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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Study of the ferroelastic phase transition in the tetraethylammonium compound [N(C{sub 2}H{sub 5}){sub 4}]{sub 2}ZnBr{sub 4} by magic-angle spinning and static NMR

The ferroelastic phase transition of tetraethylammonium compound [N(C{sub 2}H{sub 5}){sub 4}]{sub 2}ZnBr{sub 4} at the phase transition temperature (T{sub C}) = 283 K was characterized by magic-angle spinning (MAS) and static nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and confirmed by optical polarizing spectroscopy. The structural geometry near T{sub C} was studied in terms of the chemical shifts and the spin-lattice relaxation times T{sub 1ρ} in the rotating frame for {sup 1}H MAS NMR and {sup 13}C cross-polarization (CP)/MAS NMR. The two inequivalent ethyl groups were distinguishable in the {sup 13}C NMR spectrum, and the T{sub 1ρ} results indicate that they undergo tumbling motion above T{sub C} in a coupled manner. From the {sup 14}N NMR results, the two nitrogen nuclei in the N(C{sub 2}H{sub 5}){sub 4}{sup +} ions were distinguishable above T{sub C}, and the splitting in the spectra below T{sub C} was related to the ferroelastic domains with different orientations.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS1996

A technique for determining cloud free vs cloud contaminated pixels in satellite imagery

Since the first earth orbiting satellite sent pictures of the earth back to them, atmospheric scientists have been focused on the possibilities of using that information as both a forecasting tool and as a meteorological research tool. With the latest generation of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) now entering service, that view of the earth yields views at a frequency and resolution never before available. These satellites have imagers with a five band multi-spectral capability with high spatial resolution. In addition, the sounder has eighteen thermal infrared (IR) channels plus one low-resolution visible band. With a resolution as small as one kilometer, GOES provides scientists with a powerful eye on the atmosphere. Menzel and Purdom (1994) detail both the imager and sounder capability as well as other systems on the GOES satellites. Immediately apparent in the visible channel are the patterns of clouds swirling over both oceans and continents. These clouds range in size from huge planetary systems covering thousands of kilometers to puffy fair weather cumulus clouds on the order of half a kilometer in size. With the IR sensors temperature patterns are observed. High clouds appear very cold, while low stratus field show temperatures near that of the surface. The surface, in turn, generally appears warmer than the clouds. It would seem then a simple manner to determine cloud and surface temperature from the imagery, but such is not the case. While most of the atmospheric constituents are well mixed and homogeneous, water vapor is not. The water molecule, because of its unique structure and vibration modes, affects the transmittance of the atmosphere most notably in the infrared regions. There are regions of the IR spectrum where water vapor acts as a strong absorber, and at others it is nearly transparent. The transparent wavelengths are called windows, and one such window occurs at 11.2 microns. Adjacent to this window at 12.7 microns which is strongly absorbed by water vapor. These two wavelengths form what is known as a split window, the utility of which was used. Using the linearized form of the radiative transfer equation, they were able to use the split window to determine the amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere. Jedlovec developed the physical split-window (PSW) technique which determines the integrated water content (IWC). The PSW method using Visible Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) found on the older versions of the GOES satellites was used. Recently, Jedlovec and colleagues have been attempting to apply the PSW method using full disk IR imagery obtained by the new generation of GOES satellites. IWC is essential for improved analysis and prediction of convective storms which have been observed to develop in regions of both strong and rapidly evolving moisture gradients. It has also been used in the prediction of clouds and precipitation.

