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NASA NTRS2004

Simulation Based Acquisition for NASA's Office of Exploration Systems

In January 2004, President George W. Bush unveiled his vision for NASA to advance U.S. scientific, security, and economic interests through a robust space exploration program. This vision includes the goal to extend human presence across the solar system, starting with a human return to the Moon no later than 2020, in preparation for human exploration of Mars and other destinations. In response to this vision, NASA has created the Office of Exploration Systems (OExS) to develop the innovative technologies, knowledge, and infrastructures to explore and support decisions about human exploration destinations, including the development of a new Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV). Within the OExS organization, NASA is implementing Simulation Based Acquisition (SBA), a robust Modeling & Simulation (M&S) environment integrated across all acquisition phases and programs/teams, to make the realization of the President s vision more certain. Executed properly, SBA will foster better informed, timelier, and more defensible decisions throughout the acquisition life cycle. By doing so, SBA will improve the quality of NASA systems and speed their development, at less cost and risk than would otherwise be the case. SBA is a comprehensive, Enterprise-wide endeavor that necessitates an evolved culture, a revised spiral acquisition process, and an infrastructure of advanced Information Technology (IT) capabilities. SBA encompasses all project phases (from requirements analysis and concept formulation through design, manufacture, training, and operations), professional disciplines, and activities that can benefit from employing SBA capabilities. SBA capabilities include: developing and assessing system concepts and designs; planning manufacturing, assembly, transport, and launch; training crews, maintainers, launch personnel, and controllers; planning and monitoring missions; responding to emergencies by evaluating effects and exploring solutions; and communicating across the OExS enterprise, within the Government, and with the general public. The SBA process features empowered collaborative teams (including industry partners) to integrate requirements, acquisition, training, operations, and sustainment. The SBA process also utilizes an increased reliance on and investment in M&S to reduce design risk. SBA originated as a joint Industry and Department of Defense (DoD) initiative to define and integrate an acquisition process that employs robust, collaborative use of M&S technology across acquisition phases and programs. The SBA process was successfully implemented in the Air Force s Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program.

Hale, Joe↗

NASA NTRS2005

Hybrid Power Management Program Evaluated Ultracapacitors for the Next Generation Launch Transportation Project

The NASA Glenn Research Center initiated baseline testing of ultracapacitors to obtain empirical data in determining the feasibility of using ultracapacitors for the Next Generation Launch Transportation (NGLT) Project. There are large transient loads associated with NGLT that require a very large primary energy source or an energy storage system. The primary power source used for this test was a proton-exchange-membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The energy storage system can consist of batteries, flywheels, or ultracapacitors. Ultracapacitors were used for these tests. NASA Glenn has a wealth of experience in ultracapacitor technology through the Hybrid Power Management (HPM) Program, which the Avionics, Power and Communications Branch of Glenn s Engineering Development Division initiated for the Technology Transfer and Partnership Office. HPM is the innovative integration of diverse, state-ofthe- art power devices in optimal configurations for space and terrestrial applications. The appropriate application and control of the various advanced power devices (such as ultracapacitors and fuel cells) significantly improves overall system performance and efficiency. HPM has extremely wide potential. Applications include power generation, transportation systems, biotechnology systems, and space power systems. HPM has the potential to significantly alleviate global energy concerns, improve the environment, and stimulate the economy.

Eichenberg, Dennis J.↗

NASA NTRS2005

Enabling Interoperable Space Robots With the Joint Technical Architecture for Robotic Systems (JTARS)

Robots that operate independently of one another will not be adequate to accomplish the future exploration tasks of long-distance autonomous navigation, habitat construction, resource discovery, and material handling. Such activities will require that systems widely share information, plan and divide complex tasks, share common resources, and physically cooperate to manipulate objects. Recognizing the need for interoperable robots to accomplish the new exploration initiative, NASA s Office of Exploration Systems Research & Technology recently funded the development of the Joint Technical Architecture for Robotic Systems (JTARS). JTARS charter is to identify the interface standards necessary to achieve interoperability among space robots. A JTARS working group (JTARS-WG) has been established comprising recognized leaders in the field of space robotics including representatives from seven NASA centers along with academia and private industry. The working group s early accomplishments include addressing key issues required for interoperability, defining which systems are within the project s scope, and framing the JTARS manuals around classes of robotic systems.

