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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
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DOE OSTI2012

Lifetime measurements in an electrostatic ion beam trap using image charge monitoring

A technique for mass-selective lifetime measurements of keV ions in a linear electrostatic ion beam trap is presented. The technique is based on bunching the ions using a weak RF potential and non-destructive ion detection by a pick-up electrode. This method has no mass-limitation, possesses the advantage of inherent mass-selectivity, and offers a possibility of measuring simultaneously the lifetimes of different ion species with no need for prior mass-selection.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Design and performance of a versatile curved-crystal spectrometer for high-resolution spectroscopy in the tender x-ray range

A complete in-vacuum curved-crystal x-ray emission spectrometer in Johansson geometry has been constructed for a 2-6 keV energy range with sub natural line-width energy resolution. The spectrometer is designed to measure x-ray emission induced by photon and charged particle impact on solid and gaseous targets. It works with a relatively large x-ray source placed inside the Rowland circle and employs position sensitive detection of diffracted x-rays. Its compact modular design enables fast and easy installation at a synchrotron or particle accelerator beamline. The paper presents main characteristics of the spectrometer and illustrates its capabilities by showing few selected experimental examples.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Study of multilayer-reflected beam profiles and their coherence properties using beamlines ID19 (ESRF) and 32-ID (APS)

The use of multilayer mirrors is an interesting alternative for reflective X-ray monochromatization with respect to reflection from crystal optics. The increased photon flux density due to the multilayers' larger bandwidth is of crucial importance for, e.g, full-field X-ray imaging applications. Drawbacks are the introduced modifications of the reflected beam profile as well as a certain loss of coherence, summarized as wavefront degradation. Our recent work has shown that the modification of the beam profile can vary with, e.g., the material composition of the coating applied. In order to verify our findings, a beamline round-robin has been initiated, comparing the wavefront profiles after reflection by selected multilayers at beamlines 32-ID (Advanced Photon Source) and ID19 (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility) with our initial results acquired at BM05 (ESRF) [1].

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Source fabrication and lifetime for Li{sup +} ion beams extracted from alumino-silicate sources

A space-charge-limited beam with current densities (J) exceeding 1 mA/cm{sup 2} have been measured from lithium alumino-silicate ion sources at a temperature of {approx}1275 deg. C. At higher extraction voltages, the source appears to become emission limited with J{>=} 1.5 mA/cm{sup 2}, and J increases weakly with the applied voltage. A 6.35 mm diameter source with an alumino-silicate coating, {<=}0.25 mm thick, has a measured lifetime of {approx}40 h at {approx}1275 deg. C, when pulsed at 0.05 Hz and with pulse length of {approx}6 {mu}s each. At this rate, the source lifetime was independent of the actual beam charge extracted due to the loss of neutral atoms at high temperature. The source lifetime increases with the amount of alumino-silicate coated on the emitting surface, and may also be further extended if the temperature is reduced between pulses.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Diamond detector for high rate monitors of fast neutrons beams

A fast neutron detection system suitable for high rate measurements is presented. The detector is based on a commercial high purity single crystal diamond (SDD) coupled to a fast digital data acquisition system. The detector was tested at the ISIS pulsed spallation neutron source. The SDD event signal was digitized at 1 GHz to reconstruct the deposited energy (pulse amplitude) and neutron arrival time; the event time of flight (ToF) was obtained relative to the recorded proton beam signal t{sub 0}. Fast acquisition is needed since the peak count rate is very high ({approx}800 kHz) due to the pulsed structure of the neutron beam. Measurements at ISIS indicate that three characteristics regions exist in the biparametric spectrum: i) background gamma events of low pulse amplitudes; ii) low pulse amplitude neutron events in the energy range E{sub dep}= 1.5-7 MeV ascribed to neutron elastic scattering on {sup 12}C; iii) large pulse amplitude neutron events with E{sub n} < 7 MeV ascribed to {sup 12}C(n,{alpha}){sup 9}Be and 12C(n,n')3{alpha}.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Indus synchrotron source: A national facility

Indus Synchrotron Radiation complex at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology at Indore, India houses two synchrotron radiation sources: Indus-1 and Indus-2 respectively. Indus-1 is a 450 MeV source emitting in VUV and soft x-ray region and operating at 100 mA since 1990 and Indus-2, designed for 2.5 GeV, 300 mA and is currently operating at 2 GeV and 100 mA. Indus-1 has five operational beamlines while Indus-2 has six beamlines installed and operational. Several materials research related problems have been investigated using the reflectivity and photo-electron spectroscopy beamlines at Indus-1 and also the beamlines at Indus-2. Here we will report the current status of both these sources and discuss a few of our studies carried out using these beamlines.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Neutron beam imaging at neutron spectrometers at Dhruva