Wohlman, Richard A.↗
DOE OSTI2016

The EMIL project at BESSY II: Beamline design and performance

The Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL) at BESSY-II is currently under construction. Two canted undulators for soft- and hard X-rays will be installed into the BESSY II storage ring in one straight section, complex beamlines with more than twenty optical elements will be set up and a new laboratory building attached to BESSY II will host three endstations and a large UHV-transfer system connecting various HV- and UHV-deposition systems. The undulators, UE48 and U17, provide a broad energy spectrum of 80 - 10000 eV, of which the harder radiation (>700 eV) is provided by a cryogenic in-vacuum device. Three monochromators (two plane grating monochromators (PGM) and one LN{sub 2}-cooled double crystal monochromator (DCM)) disperse the radiation into separate pathways of 65 m length, while downstream of the monochromators split-mirror chambers distribute the photon beam to one (or simultaneously to two) of five upcoming endstations. Three of these endstations are designed for the full energy range with spatial overlap of the soft and hard foci, whereas one endstation (PEEM) uses only the soft and another one (PINK) only the hard branch, respectively.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1993

Molecular-beam spectrum of the 970/cm Fermi triad of CF3CH3

A tunable MW-sideband CO2 laser is used with an electric-resonance optothermal spectrometer to investigate the IR spectrum of CF3CH3 near 970/cm. A Fermi-coupled triad of states is observed, resulting from the interactions of 2nu6+nu11 and nu5+nu12 with the fundamental vibration, nu10, which is assumed to carry the oscillator strength in this region. The high resolution (about 3 MHz) of the spectrometer allows the observation of tunneling splittings associated with the nu6 torsional vibration. These splittings are used to identify the torsional character of the states observed. At the normal-mode level the nu10 and nu5+nu12 states are found to be nearly degenerate and interacting by an anharmonic matrix element of about 3/cm. The present investigation illustrates the utility of using resolved torsional splittings to unravel complex vibrational couplings in molecules.

Fraser, G. T.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Lifting Triplet Degeneracy Through Organic‐Cation Driven Structural Perturbation to Modulate Luminescence of Sb 3+ ‐Doped Double Perovskite

The spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and the Jahn-Teller effect (JTE) alter the orbital degeneracy in materials, leading to unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties essential in spintronics, quantum computing, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Here, the study employs luminescent p-xylylenediammonium (PXA) instead of Cs+ in Cs2NaInCl6 to yield 2D Sb3+-doped (PXA)2NaInCl8 double perovskite and demonstrates a non-degenerate triplet state resulting from enhanced JTE in the strong SOC regime, featuring distinct emission centers. Consequently, a broadband emission from both PXA and [SbCl6]3− spans the entire spectrum (350–750 nm), representing a rare single-source multi-emissive 2D perovskite. With in-depth comparative structural, temperature-dependent photo-physical, and theoretical studies, it is elucidated that the synergistic effect of SOC and JTE on the Eg and T2g lattice modes modulate the electronic structure of [SbCl6]3− by splitting the doubly degenerate E levels of 3 T$^{*}_{1u}$ into non-degenerate states. The physical model, supported by theoretical studies, explains the energy level splitting required to realize two kinds of radiative minima in the relaxed excited state.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Characterization of BiVO 4 Powders and Thin Films by Electron Microscopy and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

BiVO4 (BVO) is a promising material for photoelectro-chemical water splitting by using visible light. It is formed by abundant and nontoxic elements i.e. low cost and environmentally friendly. BVO has three polymorphs: orthorhombic, tetragonal, and monoclinic. The monoclinic phase (m-BVO) phase exhibits a much higher photocatalytical activity due to its favorable band gap (2.4–2.5 eV) in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, and a valence band position suitable for driving water oxidation under illumination. An earlier investigation using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) has shown a pronounced surface reduction of monoclinic BVO particles i.e., within a 5 nm thick shell, the oxidation state of V is reduced from +5 to about +4 [1]. This demands for around 15% oxygen vacancies of charge neutrality is assumed.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Self-phase modulation in a thin fused silica plate upon interaction with a converging beam of down-chirped femtosecond radiation

