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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24

Taming the Wild West: Assessing Impacts-Relevant Climate Data Products (Abbreviated Report)

Impacts-relevant Earth system data refers to observational and ESM data that are downscaled, debiased, validated, and provisioned for use by decision-makers. Impacts-relevant Earth system data is essential for mitigation and adaptation planning across a variety of regions and sectors. A vast number of these data products have emerged in recent years, which has led to confusion among stakeholders and scientists as to the best product to use. With no standard evaluation protocol available for these products, the decision on which product to use was sometimes made because it was pragmatic rather than the best product to use. This project sought to develop foundational capabilities around impacts-relevant data products that would support more informed selection and application of these products. This work has been immensely successful, driving several academic publications and supported the development of a community of practice around impacts-relevant data products. Over the project’s three years we have addressed six tasks: First, the development of standard evaluation metrics for impacts-relevant climate data; second, the development of a novel suite of atmospheric river metrics; third, the development of novel metrics for precipitation feature analysis; fourth, the development of novel metrics for assessing co-variances between temperature and precipitation; fifth, the development of a dashboard for interactive examination of impacts-relevant climate data; and sixth, the establishment of a community of practice around impacts-relevant climate data that will continue beyond the conclusion of this project.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Performance and Reliability Assessment of the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Data Advisor (ADA)

The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility provides one of the world's largest openly accessible repositories of atmospheric observations through the ARM Data Discovery platform. Although the repository contains more than three decades of measurements collected from permanent observatories, mobile facilities, aircraft campaigns, and field experiments, identifying appropriate datasets can be challenging, particularly for new users unfamiliar with ARM instrumentation and datastream organization. To improve data accessibility, the ARM Data Center developed the ARM Data Advisor (ADA), an artificial intelligence-powered assistant designed to facilitate scientific data discovery, dataset interpretation, and user guidance. This report evaluates ADA's performance as a domain-specific scientific assistant using realistic atmospheric science workflows. The evaluation examines five key capabilities: data retrieval and curation efficiency, hallucination resistance, scientific reasoning, response to ambiguous queries, and content retention and session continuity. Representative prompts were developed to simulate typical interactions between researchers and the ARM Data Discovery platform, and ADA's responses were assessed for retrieval completeness, scientific accuracy, consistency, and practical usefulness. In these representative tests, ADA reduced the complexity of discovering and accessing ARM datasets by recommending appropriate datastreams, explaining instrumentation, interpreting metadata, and assisting with data processing workflows. ADA also exhibits strong domain knowledge of atmospheric science terminology and generally resists hallucination by acknowledging unavailable datasets and requesting clarification when appropriate. Overall, the results indicate that ADA represents a promising advancement in scientific data discovery within the ARM User Facility and has considerable potential to improve researcher productivity, particularly for new users and interdisciplinary scientists seeking efficient access to ARM observations.

Salvador, Christian [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000283287777↗

Electromagnetic Transient Modeling of Large Data Centers for Grid-Level Studies: Beta Release

The magnitude and complexity of electricity usage patterns from large data centers are having significant impacts on the operation and dynamics of the power grid; grid operators and planners require a range of specialized data center models to properly evaluate these impacts and specify technical solutions as needed. Towards addressing this need, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has developed a library of electromagnetic transient (EMT) models for grid-level studies of data centers called the data center model library (DML). This report describes how the DML was created and how it may properly be used. This report details the DML’s beta release, completed in July 2026. This is a revision and expansion of the alpha release, which was made available in January 2026 The models present in the DML are generic models; subject matter expertise and additional technical data are needed to modify these models before they can represent any real data center. However, they will significantly reduce the level of effort required to develop site-specific models and can serve as a common starting point to guide industry towards a more refined consensus. Most of the models within DML are dedicated to representing the power electronics interfaces commonly used in modern data centers, such as double-conversion uninterruptible power supplies and single-phase power factor correction converters. These models are intended for use in grid-level studies and are a simplified aggregation of many small components. That said, background material on the physical and electrical design of large data centers is provided as companion material so that users can be aware of many of the details which have been omitted or streamlined as a matter of practical necessity. Additionally, guidance on the application of EMT analysis for data center interconnection studies is provided, which aids users in identifying when the DML is necessary and what sort of additional model development may be necessary for conducting real-world studies.