A low efficiency, 2-Dimensional Position Sensitive Neutron Detector based on delay line position encoding is developed. It is designed to handle beam flux of 10{sup 6}-10{sup 7} n/cm{sup 2}/s and for monitoring intensity profiles of neutron beams. The present detector can be mounted in transmission mode, as the hardware allows maximum neutron transmission in sensitive region. Position resolution of 1.2 mm in X and Y directions, is obtained. Online monitoring of beam images and intensity profile of various neutron scattering spectrometers at Dhruva are presented. It shows better dynamic range of intensity over commercial neutron camera and is also time effective over the traditionally used photographic method.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Optimization of drift bias in an UHV based pulsed positron beam system

We report here the design of ultra high vacuum (UHV) compatible pulsed positron beam lifetime system, which combines the principles of a conventional slow positron beam and RF based pulsing scheme. The mechanical design and construction of the UHV system to house the beam has been completed and it has been tested for a vacuum of {approx} 10{sup -10} mbar. The voltages applied to the drift tube as a function of positron energies have been optimized using SIMION.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Commissioning of a microprobe-XRF beamline (BL-16) on Indus-2 synchrotron source

We report commissioning of the microprobe-XRF beamline on Indus-2 synchrotron source. The beamline has been recently made operational and is now open for the user's experiments. The beamline comprises of Si(111) double crystal monochromator and Kirkpatrick-Baez focusing optics. The beamline covers wide photon energy range of 4 - 20 keV using both collimated and micro-focused beam modes. The design details and the first commissioning results obtained using this beamline are presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Application of multilayer mirror for harmonic analysis in soft X-ray region

Order contamination in soft x-ray beamline is a severe problem which poses difficulty in various analysis techniques. Generally grating analyzer is used to estimate the higher order contribution where poor knowledge of wall and land roughness contribution makes it difficult to get theoretical fit and so analysis gives qualitative estimation only. Here we demonstrate the application of multilayer mirror for accurate determination of order contamination in Toroidal grating monochromator (TGM) at reflectivity beamline of Indus-1. We used a Mo/Si multilayer of d{approx}100Aa period to quantify 2{sup nd} and 3{sup rd} order composition to identify order contamination below 0.5% or better.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Analysis of order contamination from toroidal grating monochromator of Indus-1 reflectivity beamline

The synchrotron radiation spectra of toroidal grating monochromators (TGM) often contaminated by significant amounts of higher orders. Quantitative estimation of order contamination is essential in order to perform quantitative spectroscopy measurements. At Indus-1 reflectivity beamline higher order contaminations from TGM monochromator are experimentally determined using a reflection grating analyzer. It is found that the order contamination in wavelength range of 50-200 A is less than 15%. Use of edge filters reduces the order contamination level below 5% in this wavelength range.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Fabrication of compound refractive lens using soft and deep X-ray lithography beamline on Indus-2

X-ray compound refractive lenses (CRL) have been fabricated using Soft and Deep X-ray lithography (SDXRL) beamline on Indus-2. Upto 50 parabolic lenses are fabricated in PMMA using 1X X-ray mask. The mask contains of 20 micron thick gold absorbing pattern on polyimide membrane. The lens fabrication is done by exposing 500 {mu}m thick PMMA sheets to 5-12keV X-rays from Indus-2. The fabricated CRL will be suitable for generating focused X-ray beam of Indus-2 bending magnet source.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Commissioning of soft and deep X-ray lithography beamline on Indus-2

Soft and Deep x-ray lithography (SDXRL) beamline is commissioned on Indus-2. The beamline can be operated between 1.5 to 20 keV and in white beam mode. Beamline consists of two x-ray mirrors, slits, Be-windows, beam diagnostics and filters assemblies and radiation safety systems. A custom built X-ray scanner is used to create 3-D high aspect ratio micro structures. The paper reports the commissioning results of this beamline.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Measurement of absolute diffraction efficiency of a variable line spaced grating using reflectivity beamline

First and second order diffraction efficiency of a variable line spacing grating of average 1200 lines/mm density is measured at the reflectivity beam line of Indus-1. This grating is blazed at 3.2 deg. and has a blaze wavelength of 10 nm. The measurement has been carried out in the spectral range of 4.5 nm to 80 nm at 3o grazing angle of incidence. The maximum diffraction efficiency of the first order at {approx}10 nm has been found to be {approx} 23% and for the second order it is {approx}13%.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Electrical shielding box measurement of the negative hydrogen beam from Penning ion gauge ion source

