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At least 415 records · Page 23

High-pressure characterization of Ag 3 AuTe 2 : Implications for strain-induced band tuning

Recent band structure calculations have suggested the potential for band tuning in the chiral semiconductor Ag 3 AuTe 2 to zero upon application of negative strain. In this study, we report on the synthesis of polycrystalline Ag 3 AuTe 2 and investigate its transport and optical properties and mechanical compressibility. Transport measurements reveal the semiconducting behavior of Ag 3 AuTe 2 with high resistivity and an activation energy E a of 0.2 eV. The optical bandgap determined by diffuse reflectance measurements is about three times wider than the experimental E a ⁠. Despite the difference, both experimental gaps fall within the range of predicted bandgaps by our first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations employing the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof and modified Becke–Johnson methods. Furthermore, our DFT simulations predict a progressive narrowing of the bandgap under compressive strain, with a full closure expected at a strain of –4% relative to the lattice parameter. To evaluate the feasibility of gap tunability at such substantial strain, the high-pressure behavior of Ag 3 AuTe 2 was investigated by in situ high-pressure x-ray diffraction up to 47 GPa. Mechanical compression beyond 4% resulted in a pressure-induced structural transformation, indicating the possibility of substantial gap modulation under extreme compression conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Direct Characterization of Type-I Band Alignment in 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites

2D Ruddlesden–Popper halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention due to their desirable optoelectronic properties, high chemical and structural tunability, and improved environmental stability. However, the understanding of their structure–properties relationships is still limited. In particular, the energy level positions and band alignments at interfaces involving these materials, which are important features to control in the context of any applications, are still under debate. Here, the electronic structure of high-purity films of BA 2 MA n-1 Pb n I 3n+1 for n = 1–5 (where BA stands for butylammonium and MA for methylammonium) is investigated, using optical absorption, ultraviolet, and inverse photoemission spectroscopies, and density functional theory calculations. Further, this study determines the ionization energy and electron affinity of each compound and demonstrates a type-I band alignment for the BA 2 MA n-1 Pb n I 3n+1 series. This study further describes the evolution of the exciton binding energy as a function of the thickness of the inorganic layers.

2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskites↗

Strong Valence Band Convergence to Enhance Thermoelectric Performance in PbSe with Two Chemically Independent Controls

We present an effective approach to favorably modify the electronic structure of PbSe using Ag doping coupled with SrSe or BaSe alloying. The Ag 4d states make a contribution to in the top of the heavy hole valence band and raise its energy. The Sr and Ba atoms diminish the contribution of Pb 6s2 states and decrease the energy of the light hole valence band. This electronic structure modification increases the density-of-states effective mass, and strongly enhances the thermoelectric performance. Furthermore, the Ag-rich nanoscale precipitates, discordant Ag atoms, and Pb/Sr, Pb/Ba point defects in the PbSe matrix work together to reduce the lattice thermal conductivity, resulting a record high average ZT avg of around 0.86 over 400–923 K.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Heteroepitaxial registry and band structures at the polar-to-polar STO/ZnO($000\bar{1}$) interfaces

The interface between ZnO and SrTiO 3 (STO) provides a paradigm for combining perovskite oxides and wurtzite-structure semiconductors. However, the heteroepitaxial and energy band structures of the polar-to-polar STO/ZnO($000\bar{1}$) interfaces has rarely been studied. In this study, it is shown that the STO films prepared on the ZnO($000\bar{1}$) substrate by pulsed laser deposition possess [011]STO and [111]STO azimuth orientations, which exhibit three- and two-fold rotation domains respectively, as demonstrated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The band structures of the STO(011)/ZnO($000\bar{1}$) and STO(111)/ZnO($000\bar{1}$) interfaces are bending downward as shown in the I-V characteristic spectra and first principle calculations. These results are different from the single orientation ZnO films grown on STO-(011) and -(111) substrate, as reported in previous literatures, showing the heteroepitaxial asymmetry between STO/ZnO and ZnO/STO interfaces. This work presents an approach towards the physical modeling of combinations between perovskite oxides and wurtzite-structure semiconductors.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

