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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1996

Identification of Ser-543 as the major regulatory phosphorylation site in spinach leaf nitrate reductase

Spinach leaf NADH:nitrate reductase (NR) responds to light/dark signals and photosynthetic activity in part as a result of rapid regulation by reversible protein phosphorylation. We have identified the major regulatory phosphorylation site as Ser-543, which is located in the hinge 1 region connecting the cytochrome b domain with the molybdenum-pterin cofactor binding domain of NR, using recombinant NR fragments containing or lacking the phosphorylation site sequence. Studies with NR partial reactions indicated that the block in electron flow caused by phosphorylation also could be localized to the hinge 1 region. A synthetic peptide (NR6) based on the phosphorylation site sequence was phosphorylated readily by NR kinase (NRk) in vitro. NR6 kinase activity tracked the ATP-dependent inactivation of NR during several chromatographic steps and completely inhibited inactivation/phosphorylation of native NR in vitro. Two forms of NRk were resolved by using anion exchange chromatography. Studies with synthetic peptide analogs indicated that both forms of NRk had similar specificity determinants, requiring a basic residue at P-3 (i.e., three amino acids N-terminal to the phosphorylated serine) and a hydrophobic residue at P-5. Both forms are strictly calcium dependent but belong to distinct families of protein kinases because they are distinct immunochemically.

NASA Discipline Plant Biology↗
DOE OSTI2022

Charge singlets and orbital-selective charge density wave transitions

The possibility of “orbitally selective Mott transitions” within a multiband Hubbard model, in which one orbital with large on-site electron-electron repulsion U 1 is insulating and another orbital, to which it is hybridized, with small U –1 , is metallic, is a problem of long-standing debate and investigation. In this paper we study an analogous phenomenon, the coexistence of metallic and insulating bands in a system of orbitals with different electron-phonon coupling. To this end, we examine two variants of the bilayer Holstein model: a uniform bilayer and a “Holstein-metal interface” where the electron-phonon coupling, λ, is zero in the “metallic” layer. In the uniform bilayer Holstein model, charge density wave (CDW) order dominates at small interlayer hybridization t 3 , but decreases and eventually vanishes as t 3 grows, providing a charge analog of singlet (spin liquid) physics. In the interface case, we show that CDW order penetrates into the metal layer and forms long-range CDW order at an intermediate ratio of inter- to intralayer hopping strengths, 1.4 ≲ t 3 /t ≲ 3.4. Furthermore, this is consistent with the occurrence of an “orbitally selective CDW” regime at weak t3 in which the layer with λ 1 ≠ 0 exhibits long-range charge order, but the “metallic layer” with λ –1 = 0, to which it is hybridized, does not.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Angiotensin and biased analogs induce structurally distinct active conformations within a GPCR

Biased agonists of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) preferentially activate a subset of downstream signaling pathways. In this work, we present crystal structures of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) (2.7 to 2.9 angstroms) bound to three ligands with divergent bias profiles: the balanced endogenous agonist angiotensin II (AngII) and two strongly β-arrestin–biased analogs. Compared with other ligands, AngII promotes more-substantial rearrangements not only at the bottom of the ligand-binding pocket but also in a key polar network in the receptor core, which forms a sodium-binding site in most GPCRs. Divergences from the family consensus in this region, which appears to act as a biased signaling switch, may predispose the AT1R and certain other GPCRs (such as chemokine receptors) to adopt conformations that are capable of activating β-arrestin but not heterotrimeric G q protein signaling.

Wingler, Laura M. (ORCID:0000000236885088)↗
NASA NTRS2016

Multi-Wheat-Model Ensemble Responses to Interannual Climate Variability

We compare 27 wheat models' yield responses to interannual climate variability, analyzed at locations in Argentina, Australia, India, and The Netherlands as part of the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) Wheat Pilot. Each model simulated 1981e2010 grain yield, and we evaluate results against the interannual variability of growing season temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation. The amount of information used for calibration has only a minor effect on most models' climate response, and even small multi-model ensembles prove beneficial. Wheat model clusters reveal common characteristics of yield response to climate; however models rarely share the same cluster at all four sites indicating substantial independence. Only a weak relationship (R2 0.24) was found between the models' sensitivities to interannual temperature variability and their response to long-termwarming, suggesting that additional processes differentiate climate change impacts from observed climate variability analogs and motivating continuing analysis and model development efforts.

