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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23

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NASA NTRS1974

The uses of ERTS-1 imagery in the analysis of landscape change

The author has identified the following significant results. The analysis of strip mining from ERTS-1 data has resulted in the mapping of landscape changes for the Cumberland Plateau Test Site. Several mapping experiments utilizing ERTS-1 data have been established for the mapping of state-wide land use regions. The first incorporates 12 frames of ERTS-1 imagery for the generalized thematic mapping of forest cover for the state of Tennessee. In another mapping effort, 14 ERTS-1 images have been analyzed for plowed ground signatures to produce a map of agricultural regions for Tennessee, Kentucky, and the northern portions of Mississippi and Alabama. Generalized urban land use categories and transportation networks have been determined from ERTS-1 imagery for the Knoxville Test Site. Finally, through the analysis of ERTS-1 imagery, short-lived phenomena such as the 1973 spring floods on the Mississippi River in western Tennessee, have been detected, monitored, and mapped.

Rehder, J. B.↗

NASA NTRS2006

Real-Time Radiographic In-Situ Characterization Of Ply Lift In Composite Aerospace Materials

The problem of ply lifting in composite materials is a significant issue for various aerospace and military applications. A fundamental element in the prevention or mitigation of ply lift is determination of the timing of the ply lifting event during exposure of the composite material to flight conditions. The Marshall Space Flight Center s Nondestructive Evaluation Team developed a real-time radiographic technique for the detection of ply lift in carbon phenolic ablative materials in situ during live firings of subscale test motors in support of NASA s Reusable Solid Rocket Motor program, using amorphous silicon detector panels. The radiographic method has successfully detected ply lifting in seven consecutive carbon phenolic converging cones attached to solid fuel torches, providing the time of ply lift initiation in each test. Post-processing of the radiographic images improved the accuracy of timing measurements and allowed measurement of the ply lifting height as a function of time. Radiographic data correlated well with independent pressure and temperature measurements that indicate the onset of ply lift in the nozzle material.

Beshears, Ronald D.↗

NASA NTRS2010

Solar Polar Spicules Observed with Hinode

We examine solar polar region spicules using high-cadence Ca II data from the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) on the Hinode spacecraft. We sharpened the images by convolving them with the inverse-point-spread function of the SOT Ca II filter, and we are able to see some of the spicules originating on the disk just inside the limb. Bright points are frequently at the root of the disk spicules. These "Ca II brightenings" scuttle around at approx.few x 10 km/s, live for approx.100 sec, and may be what are variously known as "H_{2V} grains," "K_{2V} grains," or "K_{2V} bright points." When viewed extending over the limb, some of the spicules appear to expand horizontally or split into two or more components, with the horizontal expansion or splitting velocities reaching approx.50 km/s. This work was funded by NASA's Science Mission Directorate through the Living With a Star Targeted Research and Technology Program, the Supporting Research and Program, the Heliospheric Guest Investigator Program, and the Hinode project.

Sterling, Alphonse C.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Comparison and multi-model inference of excess risks models for radiation-related solid cancer

In assessments of detrimental health risks from exposures to ionising radiation, many forms of risk to dose–response models are available in the literature. The usual practice is to base risk assessment on one specific model and ignore model uncertainty. The analysis illustrated here considers model uncertainty for the outcome all solid cancer incidence, when modelled as a function of colon organ dose, using the most recent publicly available data from the Life Span Study on atomic bomb survivors of Japan. Seven recent publications reporting all solid cancer risk models currently deemed plausible by the scientific community have been included in a model averaging procedure so that the main conclusions do not depend on just one type of model. The models have been estimated with different baselines and presented for males and females at various attained ages and ages at exposure, to obtain specially computed model-averaged Excess Relative Risks (ERR) and Excess Absolute Risks (EAR). Monte Carlo simulated estimation of uncertainty on excess risks was accounted for by applying realisations including correlations in the risk model parameters. Three models were found to weight the model-averaged risks most strongly depending on the baseline and information criteria used for the weighting. Fitting all excess risk models with the same baseline, one model dominates for both information criteria considered in this study. Based on the analysis presented here, it is generally recommended to take model uncertainty into account in future risk analyses.