Bradley, Arthur↗

NASA NTRS2000

Surface Systems R&D in NASA's Planetary Exploration Program

This paper reports on activities being supported by the Surface Systems Thrust of the NASA Cross Enterprise Technology Development Program, a research program whithin the NASA office of Space Science.

robotics planetary exploration↗

NASA NTRS2006

RS-25 for the NASA Cargo Launch Vehicle: The Evolution of SSME for Space Exploration

A key element of the National Vision for Space Exploration is the development of a heavy-lift Cargo Launch Vehicle (CaLV). Missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond are only possible with the logistical capacity of putting large payloads in low-earth orbit. However, beyond simple logistics, there exists the need for this capability to be as cost effective as possible to ensure mission sustainability. An element of the CaLV project is, therefore, the development of the RS-25, which represents the evolution of the proven Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) into a high-performance, cost-effective expendable rocket engine. The development of the RS-25 will be built upon the foundation of over one million seconds of accumulated hot-fire time on the SSME. Yet in order to transform the reusable SSME into the more cost-effective, expendable RS-25 changes will have to be made. Thus the project will inevitably strive to maintain a balance between demonstrated heritage products and processes and the utilization of newer technology developments. Towards that end, the Core Stage Engine Office has been established at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center to initiate the design and development of the RS-25 engine. This paper is being written very early in the formulation phase of the RS-25 project. Therefore the focus of this paper will be to present the scope, challenges, and opportunities for the RS-25 project. Early schedules and development decisions and plans will be explained. For not only must the RS-25 project achieve cost effectiveness through the development of new, evolved components such as a channel-wall nozzle, a new HIP-bonded main combustion chamber, and several others, it must simultaneously develop the means whereby this engine can be manufactured on a scale never envisioned for the SSME. Thus, while the overall project will span the next eight to ten years, there is little doubt that even this schedule is aggressive with a great deal of work to accomplish.

Kynard, Michael H.↗

NASA NTRS2006

High Performance, Dependable Multiprocessor

With the ever increasing demand for higher bandwidth and processing capacity of today's space exploration, space science, and defense missions, the ability to efficiently apply commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) processors for on-board computing is now a critical need. In response to this need, NASA's New Millennium Program office has commissioned the development of Dependable Multiprocessor (DM) technology for use in payload and robotic missions. The Dependable Multiprocessor technology is a COTS-based, power efficient, high performance, highly dependable, fault tolerant cluster computer. To date, Honeywell has successfully demonstrated a TRL4 prototype of the Dependable Multiprocessor [I], and is now working on the development of a TRLS prototype. For the present effort Honeywell has teamed up with the University of Florida's High-performance Computing and Simulation (HCS) Lab, and together the team has demonstrated major elements of the Dependable Multiprocessor TRLS system.

fault tolerant↗

NASA NTRS2014

The Ecosystems SAR (EcoSAR) an Airborne P-band Polarimetric InSAR for the Measurement of Vegetation Structure, Biomass and Permafrost

EcoSAR is a new synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instrument being developed at the NASA/ Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) for the polarimetric and interferometric measurements of ecosystem structure and biomass. The instrument uses a phased-array beamforming architecture and supports full polarimetric measurements and single pass interferometry. This Instrument development is part of NASA's Earth Science Technology Office Instrument Incubator Program (ESTO IIP).