electromagnetic transients↗

DTS data from SGP TBS

Distributed temperature-sensing data collected using a Silixa-XT DTS and 50/125 MM fiber. Data are calibrated using two water baths at the surface and an iMet aloft at the end of the fiber and tether. The data are then assigned an altitude for the TBS flight. Data collected prior to Febuary 11, 2020 were collected at the SGP Central Facility (CF). Data from 2/11/20 were collected with a Sensornet Oryx DTS at the E9 site, not at the CF. Data from May 2021 were collected with a Sensornet Oryx at the CF, and with a Silixa XT at the CF. Data from July 2021 were collected at the SGP CF, EF9, and EF36 with a Silixa XT. Data from October 2021 were collected at the SGP EF36 with a Silixa XT. Data from February 2022 were collected at the CF with a Silixa XT.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Cleaned 5-Minute Resolution Air Quality and Meteorological Data from Nine TCEQ CAMS Sites in Houston, Texas (Nov 2021 – Oct 2022)

These data encompass 5-minute air monitoring and meteorological observations collected in the greater Houston, Texas metropolitan region, at nine (9) Continuous Ambient Monitoring Stations (CAMS) operated by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) between November 1, 2021 and October 31, 2022. The CAMS sites (CAMS 1, 8, 35, 45, 148, 403, 405, 410, and 1052) were chosen because their instrumentation includes measurements of PM2.5. These sites also provide continuous multi-parameter air-quality and meteorological measurements. Particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) was sampled along with several trace gases, including ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2, NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). The data set also contains standard surface meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction). Several sites also include AutoGC-based measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Air monitoring instruments deployed at the selected sites comprise the following systems: BAM-1020 or TEOM (PM2.5), Thermo Scientific TEI 49i (O3), TEI 42i (NOx), and AutoGCs (VOCs). This data set is similar to the data included within the houairq5mX1.00 datastream, except for a few additional quality control steps. A systematic data cleaning and verification process was performed on the data set to ensure its quality and preparation for analysis. Removal of non-numeric status flags (e.g., [LIM], [QAS], [SPZ], [CAL], [PMA], [AQI], [SPN], [MAL]) was accomplished by employing rule-based string parsing to extract valid numerical values. Missing entries were set to -9999; however, invalid or anomalous values (e.g., 99999) were retained as originally reported by the TCEQ to preserve data provenance. The time sequence was verified for completeness, removal of duplicates, and uniformity at 5-minute intervals. Column labeling was standardized, and corresponding values were assessed for physical plausibility. All timestamps in the data set were reported in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as provided by the TCEQ. Further, the latitude and longitude coordinates were added for each CAMS site. A subset of the data (June 1–September 30, 2022) has been used in the following publication: Subba et al. 2025. “Implications of sea breeze circulations on boundary layer aerosols in the southern coastal Texas region.” EGUsphere 2025: 1–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-2659.