A high-volume resonator for L-band DNP-NMR

DNP-NMR and EPR experiments that operate at or greater than L-band (i.e., ν 0 (e – ) = 1–2 GHz) are typically limited to maximum sample volumes of several hundred µL. These experiments rely on well-known resonator designs for DNP/EPR irradiation such as the loop-gap resonator and Alderman-Grant coil, where their maximum volumes limit further application to imaging experiments and high-throughput screening beyond L-band. Herein, we demonstrate a birdcage (BC) resonator design that can accommodate several mL of sample while operating around 1.5 GHz. The sample volume is maximized by using two identical BC resonators in a stacked configuration. Simulations are used to optimize the BC design and the performance is validated experimentally with liquid-state Overhauser-DNP-NMR experiments. This BC design exploits just the parasitic capacitance of conductive rings and features no fixed tuning capacitors. An enhancement of –77 is achieved on a 10 mM 4-Amino-TEMPO in H 2 O sample for a 5 mL sample volume. Finally, the associated sample heating is minimal due to the low-E-fields generated and the large sample mass with +3.4 K when driving 100 W for several seconds.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Hierarchical median narrow band for level set segmentation of cervical cell nuclei

This paper presents a novel hierarchical nuclei segmentation algorithm for isolated and overlapping cervical cells based on a narrow band level set implementation. Our method applies a new multiscale analysis algorithm to estimate the number of clusters in each image region containing cells, which turns into the input to a narrow band level set algorithm. We assess the nuclei segmentation results on three public cervical cell image databases. Overall, our segmentation method outperformed six state-of-the-art methods concerning the number of correctly segmented nuclei and the Dice coefficient reached values equal to or higher than 0.90. We also carried out classification experiments using features extracted from our segmentation results and the proposed pipeline achieved the highest average accuracy values equal to 0.89 and 0.77 for two-class and three-class problems, respectively. Furthermore, these results demonstrated the suitability of the proposed segmentation algorithm to integrate decision support systems for cervical cell screening.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Ku-band electron linac for battery-powered hand-portable 2-MeV X-ray generator

X-ray generators, producing radiation in MeV range, are a critical tool for radiography, non-destructive testing and security applications. Field operation of such source requires them to be hand-portable, autonomous and allow parameter adjustability. RF linear accelerators can serve as a flexible, reliable, and robust radiation generator alternative to dangerous radioisotopes and bulky betatrons that are currently used for field radiography if their size, weight, cost, and imaging performance are matched to these sources. Here, in this paper, we present the design and test results of a 2 MeV Ku-band electron linac for a hand-portable X-ray generator system for field radiography being developed by RadiaBeam. The dramatic scale of miniaturization and cost-reduction is achieved thanks to the implementation of innovative technologies such as air-cooled Ku-band air-traffic control magnetrons, a split accelerating structure fabrication technique, and solid-state Marx modulators. This paper presents the design of the first prototype of the accelerator, its operation from Li-Ion batteries, as well as high-power and beam measurements.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Performance of the spin-component-scaled methods for energy bands

The performance of various spin-component-scaled parameterisations is examined for the second-order many-body Green's-function [MBGF(2)] calculations of valence energy bands, taking three of the experimentally well-characterised polymers as examples: polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyacetylene. The parameterisations considered are Grimme's original SCS parameter set, Jung et al.'s original SOS set (retaining the opposite-spin component only), Śmiga et al.'s SCS(IP) set (calibrated specifically for ionization energies), and Śmiga et al.'s SOS(IP) set (calibrated for ionization energies with the opposite-spin component only; implicit in the os-D2 model of Opoku et al.). The SCS(IP) and SOS(IP) parameterisations are found to shift both outer and inner valence bands by up to a few electronvolts away from the experimental data. The original SCS and SOS parameter sets do not improve upon, but largely maintain the accuracy of the unscaled MBGF(2) methods. Given that the SOS-MBGF(2) method can be implemented in a quartic-scaling algorithm (for all roots), it is most promising for solid-state applications. Furthermore this observation is consistent with the success of the quartic-scaling GW methods without the vertex correction based on a density-functional theory reference.