The mechanism of spectral broadening and self-compression of down-chirped femtosecond pulses in the visible range (473 nm) upon nonlinear interaction of a converging Gaussian beam with a 1-mm-thick fused silica plate is experimentally and theoretically investigated. It is found experimentally that when the intensity increases and plasma is formed in the sample, the regime of femtosecond pulse splitting is transformed into the single-pulse generation regime during nonlinear interaction. As a result of selfcompression, the duration of the initial transform-limited pulse is reduced by a factor of 3. Based on the numerical solution of the generalised nonlinear Schrödinger equation, with the plasma formation disregarded, it is shown that the profile, spectrum and temporal phase of the pulse transmitted through the sample acquire a stationary shape behind the focal plane of the focusing mirror. The calculation results are in good agreement with experimental data. The possibility of parametric amplification of the pulse spectral components under given experimental conditions is discussed. (extreme light fields and their applications)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Optical evidence of quantum rotor orbital excitations in orthorhombic manganites

In magnetic compounds with Jahn–Teller (JT) ions (such as Mn{sup 3+} or Cu{sup 2+}), the ordering of the electron or hole orbitals is associated with cooperative lattice distortions. There the role of JT effect, although widely recognized, is still elusive in the ground state properties. Here we discovered that, in these materials, there exist excitations whose energy spectrum is described in terms of the total angular momentum eigenstates and is quantized as in quantum rotors found in JT centers. We observed features originating from these excitations in the optical spectra of a model compound LaMnO{sub 3} using ellipsometry technique. They appear clearly as narrow sidebands accompanying the electron transition between the JT split orbitals at neighboring Mn{sup 3+} ions, displaying anomalous temperature behavior around the Néel temperature T{sub N} ≈ 140 K. We present these results together with new experimental data on photoluminescence found in LaMnO{sub 3}, which lend additional support to the ellipsometry implying the electronic-vibrational origin of the quantum rotor orbital excitations. We note that the discovered orbital excitations of quantum rotors may play an important role in many unusual properties observed in these materials upon doping, such as high-temperature superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Enhanced biochemical sensing with high- Q transmission resonances in free-standing membrane metasurfaces

Optical metasurfaces provide solutions to label-free biochemical sensing by localizing light resonantly beyond the diffraction limit, thereby selectively enhancing light–matter interactions for improved analytical performance. However, high-Q resonances in metasurfaces are usually achieved in the reflection mode, which impedes metasurface integration into compact imaging systems. Here, we demonstrate a metasurface platform for advanced biochemical sensing based on the physics of the bound states in the continuum (BIC) and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) modes, which arise when two interfering resonances from a periodic pattern of tilted elliptic holes overlap both spectrally and spatially, creating a narrow transparency window in the mid-infrared spectrum. We experimentally measure these resonant peaks observed in transmission mode (Q ~ 734 at λ ~ 8.8 µm) in free-standing silicon membranes and confirm their tunability through geometric scaling. We also demonstrate the strong coupling of the BIC-EIT modes with a thinly coated PMMA film on the metasurface, characterized by a large Rabi splitting (32 cm -1 ) and biosensing of protein monolayers in transmission mode. Our new photonic platform can facilitate the integration of metasurface biochemical sensors into compact and monolithic optical systems while being compatible with scalable manufacturing, thereby clearing the way for on-site biochemical sensing in everyday applications.

Rosas, Samir [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (Uni↗
DOE OSTI2015

The detector system of the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment

The Daya Bay experiment was the first to report simultaneous measurements of reactor antineutrinos at multiple baselines leading to the discovery of ν¯e oscillations over km-baselines. Subsequent data has provided the world's most precise measurement of sin 2 2θ 13 and the effective mass splitting Δm 2 ee . The experiment is located in Daya Bay, China where the cluster of six nuclear reactors is among the world's most prolific sources of electron antineutrinos. Multiple antineutrino detectors are deployed in three underground water pools at different distances from the reactor cores to search for deviations in the antineutrino rate and energy spectrum due to neutrino mixing. Instrumented with photomultiplier tubes, the water pools serve as shielding against natural radioactivity from the surrounding rock and provide efficient muon tagging. Arrays of resistive plate chambers over the top of each pool provide additional muon detection. The antineutrino detectors were specifically designed for measurements of the antineutrino flux with minimal systematic uncertainty. Relative detector efficiencies between the near and far detectors are known to better than 0.2%. With the unblinding of the final two detectors’ baselines and target masses, a complete description and comparison of the eight antineutrino detectors can now be presented. This study describes the Daya Bay detector systems, consisting of eight antineutrino detectors in three instrumented water pools in three underground halls, and their operation through the first year of eight detector data-taking.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Sterile-neutrino search based on 259 days of KATRIN data