63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTAN↗

NASA NTRS1991

Magellan Press Conference (2 of 2)

Live footage shows the speakers participating in the Magellan Press Conference question and answer session. Speakers include Huntress, Spear, Ledbetter, Johnson, McCarthy, and Saunders. The speakers are shown answering questions from various NASA Centers, and participating audience members from many different industries. They discuss the start and stop date for the mapping. Also shown are animation and radar images of Venus and Artemis. This is tape 2 of 2; tape 1 has a report number NONP-NASA-VT-2000036552.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1990

Magellan Press Conference (2 of 2)

Source record↗

NASA NTRS2000

Quantifying Vegetation Change in Semiarid Environments: Precision and Accuracy of Spectral Mixture Analysis and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

Because in situ techniques for determining vegetation abundance in semiarid regions are labor intensive, they usually are not feasible for regional analyses. Remotely sensed data provide the large spatial scale necessary, but their precision and accuracy in determining vegetation abundance and its change through time have not been quantitatively determined. In this paper, the precision and accuracy of two techniques, Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) applied to Landsat TM data, are assessed quantitatively using high-precision in situ data. In Owens Valley, California we have 6 years of continuous field data (1991-1996) for 33 sites acquired concurrently with six cloudless Landsat TM images. The multitemporal remotely sensed data were coregistered to within 1 pixel, radiometrically intercalibrated using temporally invariante surface features and geolocated to within 30 m. These procedures facilitated the accurate location of field-monitoring sites within the remotely sensed data. Formal uncertainties in the registration, radiometric alignment, and modeling were determined. Results show that SMA absolute percent live cover (%LC) estimates are accurate to within ?4.0%LC and estimates of change in live cover have a precision of +/-3.8%LC. Furthermore, even when applied to areas of low vegetation cover, the SMA approach correctly determined the sense of clump, (i.e., positive or negative) in 87% of the samples. SMA results are superior to NDVI, which, although correlated with live cover, is not a quantitative measure and showed the correct sense of change in only 67%, of the samples.

Elmore, Andrew J.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Multiplicity functions of quasars: predictions from the MassiveBlackII simulation

ABSTRACT We examine multiple active galactic nucleus (AGN) systems (triples and quadruples, in particular) in the MassiveBlackII simulation over a redshift range of 0.06 ≲ z ≲ 4. We identify AGN systems (with bolometric luminosity $L_{\mathrm{bol}}\gt 10^{42}~\mathrm{erg\, s}^{-1}$) at different scales (defined by the maximum distance between member AGNs) to determine the AGN multiplicity functions. This is defined as the volume/surface density of AGN systems per unit richness R, the number of AGNs in a system. We find that gravitationally bound multiple AGN systems tend to populate scales of ${\lesssim}0.7~\mathrm{cMpc}\, h^{-1}$; this corresponds to angular separations of ≲100 arcsec and a line-of-sight velocity difference ${\lesssim}200~\mathrm{km\, s}^{-1}$. The simulation contains ∼10 and ∼100 triples/quadruples per deg2 up to depths of DESI (g ≲ 24) and LSST (g ≲ 26) imaging, respectively; at least $20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of these should be detectable in spectroscopic surveys. The simulated quasar ($L_{\mathrm{bol}}\gt 10^{44}~\mathrm{erg\, s}^{-1}$) triples and quadruples predominantly exist at 1.5 ≲ z ≲ 3. Their members have black hole masses $10^{6.5}\lesssim M_{\mathrm{ bh}}\lesssim 10^{9}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$ and live in separate (one central and multiple satellite) galaxies with stellar masses $10^{10}\lesssim M_{*}\lesssim 10^{12}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$. They live in the most massive haloes (e.g. ${\sim}10^{13}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$ at z = 2.5; ${\sim}10^{14}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$ at z = 1) in the simulation. Their detections provide an exciting prospect for understanding massive black hole growth and their merger rates in galaxies in the era of multimessenger astronomy.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1991

Spatial distribution of visible lightning on Jupiter

An analysis of Voyager images of Jupiter is used to evaluate the horizontal spatial distribution of visible lightning over most of one hemisphere. Essentially all the detectable activity is confined to very narrow latitude bands at 13.5 N and 49 N. The active regions at 49 N are the brightest, most numerous, and periodic in longitude. Activity at this latitude is long-lived and is most likely associated with moist convective regions deep in Jupiter's atmosphere. The longitudinal periodicity of the lightning storms may represent the effects of a planetary scale atmospheric wave trapped at the depth of the moist convection.