SAR↗

NASA NTRS2014

Investigation of the Effects of Facility Background Pressure on the Performance and Voltage-Current Characteristics of the High Voltage Hall Accelerator

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science Mission Directorate In-Space Propulsion Technology office is sponsoring NASA Glenn Research Center to develop a 4 kW-class Hall thruster propulsion system for implementation in NASA science missions. A study was conducted to assess the impact of varying the facility background pressure on the High Voltage Hall Accelerator (HiVHAc) thruster performance and voltage-current characteristics. This present study evaluated the HiVHAc thruster performance in the lowest attainable background pressure condition at NASA GRC Vacuum Facility 5 to best simulate space-like conditions. Additional tests were performed at selected thruster operating conditions to investigate and elucidate the underlying physics that change during thruster operation at elevated facility background pressure. Tests were performed at background pressure conditions that are three and ten times higher than the lowest realized background pressure. Results indicated that the thruster discharge specific impulse and efficiency increased with elevated facility background pressure. The voltage-current profiles indicated a narrower stable operating region with increased background pressure. Experimental observations of the thruster operation indicated that increasing the facility background pressure shifted the ionization and acceleration zones upstream towards the thruster's anode. Future tests of the HiVHAc thruster are planned at background pressure conditions that are expected to be two to three times lower than what was achieved during this test campaign. These tests will not only assess the impact of reduced facility background pressure on thruster performance, voltage-current characteristics, and plume properties; but will also attempt to quantify the magnitude of the ionization and acceleration zones upstream shifting as a function of increased background pressure.

Electric Propulsion↗

NASA NTRS2014

Investigation of the Effects of Facility Background Pressure on the Performance and Voltage-Current Characteristics of the High Voltage Hall Accelerator

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science Mission Directorate In-Space Propulsion Technology office is sponsoring NASA Glenn Research Center to develop a 4 kW-class Hall thruster propulsion system for implementation in NASA science missions. A study was conducted to assess the impact of varying the facility background pressure on the High Voltage Hall Accelerator (HiVHAc) thruster performance and voltage-current characteristics. This present study evaluated the HiVHAc thruster performance in the lowest attainable background pressure condition at NASA GRC Vacuum Facility 5 to best simulate space-like conditions. Additional tests were performed at selected thruster operating conditions to investigate and elucidate the underlying physics that change during thruster operation at elevated facility background pressure. Tests were performed at background pressure conditions that are three and ten times higher than the lowest realized background pressure. Results indicated that the thruster discharge specific impulse and efficiency increased with elevated facility background pressure. The voltage-current profiles indicated a narrower stable operating region with increased background pressure. Experimental observations of the thruster operation indicated that increasing the facility background pressure shifted the ionization and acceleration zones upstream towards the thrusters anode. Future tests of the HiVHAc thruster are planned at background pressure conditions that are expected to be two to three times lower than what was achieved during this test campaign. These tests will not only assess the impact of reduced facility background pressure on thruster performance, voltage-current characteristics, and plume properties; but will also attempt to quantify the magnitude of the ionization.

Pressure Effects↗

NASA NTRS2020

First Results From an Uncooled LWIR Polarimeter for Cubesat Deployment

A compact long-wave infrared (LWIR) channeled spectro-polarimeter (IRCSP) has been developed for integration into the NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) funded submm-wave and LWIR polarimeters project to measure the microphysical properties of cloud ice. Once deployed, the IRCSP will produce the first linear Stokes measurements ( S0 , S1 , S2 ) of upper-tropospheric cirrus clouds from 8.5 to 12.5 μm. For the first time, a compact, light-weight, and uncooled LWIR polarimeter with off-the-shelf thermal optical components is demonstrated. We report narrowband calibration measurements which quantify metrics of polarimetric system performance. The response of the system to linearly polarized light is shown to agree with both a Mueller matrix model and modulation function for narrowband calibration measurements with an R2 > 0.98 from 8 to 11 μm. The polarimetric efficiency is >0.8 from 8 to 11 μm for narrowband measurements indicating satisfactory performance of the polarization optics. Beyond 11 μm, the agreement is significantly reduced as thermal noise compounds with reduced detector response. Ultimately, the observed system performance is limited by the spectral response of the detector past 11 μm in addition to the thermal noise inherent for the measurements at room temperature.