uncertainty↗
DOE OSTI2021

Fantastic n = 4: Ce5Co4+xGe13−ySny of the A n +1M n X3 n +1 homologous series

Ce-based intermetallics are of interest due to the potential to study the interplay of localized magnetic moments and conduction electrons. Our work on Ce-based germanides led to the identification of a new homologous series An+1MnX3n+1 (A = rare earth, M = transition metal, X = tetrels, and n = 1–6). This work presents the single-crystal growth, structure determination, and anisotropic magnetic properties of the n = 4 member of the Cen+1ConGe3n+1 homologous series. Ce5Co4+xGe13−ySny consists of three Ce sites, three Co sites, seven Ge sites, and two Sn sites, and the crystal structure is best modeled in the orthorhombic space group Cmmm where a = 4.3031(8) Å, b = 45.608(13) Å, and c = 4.3264(8) Å, which is in close agreement with the previously reported Sn-free analog where a = 4.265(1) Å, b = 45.175(9) Å, and c = 4.293(3) Å. Anisotropic magnetic measurements show Kondo-like behavior and three magnetic transitions at 6, 4.9, and 2.4 K for Ce5Co4+xGe13−ySny.

Weiland, Ashley (ORCID:0000000171983559)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Using Qualified On-Site Nuclear Power Plant Simulators in Human Factors Validations of Control Room Upgrades

Existing commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs) are valuable assets in the infrastructure portfolio of the United States (U.S.) because they safely and reliably generate about 1/5th of all the electricity used. The instrumentation and control (I&C) systems in commercial NPPs are the ‘eyes and ears' of the operator, allowing operators to maintain situation awareness, thereby allowing the plant to operate safely and efficiently for all phases of operation. Because the I&C systems in NPPs are still mostly based on analog technologies, which are reliable but not especially cost-effective, upgrading the existing I&C in com-mercial NPPs to new digital I&C is very important. Furthermore, simulators and simulation are critical human factors engineering tools for this I&C modernization work. NPP control room simulators are essential test beds to simulate normal, abnormal, and emergency operations that allow human factors researchers to safely and realistically evaluate early design phase prototypes of the upgraded digital I&C, and validate final as-built digital I&C systems that have been modernized deployed in NPPs. This paper describes research performed using qualified on-site NPP simulators to perform human factors validations of digital I&C control room upgrades.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
NASA NTRS2007

Infrared Imaging System for Studying Brain Function

A proposed special-purpose infrared imaging system would be a compact, portable, less-expensive alternative to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) systems heretofore used to study brain function. Whereas a typical fMRI system fills a large room, and must be magnetically isolated, this system would fit into a bicycle helmet. The system would include an assembly that would be mounted inside the padding in a modified bicycle helmet or other suitable headgear. The assembly would include newly designed infrared photodetectors and data-acquisition circuits on integrated-circuit chips on low-thermal-conductivity supports in evacuated housings (see figure) arranged in multiple rows and columns that would define image coordinates. Each housing would be spring-loaded against the wearer s head. The chips would be cooled by a small Stirling Engine mounted contiguous to, but thermally isolated from, the portions of the assembly in thermal contact with the wearer s head. Flexible wires or cables for transmitting data from the aforementioned chips would be routed to an integrated, multichannel transmitter and thence through the top of the assembly to a patch antenna on the outside of the helmet. The multiple streams of data from the infrared-detector chips would be sent to a remote site, where they would be processed, by software, into a three-dimensional display of evoked potentials that would represent firing neuronal bundles and thereby indicate locations of neuronal activity associated with mental or physical activity. The 3D images will be analogous to current fMRI images. The data would also be made available, in real-time, for comparison with data in local or internationally accessible relational databases that already exist in universities and research centers. Hence, this system could be used in research on, and for the diagnosis of response from the wearer s brain to physiological, psychological, and environmental changes in real time. The images would also be stored in a relational database for comparison with corresponding responses previously observed in other subjects.

