be niche applications that value the fast detection of real-time changes in gas composition.

Chorpening, Benjamin↗
DOE OSTI2019

Low-cost Oxygen (LCO) for Small-scale Modular Gasification Systems

Development of a sorbent-based vacuum pressure swing adsorption oxygen production technology was undertaken. Newly developed perovskite ceramic sorbent materials have a higher O 2 adsorption capacity, lower operating temperatures (550-600 °C vs 800-850 °C), and an order of magnitude faster desorption rate than those used in earlier development efforts. These performance advancements lead to substantial savings in capital investment and operational costs. Cost of producing oxygen using the new sorbents can be considerably lower than a cryogenic air separation unit. Development of these new sorbents and design and fabrication of a pilot demonstration unit (PDU) encompassed lab-scale work, bench-scale testing and development, demonstration-scale sorbent manufacturing, procurement of plant components, and final assembly and testing of the PDU. The goal of the project was to develop an advanced oxygen production technology based on improved perovskite ceramic sorbents that results in significantly lower oxygen cost compared to commercial state of the art technologies. The pilot demonstration unit was constructed and operated, but the performance of the scaled-up sorbent and the PDU was hindered by the mechanical problems with the system. When the problems are accounted for, the results show that the PDU would be able to produce 95% oxygen at a rate exceeding one ton per day. The same mechanical problems also mean that the PDU system was not fully optimized, which would increase the productivity as well.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2019

Hybrid Optimization and Performance Platform (HOPP)

As part of NREL's Hybrid Energy Systems Research, this software assesses optimal designs for the deployment of utility-scale hybrid energy plants, particularly considering wind, solar and storage.

Tripp, CharlesEdison [National Renewable Energy La↗
DOE OSTI2024

Connecting Nitrogen Transformations Mediated by the Rhizosphere Microbiome to Perennial Cropping System Productivity in Marginal Lands

The demand for energy from biofuel production is increasing, prompting concerns about the environmental impact and long-term sustainability of bioenergy cropping systems. These cropping systems will make up much of our future landscapes, and threaten to take the place of food cropping systems. Many life cycle analyses of bioenergy sustainability focus on carbon accrual and budgets, since they want to maximize carbon accrual while producing alternative fuel. Less attention has been given to nitrogen (N) dynamics in these systems. N is the most commonly limiting nutrient for plants, but applying nitrogen fertilizer- as we do for most cropping systems – is harmful to the environment, energetically costly, and produces greenhouse gases. In other words, adding nitrogen by fertilizer bioenergy systems could add to the very problems (climate change) it is trying to address. This is especially true for the areas that are proposed for bioenergy systems: marginal lands. These more degraded lands do not complete with food crops, but do have limited nitrogen. If we are to use these marginal lands for bioenergy, we need to understand the mechanisms regulating nutrient acquisition, and identify ways that bioenergy crops can get nitrogen in sustainable ways. Nutrient acquisition in the soil is performed by microbes in the root zone, or rhizosphere. Microbes can either mineralize nitrogen in the soil (from organic forms) or fix nitrogen from the air, in a process called nitrogen fixation. The goal of our project was thus to understand how the rhizosphere microbiome provides nutrients to bioenergy crops on marginal lands. We focus especially on the process of nitrogen fixation, since it has potential to get “fertilizer for free” that has much less environmental harm. We investigated this goal using sites from the DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) in the upper Midwest, and associated lab and ‘omics methods. We group our findings into three major areas. First, we showed that nitrogen fixation, the conversion of N2 gas from the air to ammonium that is usable by plants, is performed in bioenergy soils, and benefits switchgrass crops. While more well-studied in leguminous plants, free-living nitrogen fixation can occur in some systems, and represents a potential opportunity to gain ‘free’ sustainable nitrogen source. We identified the nitrogen fixing bacteria that were most active in providing switchgrass with N, and showed that the drivers of nitrogen fixation occurred at a microscale; it is not well-predicted by bulk variables like soil moisture or plant phenology. Second, we showed that nitrogen fixation is not suppressed by long-term fertilizer. We expected that plentiful nitrogen would reduce the symbiotic relationship between nitrogen fixers and plants, and ‘downregulate’ fixation. We did not find evidence for this, either after long-term fertilizer in the field, or short-term fertilizer in the greenhouse. Finally, we identified the root exudates, carbon compounds that are emitted from the root, that best stimulate nitrogen fixation. We found that carbohydrates were better at stimulating fixation than organic acids. We expected these exudates to be emitted from the plant in periods of high N demand, but we found they are emitted when N is plentiful. This suggests that the stimulation of N fixation by plants is a passive process. Overall, we show that nitrogen fixation has potential to support bioenergy cropping system, and future management could develop ways to maximize it. However, this may not be best achieved via the plant – we found very little evidence of a ‘transactional’ system by which plants are controlling when and where nitrogen fixation is stimulated. It will be better to understand how management practices like planting and fertilizer application affect the microscale soil dynamics, which will determine nitrogen fixation rates.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

SLAC microresonator RF(SMuRF) electronics: A tone-tracking readout system for superconducting microwave resonator arrays

Here, we describe the newest generation of the SLAC Microresonator RF (SMuRF) electronics, a warm digital control and readout system for microwave-frequency resonator-based cryogenic detector and multiplexer systems, such as microwave superconducting quantum interference device multiplexers (μmux) or microwave kinetic inductance detectors. Ultra-sensitive measurements in particle physics and astronomy increasingly rely on large arrays of cryogenic sensors, which in turn necessitate highly multiplexed readout and accompanying room-temperature electronics. Microwave-frequency resonators are a popular tool for cryogenic multiplexing, with the potential to multiplex thousands of detector channels on one readout line. The SMuRF system provides the capability for reading out up to 3328 channels across a 4–8 GHz bandwidth. Notably, the SMuRF system is unique in its implementation of a closed-loop tone-tracking algorithm that minimizes RF power transmitted to the cold amplifier, substantially relaxing system linearity requirements and effective noise from intermodulation products. Here, we present a description of the hardware, firmware, and software systems of the SMuRF electronics, comparing achieved performance with science-driven design requirements. In particular, we focus on the case of large-channel-count, low-bandwidth applications, but the system has been easily reconfigured for high-bandwidth applications. The system described here has been successfully deployed in lab settings and field sites around the world and is baselined for use on upcoming large-scale observatories.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