latitude↗

NLR HPC Facility Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) Data

Timeseries of Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) Data Center Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) Data provided in Parquet and compressed CSV formats Power Metrics Timeseries Fields: ts: Timestamp cooling_kw: Cooling (kilowatts) - Captures the power used by fans and pipe trace heaters associated with outdoor cooling equipment. The dedicated tower filter pump power is also captured as cooling load. energy_reuse: Energy Reuse Effectiveness hvac_kw: Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (kilowatts) - Captures fan walls, fan coils that support the data center electrical rooms, and the make-up air unit. it_power_kw: IT equipment (kilowatts) - Captures power used by the IT equipment on the data center floor. plug_and_light_kw: Lights and utility plugs (kilowatts) - Captures power associated with the data center and dedicated mechanical room. The crank-case heater for the emergency standby generator is also captured as light and plug load. pue: Power Usage Effectiveness pump_kw: Pumps (kilowatts) - Captures power from pumps that move water in the data center Energy Recover Water loop and the Tower Water loops, and also captures power used by the boost pumps that circulate water through the fan walls. Note: The tower filter pump runs constantly to filter water from the data center cooling tower system, so 2.67 kilowatts are attributed to this pump and that is not reflected in this data field. day: Day of month Outside Weather Station Timeseries Fields: ts: Timestamp outside_air_humidity: Outside air humidity - Relative humidity percent outside_air_temp: Outside air temperature - Degrees Fahrenheit day: Day of month More detail: High-Performance Computing Data Center Power Usage Effectiveness

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Oscilloscope Data Push Program

This paper details the development of a Python program designed to automate the data acquisition and conversion for an oscilloscope for the purposes of a one-off/temporary data acquisition system for users that readily need data, and do not have the option of obtaining a Data Acquisition (DAQ) solution. Creating DAQ systems for analyzing a system requires expensive electronics and a dedicated team of engineers for support. Traditionally, manual data collection and processing are time consuming and prone to error. By automating these processes, the cost, efficiency and accuracy of data handling are improved upon. This project involves the creation of a program that interacts with the oscilloscope. During this interaction, there are various functions being performed such as the acquisition of waveform data via floating points, generating plots with the acquired wave points, and storing of floating points in a CSV file format for future reference and plotting purposes. While the initial aim of the project included continuous logging to a cloud database, this was deferred due to time constraints. The results portrayed an almost-instant rate of data collection with a buffer time, showcasing the potential for further integration and real-time data processing.

Osei-Tutu, Jason↗

Model-Based Approaches to Generate Knowledge from Data in a Plant Reliability Context

One challenge that nuclear power plant system engineers are facing is that the amount of equipment reliability (ER) data being continuously generated are extremely large. These data elements come in different forms: textual (e.g., condition reports) and numeric (e.g., generated by monitoring systems) and they provide system engineers with valuable insights and information regarding the discovery of anomalous behaviors or degradation trends, the identification of the possible causes behind such behaviors and trends, and the prediction of their direct consequences. This paper directly targets the generation of knowledge from ER data by putting “data into context”. Here, we employ model-based system engineering (MBSE) models of systems and assets to represent and capture their architecture and functional (i.e., cause-effect) relations. ER data elements are processed by identifying first which elements of the developed MBSE elements they are referring to. This task is much harder for textual data since the information contained in issue or maintenance reports needs to “be understood” by a computational tool. Here we called this process “knowledge extraction” where our methods to extract knowledge from textual data. Lastly, once numeric and textual ER data elements have been processed and “understood”, we discover possible cause-effect relations among them. This is performed by observing if a logical connection through the MBSE models exists, and if there is a temporal relation among them. The logic and temporal are the two main ingredients to perform “machine reasoning” from ER data.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Recent Metallic Fuel Data Recovery in FIPD

The Metallic Fuels Irradiation and Physics Database (FIPD) [1] is an organized collection of metallic fuel test pin data (U-xPu-yZr, = 0 ~ 28; y = 2 ~ 10) and documentation available to industry. FIPD mainly contains three types of data: (1) Fuel pin fabrication data, including fuel slug diameter, fuel slug length, cladding diameter, smear density, etc. (2) Fuel pin operation conditions, including axial distributions for power, temperatures, fluences, burnup, and isotopic densities, etc. and (3) Fuel pin post-irradiation examination (PIE) data, including fission gas release and gas chemistry, profilometry, and neutron radiography, etc. The operating conditions for pins with PIE data available in FIPD span significant ranges across key parameters. The fuel peak burnup extends from less than 5% up to 20 at%. The cladding peak temperature varies from about 490°C to 660°C. Finally, the cladding peak DPA shows a wide range from less than 5 to 120. These broad ranges reflect the diverse testing conditions and operational parameters captured in the available PIE data. More detail about FIPD can be found in ref. [2]. The database development is an ongoing effort covering metallic fuel experiments from the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) and the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF). As reported in the ref. [3, 4], most of the PIE data generated during the IFR program [5] has been collected, reviewed, processed, and integrated into FIPD. The most recently added PIE data can be found in ref. [4], which shows the collection of over 95% of the PIE data by the time of this paper. The recent improvements to the database are summarized in this paper.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