Mintz, Frederick↗
NASA NTRS1997

Isolation of novel ribozymes that ligate AMP-activated RNA substrates

BACKGROUND: The protein enzymes RNA ligase and DNA ligase catalyze the ligation of nucleic acids via an adenosine-5'-5'-pyrophosphate 'capped' RNA or DNA intermediate. The activation of nucleic acid substrates by adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) may be a vestige of 'RNA world' catalysis. AMP-activated ligation seems ideally suited for catalysis by ribozymes (RNA enzymes), because an RNA motif capable of tightly and specifically binding AMP has previously been isolated. RESULTS: We used in vitro selection and directed evolution to explore the ability of ribozymes to catalyze the template-directed ligation of AMP-activated RNAs. We subjected a pool of 10(15) RNA molecules, each consisting of long random sequences flanking a mutagenized adenosine triphosphate (ATP) aptamer, to ten rounds of in vitro selection, including three rounds involving mutagenic polymerase chain reaction. Selection was for the ligation of an oligonucleotide to the 5'-capped active pool RNA species. Many different ligase ribozymes were isolated; these ribozymes had rates of reaction up to 0.4 ligations per hour, corresponding to rate accelerations of approximately 5 x10(5) over the templated, but otherwise uncatalyzed, background reaction rate. Three characterized ribozymes catalyzed the formation of 3'-5'-phosphodiester bonds and were highly specific for activation by AMP at the ligation site. CONCLUSIONS: The existence of a new class of ligase ribozymes is consistent with the hypothesis that the unusual mechanism of the biological ligases resulted from a conservation of mechanism during an evolutionary replacement of a primordial ribozyme ligase by a more modern protein enzyme. The newly isolated ligase ribozymes may also provide a starting point for the isolation of ribozymes that catalyze the polymerization of AMP-activated oligonucleotides or mononucleotides, which might have been the prebiotic analogs of nucleoside triphosphates.

NASA Discipline Exobiology↗
NASA NTRS1992

Lunar Observer Laser Altimeter observations for lunar base site selection

One of the critical datasets for optimal selection of future lunar landing sites is local- to regional-scale topography. Lunar base site selection will require such data for both engineering and scientific operations purposes. The Lunar Geoscience Orbiter or Lunar Observer is the ideal precursory science mission from which to obtain this required information. We suggest that a simple laser altimeter instrument could be employed to measure local-scale slopes, heights, and depths of lunar surface features important to lunar base planning and design. For this reason, we have designed and are currently constructing a breadboard of a Lunar Observer Laser Altimeter (LOLA) instrument capable of acquiring contiguous-footprint topographic profiles with both 30-m and 300-m along-track resolution. This instrument meets all the severe weight, power, size, and data rate limitations imposed by Observer-class spacecraft. In addition, LOLA would be capable of measuring the within-footprint vertical roughness of the lunar surface, and the 1.06-micron relative surface reflectivity at normal incidence. We have used airborne laser altimeter data for a few representative lunar analog landforms to simulate and analyze LOLA performance in a 100-km lunar orbit. We demonstrate that this system in its highest resolution mode (30-m diameter footprints) would quantify the topography of all but the very smallest lunar landforms. At its global mapping resolution (300-m diameter footprints), LOLA would establish the topographic context for lunar landing site selection by providing the basis for constructing a 1-2 km spatial resolution global, geodetic topographic grid that would contain a high density of observations (e.g., approximately 1000 observations per each 1 deg by 1 deg cell at the lunar equator). The high spatial and vertical resolution measurements made with a LOLA-class instrument on a precursory Lunar Observer would be highly synergistic with high-resolution imaging datasets, and will allow for direct quantification of critical slopes, heights, and depths of features visible in images of potential lunar base sites.