LWIR↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Efficient Ho:LuLiF MOPA Laser Transmitter for Space Pathfinder Coherent Wind Lidar

Supported by NASA’s Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO), a new lidar transmitter system is developed under the Wind-Space Pathfinder coherent wind lidar project. It is an efficient Ho:LuLiF master oscillator power amplifier system (MOPA) that is capable of generating 15 watts power and 180 ns pulse width at 200 Hz PRF with excellent beam quality. The laser is injection seeded to provide stable single longitudinal frequency output. The laser beam polarization can be switched between “S” and “P” alternatively. Thus, the “S” and “P” beams can be directed to two separate telescopes at different directions to provide true horizontal wind measurement without a moving part in the lidar system. The laser power, pulse width and beam quality fulfill the space lidar system’s figure-of-merit (FOM) and measurement accuracy requirements.

Coherent laser radar↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Efficient Ho:LuLiF MOPA Laser Transmitter for Space Pathfinder Coherent Wind Lidar

Coherent Laser Radar↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA’s Aerosol Wind Profiler (AWP) Coherent Doppler Wind LiDAR

NASA’s Langley Research Center recently completed development of the Aerosol Wind Profiler (AWP) suborbital, 2 µm coherent Doppler wind lidar (CDWL) instrument. The AWP instrument is presented, and the Jan 2023 flight demonstration configuration is described. Data from these demonstration flights are presented. AWP was developed with support from NASA’s Earth Science Technology Office, Earth Science Division, and LaRC Science Directorate.

AWP↗

DOE OSTI2017

Optimizing Biorefinery Design and Operations via Linear Programming Models

The ability to assess and optimize economics of biomass resource utilization for the production of fuels, chemicals and power is essential for the ultimate success of a bioenergy industry. The team of authors, consisting of members from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Idaho National Laboratory (INL), has developed simple biorefinery linear programming (LP) models to enable the optimization of theoretical or existing biorefineries. The goal of this analysis is to demonstrate how such models can benefit the developing biorefining industry. It focuses on a theoretical multi-pathway, thermochemical biorefinery configuration and demonstrates how the biorefinery can use LP models for operations planning and optimization in comparable ways to the petroleum refining industry. Using LP modeling tools developed under U.S. Department of Energy's Bioenergy Technologies Office (DOE-BETO) funded efforts, the authors investigate optimization challenges for the theoretical biorefineries such as (1) optimal feedstock slate based on available biomass and prices, (2) breakeven price analysis for available feedstocks, (3) impact analysis for changes in feedstock costs and product prices, (4) optimal biorefinery operations during unit shutdowns / turnarounds, and (5) incentives for increased processing capacity. These biorefinery examples are comparable to crude oil purchasing and operational optimization studies that petroleum refiners perform routinely using LPs and other optimization models. It is important to note that the analyses presented in this article are strictly theoretical and they are not based on current energy market prices. The pricing structure assigned for this demonstrative analysis is consistent with $4 per gallon gasoline, which clearly assumes an economic environment that would favor the construction and operation of biorefineries. The analysis approach and examples provide valuable insights into the usefulness of analysis tools for maximizing the potential benefits of biomass utilization for production of fuels, chemicals and power.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Fuel Safety Research Plan for Accident Tolerant Fuels