The cold-cathode Penning ion gauge (PIG) type ion source has been used for generation of negative hydrogen (H{sup -}) ions as the internal ion source of a compact cyclotron. A novel method called electrical shielding box dc beam measurement is described in this paper, and the beam intensity was measured under dc extraction inside an electrical shielding box. The results of the trajectory simulation and dc H{sup -} beam extraction measurement were presented. The effect of gas flow rate, magnetic field strength, arc current, and extraction voltage were also discussed. In conclusion, the dc H{sup -} beam current of about 4 mA from the PIG ion source with the puller voltage of 40 kV and arc current of 1.31 A was extrapolated from the measurement at low extraction dc voltages.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Calibration of the neutron detectors for the cluster fusion experiment on the Texas Petawatt Laser

Three types of neutron detectors (plastic scintillation detectors, indium activation detectors, and CR-39 track detectors) were calibrated for the measurement of 2.45 MeV DD fusion neutron yields from the deuterium cluster fusion experiment on the Texas Petawatt Laser. A Cf-252 neutron source and 2.45 MeV fusion neutrons generated from laser-cluster interaction were used as neutron sources. The scintillation detectors were calibrated such that they can detect up to 10{sup 8} DD fusion neutrons per shot in current mode under high electromagnetic pulse environments. Indium activation detectors successfully measured neutron yields as low as 10{sup 4} per shot and up to 10{sup 11} neutrons. The use of a Cf-252 neutron source allowed cross calibration of CR-39 and indium activation detectors at high neutron yields ({approx}10{sup 11}). The CR-39 detectors provided consistent measurements of the total neutron yield of Cf-252 when a modified detection efficiency of 4.6 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -4} was used. The combined use of all three detectors allowed for a detection range of 10{sup 4} to 10{sup 11} neutrons per shot.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Gamma ray optics

Via refractive or diffractive scattering one can shape {gamma} ray beams in terms of beam divergence, spot size and monochromaticity. These concepts might be particular important in combination with future highly brilliant gamma ray sources and might push the sensibility of planned experiments by several orders of magnitude. We will demonstrate the experimental feasibility of gamma ray monochromatization on a ppm level and the creation of a gamma ray beam with nanoradian divergence. The results are obtained using the inpile target position of the High Flux Reactor of the ILL Grenoble and the crystal spectrometer GAMS. Since the refractive index is believed to vanish to zero with 1/E{sup 2}, the concept of refractive optics has never been considered for gamma rays. The combination of refractive optics with monochromator crystals is proposed to be a promising design. Using the crystal spectrometer GAMS, we have measured for the first time the refractive index at energies in the energy range of 180 - 2000 keV. The results indicate a deviation from simple 1/E{sup 2} extrapolation of X-ray results towards higher energies. A first interpretation of these new results will be presented. We will discuss the consequences of these results on the construction of refractive optics such as lenses or refracting prisms for gamma rays and their combination with single crystal monochromators.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Nuclear photonics at ultra-high counting rates and higher multipole excitations

Next-generation {gamma} beams from laser Compton-backscattering facilities like ELI-NP (Bucharest)] or MEGa-Ray (Livermore) will drastically exceed the photon flux presently available at existing facilities, reaching or even exceeding 10{sup 13}{gamma}/sec. The beam structure as presently foreseen for MEGa-Ray and ELI-NP builds upon a structure of macro-pulses ({approx}120 Hz) for the electron beam, accelerated with X-band technology at 11.5 GHz, resulting in a micro structure of 87 ps distance between the electron pulses acting as mirrors for a counterpropagating intense laser. In total each 8.3 ms a {gamma} pulse series with a duration of about 100 ns will impinge on the target, resulting in an instantaneous photon flux of about 10{sup 18}{gamma}/s, thus introducing major challenges in view of pile-up. Novel {gamma} optics will be applied to monochromatize the {gamma} beam to ultimately {Delta}E/E{approx}10{sup -6}. Thus level-selective spectroscopy of higher multipole excitations will become accessible with good contrast for the first time. Fast responding {gamma} detectors, e.g. based on advanced scintillator technology (e.g. LaBr{sub 3}(Ce)) allow for measurements with count rates as high as 10{sup 6}-10{sup 7}{gamma}/s without significant drop of performance. Data handling adapted to the beam conditions could be performed by fast digitizing electronics, able to sample data traces during the micro-pulse duration, while the subsequent macro-pulse gap of ca. 8 ms leaves ample time for data readout. A ball of LaBr{sub 3} detectors with digital readout appears to best suited for this novel type of nuclear photonics at ultra-high counting rates.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