Garvin, James B.↗
DOE OSTI2021

S ‐Adenosyl‐ l ‐ethionine is a Catalytically Competent Analog of S ‐Adenosyl‐ l ‐methionine (SAM) in the Radical SAM Enzyme HydG

Abstract Radical S ‐adenosyl‐ l ‐methionine (SAM) enzymes initiate biological radical reactions with the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl radical (5′‐dAdo . ). A [4Fe‐4S] + cluster reductively cleaves SAM to form the Ω organometallic intermediate in which the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl moiety is directly bound to the unique iron of the [4Fe‐4S] cluster, with subsequent liberation of 5′‐dAdo . . We present synthesis of the SAM analog S ‐adenosyl‐ l ‐ethionine (SAE) and show SAE is a mechanistically equivalent SAM‐alternative for HydG, both supporting enzymatic turnover of substrate tyrosine and forming the organometallic intermediate Ω. Photolysis of SAE‐bound HydG forms an ethyl radical trapped in the active site. The ethyl radical withstands prolonged storage at 77 K and its EPR signal is only partially lost upon annealing at 100 K, making it significantly less reactive than the methyl radical formed by SAM photolysis. Upon annealing above 77 K, the ethyl radical adds to the [4Fe‐4S] 2+ cluster, generating an ethyl‐[4Fe‐4S] 3+ organometallic species termed Ω E .

Impano, Stella↗
DOE OSTI2025

Efficient genetic code expansion tools enable in vivo study of lysine acetylation in non-model bacteria

Recent proteomic advancements have revealed widespread Nε-lysine acetylation in pathways governing pathogenicity, metabolism, and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The spontaneous, non-specific nature of this modification in prokaryotes obscures its biological role, necessitating prokaryotic specific in vivo interrogation systems. Genetic Code Expansion (GCE) offers a powerful method to investigate the roles and regulation dynamics of acetyl-lysine in vivo with the precise incorporation of a suite of non-canonical amino acids, including acetyl-lysine analogs. However, its use has been largely restricted to E. coli strains due to challenges associated with implementation and optimization of the technology in more diverse bacterial strains. Here, we present a bacterial host-agnostic, readily optimizable GCE platform designed to site-specifically incorporate non-canonical amino acids into target proteins within living bacteria. We further demonstrate the versatility of this technology by showcasing, for the first time, the successful incorporation of acetyl-lysine in a non- E. coli bacterium.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quantifying conditional probabilities of fish-turbine encounters and impacts

Tidal turbines are one source of marine renewable energy but development of tidal power is hampered by uncertainties in fish-turbine interaction impacts. Current knowledge gaps exist in efforts to quantify risks, as empirical data and modeling studies have characterized components of fish approach and interaction with turbines, but a comprehensive model that quantifies conditional occurrence probabilities of fish approaching and then interacting with a turbine in sequential steps is lacking. We combined empirical acoustic density measurements of Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasii ) and when data limited, published probabilities in an impact probability model that includes approach, entrainment, interactions, and avoidance of fish with axial or cross-flow tidal turbines. Interaction impacts include fish collisions with stationary turbine components, blade strikes by rotating blades, and/or a collision followed by a blade strike. Impact probabilities for collision followed by a blade strike were lowest with estimates ranging from 0.0000242 to 0.0678, and highest for blade strike ranging from 0.000261 to 0.40. Maximum probabilities occurred for a cross-flow turbine at night with no active or passive avoidance. Estimates were lowest when probabilities were conditional on sequential events, and when active and passive avoidance was included for an axial-flow turbine during the day. As expected, conditional probabilities were typically lower than analogous independent events and literature values. Estimating impact probabilities for Pacific herring in Admiralty Inlet, Washington, United States for two device types illustrates utilization of existing data and simultaneously identifies data gaps needed to fully calculate empirical-based probabilities for any site-species combination.

collision risk↗
DOE OSTI2024

Layered and Low-Dimensional Lead, Silver, and Bismuth Halide Perovskites Directed by Halogen-Substituted Spacer Cations