Neutrinos are the most abundant fundamental matter particles in the Universe and play a crucial part in particle physics and cosmology. Neutrino oscillation, discovered about 25 years ago, shows that the three known species mix with each other. Anomalous results from reactor and radioactive-source experiments suggest a possible fourth neutrino state, the sterile neutrino, which does not interact through the weak force. The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, primarily designed to measure the neutrino mass using tritium β-decay, also searches for sterile neutrinos suggested by these anomalies. A sterile-neutrino signal would appear as a distortion in the β-decay energy spectrum, characterized by a discontinuity in curvature (kink) related to the sterile-neutrino mass. This signature, which depends only on the shape of the spectrum rather than its absolute normalization, offers a robust, complementary approach to reactor experiments. Here we report the analysis of the energy spectrum of 36 million tritium β-decay electrons recorded in 259 measurement days within the last 40 eV below the endpoint. The results exclude a substantial part of the parameter space suggested by the gallium anomaly and challenge the Neutrino-4 claim. Together with other neutrino-disappearance experiments, KATRIN probes sterile-to-active mass splittings from a fraction of an eV 2 to several hundred eV 2 , excluding light sterile neutrinos with mixing angles above a few per cent.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Theory of the hyperfine structure of the S states of muonic tritium

The hyperfine structure of the energy spectrum of the S levels of muonic tritium has been calculated using the quasi-potential method in quantum electrodynamics (QED). The α{sup 5}- and α{sup 6}-order effects on the polarization of vacuum, the structure and recoil of the nucleus, and relativistic corrections have been taken into account. The obtained numerical values of hyperfine splittings of 239.819 meV (1S state) and 29.965 meV (2S state) can be treated as reliable estimates for comparing with future experimental data of the CREMA collaboration, and hyperfine structure interval Δ{sub 12} = 8ΔE{sup hfs} (2S)–ΔE{sup hfs} (1S) =–0.100 meV can be used for verifying the QED predictions. The resultant precision values of hyperfine splitting are also important for calculating the rates of formation of (μ dt) mesomolecules in muonic catalysis reactions.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1972

Electron paramagnetic resonance study of alinement induced by magnetic fields in two smectic-A liquid crystals not exhibiting nematic phases

Using vanadyl acetylacetonate (VAAC) as a paramagnetic probe, the molecular ordering in two smectic-A liquid crystals that do not display nematic phases were studied. Reproducible alinement was attained by slow cooling throughout the isotropic smectic-A transition in dc magnetic fields of 1.1 and 2.15 teslas. The degree of order attained is small for a smectic-A liquid crystal. Measurements were made of the variation of the average hyperfine splitting of the alined samples as a function of orientation relative to the dc magnetic field of the spectrometer. This functional dependence is in agreement with the theoretical prediction except where the viscosity of the liquid crystal becomes large enough to slow the tumbling of the VAAC, as indicated by asymmetry in the end lines of the spectrum.

Fryburg, G. C.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Spin wave spectra in perpendicularly magnetized permalloy rings

The dynamic behavior of perpendicularly magnetized permalloy circular rings is systematically investigated as a function of film thickness using broadband field modulated ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy. We observed the splitting of one spin wave mode into a family of dense resonance peaks for the rings, which is markedly different from the single mode observed for continuous films of the same thickness. As the excitation frequency is increased, the mode family observed for the rings gradually converges into one mode. With the increase in the film thickness, a sparser spectrum of modes is observed. Our experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the dynamic micromagnetic simulations.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Study of Electronic, Mechanical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties of Mg{sub 0.75}TM{sub 0.25}S/Se (TM = Fe, Co, Ni): A First Principle Approach