This document outlines a strategic plan for a safety research program for accident tolerant fuels. Accident tolerant fuels (ATFs) are nuclear fuel materials and designs for existing and future light water reactors. This effort is under the Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy’s Nuclear Technology Research and Development Advanced Fuels Campaign. The development of ATF is an industry lead initiative with fuel designs being championed by Westinghouse, Framatome, and General Electric. Industry goals for ATF deployment include implementing the first batch reloads of coated cladding and doped fuel designs into commercial reactors by 2023 and having the first batch reloads of more advanced designs into commercial reactors by 2026. Follow on goals include implementing the first full cores of coated cladding and doped fuel designs into commercial reactors by 2026 and implementing full cores of more advanced designs by 2030. The objectives of the national laboratory research programs within the Advanced Fuels Campaign related to ATF are: 1. Develop and maintain of unique nuclear testing infrastructure, which includes test reactors, hot cell PIE equipment, and unique out of pile separate effects testing facilities. 2. Respond directly to industry requests for support by partnering with the ATF vendors and executing experiments and/or analysis on their behalf. 3. Conduct independent scientific investigations into the performance of the different ATF concepts that are relevant to Industry designs. To achieve these objectives, the safety research program will execute transient irradiation experiments at the TREAT facility at Idaho National Laboratory with the aim of identifying the relevant transient fuel behaviors for each fuel design in order to establish appropriate fuel safety criteria and thresholds. Two test series are described in this plan, (1) an Integral Test Series, and (2) a Focused Effects Test Series. In fulfillment of the first objective for the safety research program, Integral Effects Tests will be developed and demonstrated using standard UO2 Zircaloy fuel designs in both the fresh and previously irradiated case. The Integral Test Series will consist of three campaigns to evaluate transient fuel performance in Reactivity Initiated Accidents, Loss of Coolant Accidents, and in generalized Power Cooling Mismatch scenarios. Development of these test programs also enables the safety research program to fulfill its second objective by making these three test programs available to each industry team. Initially, priority will be given in the integral test series to the coated cladding and doped fuel concepts as their deployment schedule is the most aggressive. To fulfill the third objective of the safety research program, a Focused Effects Test Series is also being developed which will examine specific transient fuel behaviors that are of general interest to all the ATF designs under development. These tests look at transient fuel behavior related to pellet cladding mechanical interaction, coated cladding swelling, rupture, and time at temperature behavior, non oxide fuel melting and mechanical interaction with Silicon Carbide cladding, UO2 and doped UO2 fuel fragmentation and transient fission gas release, and finally fuel coolant interaction. This document provides a general overview of the objectives of the safety research program as well as providing background into how programs like this have been used in the past to develop the criteria necessary for the safe operation of the present fuel designs. An overview of the materials and methods used for safety testing is presented. Finally the Integral and Focused Effects tests series are introduced and described. This document will be maintained as a “living” document with annual updates to reflect evolving requirements and needs.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Wind Energy Accomplishments and Year-End Performance Report: Fiscal Year 2023

As the United States' largest source of renewable energy, wind is already playing a vital role in the nation's shift to electricity generated from sustainable resources. Scientists, engineers, and analysts at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are propelling our country closer to this clean energy future with new efficient, reliable, and cost-competitive wind technologies and deployment strategies. In Fiscal Year 2023 (FY 2023), NREL received national acclaim for recent wind technology breakthroughs, applauded sustained decades of progress in wind energy research, and heralded new initiatives to support the next generation of wind development. This report and NREL's achievements of the last year set the stage for innovative research to come. Two NREL software innovations used to assess wind technology options were recognized with R&D 100 Awards. The Renewable Energy Potential (reV) model helps planners, developers, and researchers calculate wind energy capacity, generation, and cost for specific facilities, fleets and scenarios. NREL's Simulation and Emulation for Advanced Systems validates transmission and distribution solutions to minimize implementation risks. Both of these tools can be applied to a range of renewable solutions to cut costs and improve the reliability of systems in even the most remote locations. The laboratory commemorated landmark anniversaries for wind energy research facilities and programs managed by NREL. The National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) celebrated 30 years as a world-class hub for renewable energy research. An important component of the NWTC on NREL's Flatirons Campus, the one-of-a-kind 7-megawatt (MW) Controllable Grid Interface wind energy research apparatus, turned 10 this year. The Collegiate Wind Competition completed its tenth annual competition in May 2023. Six years after the grand challenges in wind energy science were first compiled, NREL brought together more than 100 wind energy experts from 15 countries to revisit the field's most pressing research needs. Other key new research initiatives examined ways to simultaneously address the needs for skilled wind energy workers and equitable job opportunities. NREL released the first national-level report evaluating offshore wind industry workforce gaps and ways to build a large, diverse pool of job candidates. The lab also co-hosted the International Partnering Forum's Offshore Wind Workforce Summit as part of its ongoing efforts to address the special challenges of that industry sector. NREL research and development (R&D) for the DOE Wind Energy Technologies Office (WETO) continues to build momentum in its efforts to combat climate change, create clean energy jobs, and promote energy justice. This report provides more detail on these top achievements and other accomplishments made by NREL and its partners during FY 2023 (between Oct. 1, 2022, and Sept. 30, 2023).

accomplishments↗

DOE OSTI2015

The SRNL technical assistance program: transferring lessons learned from two decades of remedial successes to the DOE complex - 15438