Magalhaes, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Enabling Technologies for Deep Space Motion Imagery

From the beginning of the Space Age, imagery, particularly motion imagery, has been a part of crewed and uncrewed missions. As technologies have evolved the imagery gets better, more compelling, and more useful for operations and monitoring of systems, crew, and spacecraft. Film, video and live television have engaged the public and sparked the imaginations of engineers, scientists, and artists alike. As we look forward now to crewed missions beyond low-Earth orbit, such as the Deep Space Gateway being considered as a pre-cursor to future crewed Mars missions, there are both opportunities and challenges in implementing a multi-faceted imaging system that advances mission capabilities and technology.This paper will present a vision for an imaging system that is relevant for operations of the ISS and future crewed missions in deep space, with a detailed look at some of the key innovative technologies required to enable such a system. In addition, impacts to Space Operations, video distribution to the public and to science investigators, and video system interoperability will be presented. Opportunities where standardization can enable interoperability are also identified for those imagery and communications functions planned for inclusion in the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Blue Book.

Grubbs, Rodney↗

DOE OSTI2024

Rapid discovery and evolution of nanosensors containing fluorogenic amino acids

Binding-activated optical sensors are powerful tools for imaging, diagnostics, and biomolecular sensing. However, biosensor discovery is slow and requires tedious steps in rational design, screening, and characterization. Here we report on a platform that streamlines biosensor discovery and unlocks directed nanosensor evolution through genetically encodable fluorogenic amino acids (FgAAs). Building on the classical knowledge-based semisynthetic approach, we engineer ~15 kDa nanosensors that recognize specific proteins, peptides, and small molecules with up to 100-fold fluorescence increases and subsecond kinetics, allowing real-time and wash-free target sensing and live-cell bioimaging. An optimized genetic code expansion chemistry with FgAAs further enables rapid (~3 h) ribosomal nanosensor discovery via the cell-free translation of hundreds of candidates in parallel and directed nanosensor evolution with improved variant-specific sensitivities (up to ~250-fold) for SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Altogether, this platform could accelerate the discovery of fluorogenic nanosensors and pave the way to modify proteins with other non-standard functionalities for diverse applications.

Biosensors↗

DOE OSTI2023

flifish

Identifying single molecules from fluorescence images obtained by a camera and obtain their location and intensity has many applications. We have developed an efficient mathematical algorithm for this task and translate it into computer software. Our algorithm are fast, stable and accurate comparing other programs to do the similar task. We have used our software in several scientific research areas, such as tracking receptors in live cells, super resolution fluorescence microscopy, and counting mRNA copies in cells.

Hu, Dehong↗

NASA NTRS2000

NIRS in Space?

Proponents of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) have been exceptionally successful in applying NIRS techniques to many instances of organic material analyses. While this research and development began in the 1950s, in recent years, stimulation of advancements in instrumentation is allowing NIRS to begin to find its way into the food processing systems, into food quality and safety, textiles and much more. And, imaging high spectral resolution spectrometers are now being evaluated for the rapid scanning of foodstuffs, such as the inspection of whole chicken carcasses for fecal contamination. The imaging methods are also finding their way into medical applications, such as the non-intrusive monitoring of blood oxygenation in newborns. Can these scientific insights also be taken into space and successfully used to measure the Earth's condition? Is there an analog between the organic analyses in the laboratory and clinical settings and the study of Earth's living biosphere? How are the methods comparable and how do they differ?

Peterson, David L.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Method and system for automated plant surveillance and manipulation

A method and a system for automated plant surveillance and manipulation are provided. Pursuant to the method and the system, images of target plants are obtained through a machine vision system having multiple cameras. The obtained images of the target plants are processed to determine tissue candidates of the target plants and to determine a position and an orientation of each tissue candidate. A tool is manipulated, based on the position and the orientation of each tissue candidate, to excise each tissue candidate to obtain tissue samples. The tissue samples are transported for subsequently manipulation including live processing of the tissue samples or destructive processing of the tissue samples.