A systematic study of the magnetism, mechanical, and optical behaviors of Mg{sub 0.75}TM{sub 0.25}S/Se (TM = Fe, Co, Ni) ordered alloys was conducted using the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbital method. The ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) ground state energy differences and enthalpy of formation scrutinized their dynamical stability in the FM state. The elastic parameters decided their mechanical stability, ductile behavior, and partial ionic and covalent characters. Moreover, the calculated band structures and density of states revealed the type and origin of magnetism in terms of exchange splitting energies and exchange constants. The Fe- and Ni-doped MgS/Se alloys exhibited half metallic ferromagnetic (HMF) characteristics, while the Co-doped MgS/Se alloy depicted ferromagnetic semiconducting characters. A reduction in the magnetic moments of the transition metals was observed compared with their free space value, which is due to strong p-d hybridization. Furthermore, the optical spectrum showed the maximum light absorbed in the visible and in the UV region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which makes them potential candidates for optoelectronic and spintronic device applications.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Ion irradiation induced strain and structural changes in LiTaO 3 perovskite

LiTaO 3 crystals irradiated with 3 MeV and 1.162 GeV Au ions were studied by single crystal x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering measurements. The maximum lattice strains after 3 MeV Au ion irradiation to a fluence of 1.2 × 10 13 cm -2 were 1.2% and 0.6% along the c- and a-/b-axes, respectively. Two effects were observed in 1.162 GeV Au ion irradiated samples: (i) the (0006) and (1120) Bragg peaks were split into doublets, which suggested a subtle structural change due to slight modification of chemical composition; and (ii) the pre-damaged 1.2% lattice strain along the c-axis was relaxed to 0.9% after subsequent irradiation with 1.162 GeV Au ions, while relaxation along the a- or b-axis was not obvious. A distinct change in the Raman spectrum of the <0001> oriented LiTaO 3 crystals was observed after 1.162 GeV Au ion irradiation, but no obvious change was observed in the <1120> oriented samples or in 3 MeV Au ion irradiated samples. Strain and structural changes in crystalline LiTaO3, with or without pre-existing defects, upon ion irradiation are delineated in its responding to inelastic ionization and elastic nuclear collisions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Unpaired Majorana modes in Josephson-Junction Arrays with gapless bulk excitations

In this study, the search for Majorana bound states in solid-state physics has been limited to materials that display a gap in their bulk spectrum. We show that such unpaired states appear in certain quasi-one-dimensional Josephson-junction arrays with gapless bulk excitations. The bulk modes mediate a coupling between Majorana bound states via the Ruderman-Kittel-Yosida-Kasuya mechanism. As a consequence, the lowest energy doublet acquires a finite energy difference. For a realistic set of parameters this energy splitting remains much smaller than the energy of the bulk eigenstates even for short chains of length L~10.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Softening the Gap between Wöhler and Paris – New Approaches for Fatigue Analysis –

Fatigue analysis tools can vary across industries. For example, automotive engineers often use the Wöhler (S-N) approach to design for safe-life, while aerospace engineers prioritize damage tolerance and inspection intervals, relying instead on crack growth models such as Paris’ law. Although both approaches may deal with the control of cracks in similar materials, their analysis tools and material characterizations are fundamentally distinct. This divide mirrors the classic split between stress-based strength analysis and linear elastic fracture mechanics. However, modern nonlinear models that incorporate material softening, such as cohesive laws, blur this boundary and capture fracture behaviors across scales. This presentation describes the CF23 fatigue model, which uses cohesive softening to link S-N crack initiation with crack propagation rates. CF23 spans the full fatigue spectrum, from initial propagation transients to steady-state growth and threshold conditions, offering a unified framework that bridges Wöhler and Paris-based methodologies. Example applications include fatigue crack propagation transients in adhesive interfaces and skin/stiffener separation.

cohesive elements↗