An Approach to Dynamic Human Reliability Analysis and Its Data Collection Framework

Human reliability analysis (HRA) is a method for evaluating human errors in a variety of complex systems such as nuclear power plants, military systems, aircraft, and chemical plants. Most HRA methods currently used by regulatory institutes or utilities are called static HRA and are carried out by simple worksheets or simple calculators. To date, there are many unsolved or intrinsic challenges in static HRA. For example, existing static HRA does not realistically model and evaluate human actions as they would be performed at actual systems. There is no method with HRA to objectively estimate the time required for human actions despite being essential to HRA processes. In addition, many HRA methods still rely on a dataset generated prior to the 1980s, from unrelated industry experience or simply from expert judgment. Accordingly, this study attempted to research how to overcome the challenges of existing HRA via dynamic risk assessment (a.k.a., simulation-based or computation-based risk assessment) techniques. First, this study developed a dynamic HRA method, named as PRocedure-based Investigation Method of EMRALD Risk Assessment – HRA (PRIMERA-HRA). The PRIMERA-HRA mainly concentrates on providing HRA analysts with specific guidelines on how to reasonably model human actions, assign human reliability data and evaluate output of simulation within a dynamic probabilistic risk assessment tool, called as Event Modeling Risk Assessment using Linked Diagrams (EMRALD). Second, this study also developed a module for performance shaping factors (i.e., the key concept in HRA quantification) applicable to dynamic HRA, then implemented it based on PRIMERA-HRA within the EMRALD tool. Third, this study developed an HRA data collection framework to support dynamic HRA, called as Simplified Human Error Experimental Program (SHEEP). Originally, the SHEEP study aimed to support static HRA and its data collection, but recently extended the scope to the new technologies such as dynamic HRA or HRA for advanced reactors. SHEEP focuses on the use of data collected from simplified simulators to complement—but not replace—data collection studies using full-scope simulators and actual operators. To date, many experiments were conducted under the SHEEP framework. Multiple analyses, such as human performance analysis, human error analysis, task complexity analysis, learning effect analysis and time distribution analysis, were also carried out using the collected data. Then, based on the major insights, an approach to inferring full-scope data based on simplified simulator data was proposed. The PRIMERA-HRA and SHEEP research are expected to evaluate human actions more realistically than existing static HRA, provide an opportunity to collect more HRA data with reasonable cost and labor, then contribute to enhance the quality of HRA.

99 - GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Model-Based Approaches to Generate Knowledge from Data in a Plant Reliability Context

One challenge that nuclear power plant system engineers are facing is continuous generation of an extremely large amount of equipment reliability (ER) data. These data elements come in textual (e.g., condition reports) and numeric (e.g., generated by monitoring systems) forms. They provide system engineers with valuable insights and information by discovering anomalous behaviors or degradation trends, identifying possible causes behind such behaviors and trends, and predicting their direct consequences. This paper directly targets the knowledge generation from ER data by putting “data into context.” We employ model-based system engineering (MBSE) of systems and assets to represent and capture their architecture and functional (i.e., cause-effect) relations. ER data elements are processed by first identifying which of the developed MBSE elements they are referring to. This task is harder for textual data since the information contained in issue or maintenance reports needs to be “understood” by a computational tool. We called this process “knowledge extraction” since our methods extract knowledge from textual data. Last, once numeric and textual ER data elements have been processed and “understood,” we discover possible cause-effect relations among them. This is performed by observing whether a logical connection through the MBSE models exists, and if there is a temporal relationship among them. The logic and temporal are the two main ingredients to perform “machine reasoning” from ER data.