The Savannah River Site has an established history of developing implementable risk reduction strategies, developing and deploying innovative technological solutions, and collaboratively achieving realistic and protective environmental end states for complex environmental problems. Part of this success results from the strong historical collaboration between site environmental restoration groups and the Savannah River National Laboratory which results in the promulgation of innovative technical approaches and technologies from the laboratory to ongoing remediation campaigns. Much of the underlying research and development effort was funded by DOE's Office on Environmental Management through a series of applied technology demonstration projects (Integrated Demonstration Project, Integrated Programs and the Applied Field Research Site). Concomitant with the research efforts, SRNL has managed a dynamic and efficient national program that provides teams of technical experts with a broad experience base to recommend strategies that reduce risk and/or technical uncertainty for challenging environmental problems at other DOE facilities. At many of these sites, standard remedial approaches (e.g., excavation, pump and treat, soil vapor extraction) have either failed or proved to be too costly, inadequate, or ineffective. Alternatively, other sites struggle with implementation of innovative but less well understood approaches. The technical assistance teams use a structured process that based on several basic concepts, specifically, development of site specific technical frameworks, and careful matching of remedies to site-specific chemical, geological and physical conditions. Development of technical frameworks is a key strategy to apply basic science to an applied field problem. When directed toward understanding complex real-world environmental remediation challenges, frameworks are tools that support practical identification and incorporation of the key-controlling scientific processes and principles. Frameworks can also be used to minimize technical risks, encourage efficiency and effectiveness, and provide the basis for innovative and creative solutions. Efficient and effective environmental cleanup also requires matching the character of remediation and stabilization methods to the nature of the target zone of contamination as the nature of the target zone evolves through the life of the remedial project. A contaminant plume can be divided into the following zones: the source zone, the impact zone, and the transitional zone that then can be used to identify classes of technologies that are appropriate to that zone. For example, physical and chemical methods (e.g., trapping, immobilization, destruction, or isolation) that directly address the source contaminants are often appropriate for the disturbed zone during the remedial process. A variety of methods that include both active treatments (e.g., pump and treat or active bioremediation) and enhanced attenuation technologies (e.g., geochemical manipulation or reactive barriers) are often suitable for the primary contamination zone or impact zone. Various strategies based on natural attenuation processes may be applicable to the primary contamination zone and these methods are typically applied for the transition or baseline portions of the plume. Careful matching of remedies to site-specific conditions is critical to long-term success in environmental cleanup and restoration. The matching process facilitates selection of technologies with particular strengths that align with real-world needs and constraints, encourages strategic use of multiple or combined technologies to address major plume sub-domains, and supports transitioning technologies in space and time as remediation progresses. Since 2006, the SRNL Technical Assistance program has focused on providing support across the DOE complex. During this time, over 25 teams have visited eleven DOE sites and made recommendations that yielded an estimated cost savings of $100 M. Examples will be provided that illustrate key aspects and significant successes of the technical assistance program. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

NASA NTRS1993

A white paper: NASA virtual environment research, applications, and technology

Research support for Virtual Environment technology development has been a part of NASA's human factors research program since 1985. Under the auspices of the Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology (OAST), initial funding was provided to the Aerospace Human Factors Research Division, Ames Research Center, which resulted in the origination of this technology. Since 1985, other Centers have begun using and developing this technology. At each research and space flight center, NASA missions have been major drivers of the technology. This White Paper was the joint effort of all the Centers which have been involved in the development of technology and its applications to their unique missions. Appendix A is the list of those who have worked to prepare the document, directed by Dr. Cynthia H. Null, Ames Research Center, and Dr. James P. Jenkins, NASA Headquarters. This White Paper describes the technology and its applications in NASA Centers (Chapters 1, 2 and 3), the potential roles it can take in NASA (Chapters 4 and 5), and a roadmap of the next 5 years (FY 1994-1998). The audience for this White Paper consists of managers, engineers, scientists and the general public with an interest in Virtual Environment technology. Those who read the paper will determine whether this roadmap, or others, are to be followed.

Null, Cynthia H.↗