Green’s-function theory↗

Evolution of nontrivial Fermi surface features in the band structures of the homologous members Pb 5 Bi 6 Se 14 and Pb 5 Bi 12 Se 23

High-quality single crystals of (PbSe) 5 (Bi 2 Se 3 ) 3m were grown and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We report on 77 Se and 207 Pb NMR shifts and nuclear spin-lattice relaxation measurements in the naturally formed heterostructure homology (PbSe) 5 (Bi 2 Se 3 ) 3m with m = 1 (Pb 5 Bi 6 Se 14 ) and m = 2 (Pb 5 Bi 12 Se 23 ). A distinct site-specific contribution has been detected for both nuclei as a function of temperature, which reveals an electronic changeover from a semiconducting (Pb 5 Bi 6 Se 14 ) to a semimetalliclike (Pb 5 Bi 12 Se 23 ) system with nontrivial band structure features near the Fermi level. The temperature dependences of the relaxation rates are dominated by significant changes in the topology of energy dispersions accompanied with band edges and crossings in the region of the Fermi surface. These results, which interrogate nuclear spin interactions from selected atomic sites, clearly expose the effects of the added Bi 2 Se 3 layer on the crystal and electronic structure of (Pb 5 Bi 12 Se 23 ). These findings provide direct microscopic insight into the unconventional and dual nature of the electronic structure of these homologous thermoelectric and topologically nontrivial compounds.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Topological band structure transitions and goniopolar transport in honeycomb antimonene as a function of buckling

The electronic band topology of monolayer β-Sb (antimonene) is studied from the flat honeycomb to the equilibrium buckled structure using first-principles calculations and analyzed using a tight-binding model and low-energy Hamiltonians. In flat monolayer Sb, the Fermi level occurs near the intersection of two warped Dirac cones, one associated with the pz orbitals, and one with the {p x , p y } orbitals. The differently oriented threefold warping of these two cones leads to an unusually shaped nodal line, which leads to anisotropic in-plane transport properties and goniopolarity. A slight buckling opens a gap along the nodal line except at six remaining Dirac points, protected by symmetry. Under increasing buckling, pairs of Dirac points of opposite winding number annihilate at a critical buckling angle. At a second critical angle, the remaining Dirac points disappear when the band structure opens a gap. Spin-orbit coupling and edge states are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Symmetry breaking forms split-off flat bands in quantum oxides controlling metal versus insulator phases

The crystal structure used as input to electronic structure calculation of conventionally bonded solids consists primarily of the standard crystallographic degrees of freedom. Quantum solids sometimes have additional microscopic degrees of freedom (m-DOF) nested within the crystallographic structure. These might include local motifs including positional (Peierls dimers, deformed octahedra, Jahn-Teller distortions), magnetic (local moment configurations) and dipolar (local ferroelectric configurations). Such motifs can be observed experimentally via local probes that avoid averaging, and theoretically as distinct total energy lowering features relative to more simplified “average crystallographic structures”. Here we examine the ability of electronic structure methods independent of strong correlation physics to explain the broad phenomenology of metal-insulator selectivity in quantum oxides by energy-lowering symmetry breaking. We do this by avoiding the restriction of considering only (i) electron-electron interactions in a fixed unresponsive lattice—as done in Mott strong correlation explanations—allowing, however, (ii) local positional and magnetic motifs that coexist within a crystallographic landscape. We find in a broad range of quantum oxides with different symmetry breaking modes the formation of split-off flat bands that can also control metallic versus insulating characteristics. The split-off band effect is common to magnetic and non-magnetic materials, including both binary and ternary oxides. One finds that when such local symmetry breaking motifs are considered in mean-field-like (e.g. density functional theory) electronic structure calculations of quantum oxides, they explain many of the observed trends in metal vs insulator phases discussed otherwise in prior literature via strong correlation in symmetry unbroken view.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Quantum Geometric Oscillations in Two-Dimensional Flat-Band Solids