97 - MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

An Autonomous MCP Bridge to Rucio: Enhancing Data Management Accessibility for High Energy Physics

The Rucio Data Management System [1] is an important tool used by High Energy Physics experiments, including those at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, to store and manage exabyte-scale scientific datasets. Despite its central role in coordinating data across globally distributed storage sites, Rucio's command line interface (CLI) presents a steep learning curve, and makes it difficult for scientists to navigate through. To solve this issue, a containerized Model Context Protocol (MCP) [2] server was built that connects Large Language Models directly to Rucio, allowing AI agents to handle data tasks by using simple, natural language rather than memorized terminal commands. The core engineering focus of this project was moving the server away from slow terminal commands that require text parsing and replacing them with a native Python Client API toolset and a planned REST API framework. Moving to the Python API handles data operations directly in memory, which helps clear up formatting errors, provides the AI with clean, structured JSON data and speeds up tool execution. To prove that the system actually works, a benchmarking pipeline was also built with various questions to test the AI across four different model configurations. The questions included finding data scopes, tracking down specific datasets, and checking replication rules. Through benchmarking, early runs showed that with raw terminal text, the model would get confused and stuck, whereas switching to the Python API to feed the AI clean, structured data yielded massive improvement. By creating an intelligent and autonomous bridge to a storage network, this project shows how AI can be implemented in scientific data management, which ultimately helps scientists at Fermilab spend less time sorting through data and more time focusing on their experiments and analysis.

Akella, Kashyap [William Rainey Harper Coll.]↗

RTN-095: The Vera C. Rubin Observatory Data Preview 1

We present Rubin Data Preview 1 (DP1), the first release of data from the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory, consisting of raw and calibrated single-epoch images, coadds, difference images, detection catalogs, and other derived data products. DP1 is based on 1792 science-grade optical/near-infrared exposures acquired over 48 distinct nights by the Rubin Commissioning Camera, LSSTComCam, on the Simonyi Survey Telescope at the Summit Facility on Cerro Pachón, Chile during the first on-sky commissioning campaign in late 2024. DP1 covers a total of ~15 sq. deg. over seven roughly equally-sized non-contiguous fields, each independently observed in six broad photometric bands, ugrizy, spanning a range of stellar densities and latitudes and overlapping with external reference datasets. The median image quality across all bands, measured by the FWHM of the point-spread function, is approximately 1.13 arcseconds, with the sharpest images reaching about 0.65 arcseconds. DP1 contains approximately 2.3 million distinct astrophysical objects, of which 1.6 million are extended in at least one band, and 431 solar system objects, of which 93 are new discoveries. DP1 is approximately 3.5 TB in size and available to Rubin data rights holders via the Rubin Science Platform, a cloud-based environment for the analysis of petascale astronomical data. While small compared to future LSST releases, its high quality and diversity of data support a broad range of early science investigations across all four LSST themes, providing a valuable opportunity to engage with Rubin data ahead of the start of full operations in late 2025.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Lowering the barrier to access information-rich transient kinetic data for machine learning methods

Transient kinetic data contain a wealth of information about intrinsic features of a catalyst as well as the reaction mechanism. Currently, high volume transient data is underutilized, and data science methods could both increase the value of information that can be extracted from this data, integrate experimental with theoretical data sources, and accelerate the pace of catalyst technology advancement. Transient kinetic characterizations with simple probe molecules exhibiting reversible adsorption, irreversible adsorption and bulk-surface diffusion are presented as training components for similar experiments with more complex surface reactions. In conclusion, by increasing the availability and accessibility of transient kinetic data through details of its structure and acquisition, we aim to decrease the barrier for data scientists to apply machine learning methods to this valuable data source.