Kalluri, Udaya C.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Investigating the Impacts of Land Use Change on Urban Heat and Vulnerability in Cali, Columbia

The urban heat island effect (UHI) is an environmental phenomenon where cities experience higher temperatures than rural areas due to increased pavement and decreased cooling from vegetation. Approximately 76% of people in Colombia live in urban areas, and the city of Santiago de Cali is facing UHI challenges exacerbated by land use change. Wetlands and forests formerly surrounded the city but were replaced by development and agriculture. The Colombian municipal government agency Departamento Administrativo de Gestión del Medio Ambiente and the community organization Fundacion Dinamizadores Ambientales partnered with NASA DEVELOP to evaluate communities in Cali most vulnerable to urban heat. This project illustrated the utility of using NASA Earth observations to evaluate the relationship between land use, temperature, and social factors in Cali, Colombia between 2013 and 2023. The team used Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), and Landsat 9 OLI-2/TIRS-2 to generate land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and albedo maps in Google Earth Engine. Heavy cloud cover limited the accuracy of the LST but incorporating up to three satellites for a median image reduced potential errors. Through further analysis in ArcGIS Pro, the team classified land use change using a deep learning model and found that LST was significantly higher in urban areas than in wetlands or forests. Using R studio, the team ran a principal component analysis to determine which social factors had the strongest correlation with LST. The team found that health care and green space access were negatively correlated, and Afro-Colombian ethnicity was positively correlated with LST. With awareness of the most impacted and vulnerable regions, the partner organizations can work to prioritize green space establishment in those areas to reduce the impacts of urban heat. Addressing the urban heat island effect will reduce environmental justice concerns within the city and improve overall health, air, and water quality for those who live there.

Brenna Bruffey↗

DOE OSTI2023

Periplasmic biomineralization for semi-artificial photosynthesis

Semiconductor-based biointerfaces are typically established either on the surface of the plasma membrane or within the cytoplasm. In Gram-negative bacteria, the periplasmic space, characterized by its confinement and the presence of numerous enzymes and peptidoglycans, offers additional opportunities for biomineralization, allowing for nongenetic modulation interfaces. We demonstrate semiconductor nanocluster precipitation containing single- and multiple-metal elements within the periplasm, as observed through various electron- and x-ray-based imaging techniques. The periplasmic semiconductors are metastable and display defect-dominant fluorescent properties. Unexpectedly, the defect-rich (i.e., the low-grade) semiconductor nanoclusters produced in situ can still increase adenosine triphosphate levels and malate production when coupled with photosensitization. We expand the sustainability levels of the biohybrid system to include reducing heavy metals at the primary level, building living bioreactors at the secondary level, and creating semi-artificial photosynthesis at the tertiary level. The biomineralization-enabled periplasmic biohybrids have the potential to serve as defect-tolerant platforms for diverse sustainable applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2021

Disintegration of Long-period Comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS). I. Hubble Space Telescope Observations

The near-Sun comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) is the first member of a long-period comet group observed to disintegrate well before perihelion. Here we present our investigation into this disintegration event using images obtained in a three-day Hubble Space Telescope campaign. We identify two fragment clusters produced by the initial disintegration event, corresponding to fragments C/2019 Y4-A and C/2019 Y4-B identified in ground-based data. These two clusters started with similar integrated brightness but exhibit different evolutionary behavior. C/2019 Y4-A was much shorter-lived compared to C/2019 Y4-B and showed signs of significant mass loss and changes in size distribution throughout the three-day campaign. The cause of the initial fragmentation is undetermined by the limited evidence but crudely compatible with either the spin-up disruption of the nucleus or runaway sublimation of subsurface supervolatile ices, either of which would lead to the release of a large amount of gas as inferred from the significant bluing of the comet observed shortly before its disintegration. Gas can only be produced by the sublimation of volatile ices, which must have survived at least one perihelion passage at a perihelion distance of q = 0.25 au. We speculate that Comet ATLAS is derived from the ice-rich interior of a nonuniform, kilometer-wide progenitor that split during its previous perihelion. This suggests that comets down to a few kilometers in diameter can still possess complex, nonuniform interiors that can protect ices against intense solar heating.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS1992

Variable oxygen airglow on Venus as a probe of atmospheric dynamics

High-resolution images are presented of an oxygen airglow that arises during downwelling at an altitude of about 95 km on the nightside of Venus. Oxygen atoms are formed by photolysis of CO2 on the sunlit hemisphere and are then transported to the nightside, where they recombine during descent. The newly formed molecular oxygen emits radiation to produce the airglow. Localized, short-lived regions of emission and neighboring dark areas are observed, demonstrating the potential of such observations to constrain atmospheric dynamics at this little-studied and important altitude in the Venusian mesosphere.

Allen, David↗