Two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures can be engineered into artificial superlattices that host flat bands with significant Berry curvature and provide a favorable environment for the emergence of novel electron dynamics. In particular, the Berry curvature can induce an oscillating trajectory of an electron wave packet transverse to an applied static electric field. Though analogous to Bloch oscillations, this novel oscillatory behavior is driven entirely by quantum geometry in momentum space instead of band dispersion. While the current from Bloch oscillations can be localized by increasing field strength, the current from the geometric orbits saturates to a nonzero plateau in the strong-field limit. Finally, in nonmagnetic materials, the geometric oscillations are even under inversion of the applied field, whereas the Bloch oscillations are odd, a property that can be used to distinguish these two coexisting effects.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Broadband, High Efficiency OMT in E-Band

A high-performance, broadband E-Band orthomode transducer (OMT) was designed and fabricated for a dedicated frequency converter. Cross-polarized signals between 71 and 86 GHz, received in a TE 11 mode circular waveguide needed to be split into separate horizontal and vertical polarization channels. The purpose of the OMT is to service the 71–76 and 81–86 GHz licensed communication bands. The main goal of OMT design is maximized transmission across the design bandwidth. Every fraction of a dB lost before the first low noise amplifier is a direct loss in SNR for the overall system. Several different design approaches were simulated, and several OMT’s and ancillary components were built and tested. In the end, practical limitations determined the final path of the completed device. The final product performed several tenths of a dB better than commercially available devices and better than most reported in academic literature. Lessons learned included which construction techniques worked and did not work, as well as what compromises are acceptable.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Optimal band selection for target detection with a LWIR multispectral imager

Multispectral imaging can offer many benefits in cost, complexity, resolution, size, weight, and power, relative to hyperspectral imaging. When designing a multispectral system, spectral bandpasses can be selected using optimization algorithms configured to maximally separate target detection scores between target and background regions. A hyperspectral image (HSI) can serve as the source of data from which band groupings can be tested for optimality. The output of an adaptive cosine estimator target detection algorithm is used in an objective function. Three optimization algorithms are compared: particle swarm, dual annealing, and differential evolution. A global optimum is also found using a brute force approach on the Livermore Computing Syrah supercomputer. Three materials are investigated: calcite, gypsum, and limestone. This is done for 3-, 4-, and 5-band systems. The data originate from a longwave infrared HSI of a material display board. The optimization algorithms were run 30 times for every scenario. Performance statistics (maximum, minimum, mean, standard deviation, and median) based on the separation values are given. Additional characterization was performed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC curve. While good performance was obtained for the three optimization algorithms, the dual annealing algorithm produced the highest and most consistent detection separation scores on average.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Band Structure-Driven Design of a α-CsPbI 3 Ammonia Sensor for Industrial Applications

We investigate the defect-dependent electronic structure and gas-sensing potential of cubic α-CsPbI 3 using first-principles density functional theory and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics. Among the intrinsic defects, interstitials, vacancies, antisites, and switches studied, the I Pb and Pb I antisite defects exhibit transition energy levels near the middle of the band gap, thus functioning as deep traps. Short-term adsorption of ammonia selectively modifies the electronic structure, coordinating with Pb at Pb I sites and Cs at I Pb sites, significantly altering recombination pathways. Detailed analysis reveals that NH 3 reduces anharmonicity at I Pb defects, enabling enhanced recombination at elevated temperatures, while trap-assisted recombination dominates at room temperature. Other analytes, including CH 3 NH 2 and NO 2 , show negligible impact on the band gap or recombination dynamics, highlighting the potential selectivity of NH 3 interactions. Ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations at 300 K and 600 K further demonstrate temperature-dependent modulation of carrier lifetimes, with NH 3 accelerating recombination at ambient conditions and suppressing certain pathways at higher temperatures. These findings suggest that α-CsPbI 3 can serve as a selective and sensitive ammonia sensor over a broad temperature range and offer insights for ammonia detection under industrially relevant conditions.