Catalysis↗

Real-time data processing for serial crystallography experiments

We report the use of streaming data interfaces to perform fully online data processing for serial crystallography experiments, without storing intermediate data on disk. The system produces Bragg reflection intensity measurements suitable for scaling and merging, with a latency of less than 1 s per frame. Our system uses the CrystFEL software in combination with the ASAP::O data framework. In a series of user experiments at PETRA III, frames from a 16 megapixel Dectris EIGER2 X detector were searched for peaks, indexed and integrated at the maximum full-frame readout speed of 133 frames per second. The computational resources required depend on various factors, most significantly the fraction of non-blank frames ('hits'). The average single-thread processing time per frame was 242 ms for blank frames and 455 ms for hits, meaning that a single 96-core computing node was sufficient to keep up with the data, with ample headroom for unexpected throughput reductions. Further significant improvements are expected, for example by binning pixel intensities together to reduce the pixel count. We discuss the implications of real-time data processing on the `data deluge' problem from recent and future photon-science experiments, in particular on calibration requirements, computing access patterns and the need for the preservation of raw data.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Data Readiness for AI: A 360-Degree Survey

Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications critically depend on data. Poor-quality data produces inaccurate and ineffective AI models that may lead to incorrect or unsafe use. Evaluation of data readiness is a crucial step in improving the quality and appropriateness of data usage for AI. R&D efforts have been spent on improving data quality. However, standardized metrics for evaluating data readiness for use in AI training are still evolving. In this study, we perform a comprehensive survey of metrics used to verify data readiness for AI training. This survey examines more than 140 papers published by ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, journals such as Nature, Springer, and Science Direct, and online articles published by prominent AI experts. This survey aims to propose a taxonomy of data readiness for AI (DRAI) metrics for structured and unstructured datasets. We anticipate that this taxonomy will lead to new standards for DRAI metrics that would be used for enhancing the quality, accuracy, and fairness of AI training and inference.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

HERO WEC 2024 - Electrical Configuration Deployment Data

The following submission includes raw and processed electrical configuration deployment data from the in water deployment of NREL's Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC), in the form of parquet files, TDMS files, CSV files, bag files, and MATLAB workspaces. This dataset was collected in April 2024 at the Jennette's pier test site in North Carolina. Raw data as TDMS, CSV, and bag files are provided here alongside processed data in the form of MATLAB workspaces and Parquet files. This dataset includes the Python code used to process the data and MATLAB scripts to visualize the processed data. All data types, calculations, and processing is described in the included "Data Descriptions" document. All files in this dataset are described in detail in the included README. This data set has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

Livewire: A Model Platform for Data Quality Assessment and AI Readiness Across DOE Missions

High-quality, well-governed data is essential for accelerating discovery and achieving operational excellence across DOE and national laboratory missions. The Livewire Data Platform is a DOE-supported platform that offers automated assessments of data quality, standardization, provenance, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) readiness. It allows researchers and data practitioners to systematically and easily evaluate datasets against established governance criteria and prepare them for advanced analytics. Livewire addresses critical challenges in DOE's data ecosystem with integrated capabilities for metadata validation, provenance tracking, and schema alignment. This platform's automated workflows assist users in identifying data quality gaps, enhancing interoperability between datasets collected from various stakeholders, and ensuring compliance with DOE data standards, all while reducing manual curation efforts. Additionally, we will discuss its AI readiness framework, which is being developed to prepare datasets for training models, developing advanced analytic tools, and machine learning applications. Using some of the more than one hundred tabular datasets on Livewire, processed with this open-source methodology, we will demonstrate how Livewire can serve as a model for scalable, standards-driven data management. This approach provides a pathway to leverage existing and future datasets within the DOE, boosting innovation and efficiency across national laboratories.

33 - ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