Hybrid organic–inorganic metal halides provide a diverse parameter space in which the optoelectronic properties can be tuned through the composition. The compositional tunability extends to the metal site, which can be expanded from single valent metals (e.g., Pb 2+ ) to multivalent metals (e.g., Ag + and Bi 3+ ), and the dimension (2D, 1D, or 0D). However, a deeper understanding of how the organic cations template these metal halide structures is needed. Here, we synthesize and study the structures of a series of new layered and low-dimensional metal (Pb, Ag, and Bi) halides templated by the halogenated aryl spacer cations 2-chlorobenzylammonium (2ClBZ) and 3-chloro-2-fluorobenzylammonium (3Cl2FBZ). We report new lead perovskites, (3Cl2FBZ) 2 PbBr 4 , (2ClBZ) 3 PbI 5 , and (3Cl2FBZ) 2 PbI 4 , and compare them to their silver and/or bismuth analogs (2ClBZ) 4 AgBiBr 8 , (3Cl2FBZ) 4 AgBiBr 8 , (2ClBZ) 3 Bi 2 I 9 , and (3Cl2FBZ) 4 Bi 2 I 10 . In all structures, the halogen-substituted cations result in 2D or “pseudo-2D” layering, but the different halogen substituents introduce different distortions (tilting, octahedral distortion) and dimensional reduction to 1D or 0D depending on the metal and halide compositions. Optical absorption measurements reveal the bandgaps are tunable through metal sites, dimension, and cations to different extents. Furthermore, the 1D (3Cl2FBZ) 4 Bi 2 I 10 crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric space group Cmc2 1 and exhibits second-harmonic generation (SHG). Furthermore, the organic–inorganic interactions and resultant structural distortions examined here provide insights toward the engineering of noncentrosymmetry and dimensional control in hybrid metal halide perovskites.

Cations↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Investigating Buried Ice at Askja Volcano, Northern Iceland using Ground Penetrating Radar: A Planetary Analog Perspective

Shallow subsurface ice deposits on Mars and the Moon have been identified as potential targets for in situ resource utilization by future crewed missions to the surfaces of these bodies. On Mars, such deposits have been identified through a variety of orbital measurements at the poles, mid-latitudes, and even preserved by volcanic ash near the Tharsis Montes. At some locations, massive ice deposits have been documented to be 100 m in thickness at depths as shallow as 1 m. On the Moon, the presence of thick, massive ice has not been confirmed; however, orbital observations indicate that the upper 1-2 m of regolith may contain a few weight percent in thermally favorable locations. Eruptions of the Askja Volcano in March, 1875 and November, 1961 deposited abundant pyroclasts, which blanketed and insulated fresh snowfall that later densified into massive ice and is preserved today. The pyroclasts consist of a buff colored pumice from the eruption in 1875 and basaltic lapilli and ash from the eruption in 1961. The largely unvegetated, unconsolidated nature of the pyroclasts and their stratigraphic relationships with shallow subsurface ice make them potentially analogous to some ice deposits within regolith and pyroclasts at the Moon and Mars. Ground penetrating radar(GPR) can be used by future human or robotic missions to identify water ice similarly preserved in the shallow subsurface of these bodies. Our team conducted over 66 GPR surveys inside and surrounding the Askja caldera in August 2019 at 200 and 400 MHz to map both the volcanic deposits and the subsurface ice deposits. We also used a hammer drill augur to take boreholes in order to confirm subsurface stratigraphy and the presence of ice down to 1-1.5 m and aerial surveys using a Mavic 2 Pro quadcopter at each site for additional context. We observed shallow ice deposits within pore spaces of the pyroclasts at depths of ~15-30 cm and pure ice deposits at varying depths (0.6-1 m) as thick as 2-3 m. We also plan to use the data to characterize the frequency-dependent attenuation of the radar signal as it travels through volcanoclastic material and ice in the subsurface. Our investigation of Askja as a planetary analog will provide insight into analytical methods that can be used to investigate subsurface water ice from surface operations at other terrestrial bodies.