ammonia sensor↗

Phase‐Dependent Band Gap Engineering in Alloys of Metal‐Semiconductor Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Abstract Bandgap engineering plays a critical role in optimizing the electrical, optical and (photo)‐electrochemical applications of semiconductors. Alloying has been a historically successful way of tuning bandgaps by making solid solutions of two isovalent semiconductors. In this work, a novel form of bandgap engineering involving alloying non‐isovalent cations in a 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) is presented. By alloying semiconducting MoSe 2 with metallic NbSe 2 , two structural phases of Mo 0.5 Nb 0.5 Se 2 , the 1T and 2H phases, are produced each with emergent electronic structure. At room temperature, it is observed that the 1T and 2H phases are semiconducting and metallic, respectively. For the 1T structure, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) is used to measure band gaps in the range of 0.42–0.58 at 77 K. Electron diffraction patterns of the 1T structure obtained at room temperature show the presence of a nearly commensurate charge density wave (NCCDW) phase with periodic lattice distortions that result in an uncommon 4 × 4 supercell, rotated approximately 4° from the lattice. Density‐functional‐theory calculations confirm that local distortions, such as those in a NCCDW, can open up a band gap in 1T ‐Mo 0.5 Nb 0.5 Se 2 , but not in the 2H phase. This work expands the boundaries of alloy‐based bandgap engineering by introducing a novel technique that facilitates CDW phases through alloying.

Wang, Shuxi↗

Non‐Traditional Positively‐Biased Narrow‐Band Perovskite Single‐Crystal Photodetectors Enabled by Interfacial Engineering

Abstract The positive bias in theory narrows down the depletion region and thus results in significant charge injection, which should be detrimental to charge generation and collection performance for traditional photodetectors. Here, instead, it is found that the external quantum efficiency (EQE) is increased by more than 50 times when the photodetector is positively biased. A positive bias of +6 V drives ion migration of Br − and Cs + towards the anode and cathode, respectively, leading to self‐doping within bulk single crystals to form an advantageous p‐i‐n junction for better charge collection in the devices. Meanwhile, the injected holes are allowed to tunnel through the cesium lead bromide/fullerene interface to reach the cathode which also significantly contributes to the enhancement of EQE in the forward‐biased devices. The positively‐biased narrow‐band (full width at half maxima (FWHM) = 16 nm) photodetectors exhibit a specific detectivity of 6.5 × 10 10 Jones at 550 nm, along with the −3 dB cutoff frequency of 2776 Hz. By manipulating charge injection and ion migration using interfacial engineering, a class of non‐traditional, positively‐biased, and highly narrow‐band photodetectors is demonstrated, which offers an alternative design strategy for imaging, biosensing, automatic control, and optical communication.

Li, Junchi↗

2D Mg-Cu Intermetallic Compounds with Nontrivial Band Topology and Dirac Nodal Lines

Synthesis of vertical heterostructures that include atomically thin layers of materials with topologically nontrivial energy bands is desirable for exploring exotic quantum states. In this study, the authors report on atomic-layer-by-layer deposition of magnesium on copper(111) surface by molecular beam epitaxy, monitored in situ by low-energy electron microscopy and diffraction, and modeled by ab initio theory. It is found that a 2D MgCu 2 intermetallic compound forms during initial Mg deposition and persists till a full monolayer of Mg is formed. Deposition of additional Mg triggers a phase transition from the commensurate MgCu 2 to an incommensurate Mg 2 Cu layer and enables growth of the second layer of Mg. Ab initio calculations indicate non-trivial topology of the electron bands in the interfacial Mg 2 Cu layer and the existence of Dirac nodal lines near the Fermi level. The new 2D Mg 2 Cu material emerges as a promising platform to study new topological states of matter.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