Geophysics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Vip1 is a kinase and pyrophosphatase switch that regulates inositol diphosphate signaling

Inositol diphosphates (PP-IPs), also known as inositol pyrophosphates, are high-energy cellular signaling codes involved in nutrient and regulatory responses. We report that the evolutionarily conserved gene product, Vip1, possesses autonomous kinase and pyrophosphatase domains capable of synthesis and destruction of D-1 PP-IPs. Our studies provide atomic-resolution structures of the PP-IP products and unequivocally define that the Vip1 gene product is a highly selective 1-kinase and 1-pyrophosphatase enzyme whose activities arise through distinct active sites. Kinetic analyses of kinase and pyrophosphatase parameters are consistent with Vip1 evolving to modulate levels of 1-IP 7 and 1,5-IP 8 . Individual perturbations in kinase and pyrophosphatase activities in cells result in differential effects on vacuolar morphology and osmotic responses. Analogous to the dual-functional key energy metabolism regulator, phosphofructokinase 2, Vip1 is a kinase and pyrophosphatase switch whose 1-PP-IP products play an important role in a cellular adaptation.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2002

Stimulus and recording variables and their effects on mammalian vestibular evoked potentials

Linear vestibular evoked potentials (VsEPs) measure the collective neural activity of the gravity receptor organs in the inner ear that respond to linear acceleration transients. The present study examined the effects of electrode placement, analog filtering, stimulus polarity and stimulus rate on linear VsEP thresholds, latencies and amplitudes recorded from mice. Two electrode-recording montages were evaluated, rostral (forebrain) to 'mastoid' and caudal (cerebellum) to 'mastoid'. VsEP thresholds and peak latencies were identical between the two recording sites; however, peak amplitudes were larger for the caudal recording montage. VsEPs were also affected by filtering. Results suggest optimum high pass filter cutoff at 100-300 Hz, and low pass filter cutoff at 10,000 Hz. To evaluate stimulus rate, linear jerk pulses were presented at 9.2, 16, 25, 40 and 80 Hz. At 80 Hz, mean latencies were longer (0.350-0.450 ms) and mean amplitudes reduced (0.8-1.8 microV) for all response peaks. In 50% of animals, late peaks (P3, N3) disappeared at 80 Hz. The results offer options for VsEP recording protocols. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

P52D-1583 - Further Improvements to Constraints on Titan’s Atmospheric n-Butane, via Ground-Based Observations

We have acquired high spectral resolution ground-based observations of Titan in the mid-infrared from NASA Infrared Telescope Facility’s Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph instrument , designed to constrain the abundances of new molecules within Titan’s atmosphere. The target molecule for this work, n-butane (n-C H ), though predicted by photochemical models of Titan’s atmosphere , has never been detected. Using the NEMESIS radiative transfer code , we retrieved a disk-averaged temperature profile for Titan by modeling CH emission in the 1248 cm region. Using this temperature profile, we then retrieved disk-averaged profiles of ethene (C H ), propane (C H ), and propene (C H ) in the 956 and 965 cm regions, which are also home to the strong and vibrational features of n-butane. We used an n-butane pseudoline list from JPL in order to systematically introduce a range of n-butane mixing ratios into the model, to constrain the molecule’s abundance based on the model’s changing fit to the data. We derive 3-confidence upper limits at an altitude of 150 km of 48 and 31 ppb for n-butane, via the and bands in the 956 and 965 cm regions, respectively. These are significantly tighter upper limits when compared to the ~300 ppb upper limit found in our recent work which used the same methodology but on much lower resolution limb data collected by the Cassini spacecraft. Upper limits on gas abundances are important for continued improvement of photochemical models of Titan’s atmosphere, which is understood to be an important analog for the prebiotic Earth atmosphere . They are also important for understanding the composition of Titan’s lakes and seas, which are likely to contain these larger hydrocarbons . Finally, as larger molecules like C ’s are thought to be able to serve as formation sites for building haze particles, constraining their abundances is important for understanding the process of haze formation at Titan and at Earth Ref: [1] J. H. Lacy, et al., PASP, 2002. [2] Y.L. Yung, et al., ApJS, 1984. [3] M. Dobrijevic, et al., Icarus, 2021. [4] P. G. J. Irwin et al., JQSRT, 2008. [5] K. Sung, et al., JQSRT, 2020. [6] B. L. Steffens, et al., PSJ, 2022. [7] Clarke & Ferris, Origins Life Evol. Biosphere, 1997. [8] D. Cordier, et al., ApJ, 2008. [9] D. B. Curtis, et al., JPCA, 2005.

Brendan Steffens↗