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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

Heat balance of the Earth

Results of improved calculations of the heat balance components of Earth's surface are reported for yearly average conditions. The technique used to determine the heat-balance components from land- and sea-based actinometric observations as well as from satellite data on the radiation balance of the Earth-atmosphere system is described, with special attention given to short-wavelength solar radiation on the continents, effective radiation from the land surface, the radiation balance of the ocean surface, heat expended by both evaporation from the ocean surface, and turbulent heat transfer between the ocean surface and the atmosphere. World maps of heat-balance components show yearly average values of total radiation, radiation balance, heat expended by evaporation, the turbulent heat flow between Earth's surface and atmosphere, and heat transfer between the ocean surface and underlying waters. The global surface heat balance is estimated along with global values of the various components and the heat-balance components for different latitude zones.

Budyko, M. I.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Space motion sickness status report

The space motion sickness (SMS) component of the multifactor space adaptation syndrome is anticipated to be a major problem in the spaceflight and habitation conditions that will be encountered in NASA Space Station tours and Mars voyages. The minimization of maladaptive physiological responses while enhancing those mechanisms that can best cope with the gravitoinertial conditions of space flight will require an intimate knowledge of the physiology of adaptive processes. The homeostatic mechanisms involved in SMS are inherent in human physiology.

Kutyna, Frank↗
NASA NTRS1993

Behavior Of Aircraft Components Under Crash-Type Loads

Report presents overview of research involving use of concepts of aircraft elements and substructures not necessarily designed or optimized with respect to energy-absorption or crash-loading considerations. Experimental and analytical data presented in report indicate some general trends in failure behaviors of class of composite-material structures including individual fuselage frames, skeleton subfloors with stringers and floor beams but without skin covering, and subfloors with skin added to frame/stringer arrangement.

Carden, Huey D.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantifying microbial roles in environmental iron oxidation via an integrated kinetics, `omics and metabolic modeling study (Final Report)

Iron oxyhydroxides are extremely reactive components of environmental systems, and therefore exert a strong influence on biogeochemical cycles. These oxyhydroxides strongly adsorb many biologically-relevant elements, including organic carbon and phosphate, as well as a wide range of metals including uranium and actinide species. Thus, the formation mechanism of iron oxyhydroxides are key to understanding both nutrient and contaminant cycling. Microorganisms can catalyze iron oxidation and promote the formation of Fe biominerals and thus are increasingly recognized as important players in biogeochemical cycling. However, it is completely unknown how much of environmental iron oxidation is biologically mediated versus abiotic, and various challenges in studying microbial iron oxidation have hindered accurate incorporation into hydrobiogeochemical models. The overarching goal of our work was to quantify and constrain microbial iron oxidation rates and use ‘omics to gain insight into the controls on this process, while developing tools to enable integration of biotic iron oxidation into hydrobiogeochemical models. Our work focused on the Savannah River Site (SRS) in South Carolina, where extensive microbial iron oxidation has been observed. At Tims Branch, part of the Argonne National Laboratory Wetland Hydrobiogeochemistry Science Focus Area (Argonne SFA), where groundwater discharges into a stream, iron-oxidizing microbial mats form and appear to be a major sink of uranium. In the wetlands that surround Tims Branch, there are wide swaths of iron microbial mats and flocs (mobilized mat). We measured biotic and abiotic iron oxidation rates using mats and water sampled from these sites and found that iron oxidation is primarily carried out by chemolithotrophic microorganisms. The resulting rate constants can be incorporated into models. These mats were characterized by metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, which showed that aerobic chemolithotrophs were the dominant iron-oxidizing bacteria (FeOB), and these included Gallionellaceae and Leptothrix, and possibly Rhodoferax, which is known as an Fe-reducer but may also oxidize Fe(II). This demonstrated that diverse FeOB can coexist and suggests that there are a range of niches and therefore drivers of chemolithotrophic iron oxidation. Analysis of reconstructed genomes strongly suggests that a major factor in diversity is carbon source, as genomes contained varied pathways for autotrophy and heterotrophy. We performed an in-depth analysis of Leptothrix ochracea genomes, since this sheath-former is one of the primary mat builders, yet its physiology remained unresolved. A combination of genomics, transcriptomics, and metabolic modeling suggest that L. ochracea grows mixotrophically using a combination of Fe(II) and organics for energy and both inorganic and organic carbon to create biomass. This contrasts with the largely autotrophic Gallionellaceae (Gallionella, Sideroxydans, and Ferriphaselus) also present in the mats and flocs. Remarkably, multiple FeOB, both Leptothrix and Gallionellaceae, showed activity in response to Fe(II) in live mat incubations. We tracked the gene expression of individual MAGs to Fe(II) and found that various autotrophic and heterotrophic FeOB responded to Fe(II), increasing expression of both carbon fixation and organic utilization genes. The results of the integrated field, kinetics, and omics studies give detailed insight into 1) the taxa that oxidize Fe, and 2) how they connect Fe, C, and N cycles. Towards the goal of connecting omics data to hydrobiogeochemical models, we worked with the KBase team to create a template metabolic model for chemolithotrophic iron oxidation. We initially modeled the well-characterized isolate Gallionellaceae Sideroxydans lithotrophicus, and also applied the model to the mixotroph L. ochracea. In all, we have characterized diverse FeOB in a representative wetland system and solved key problems that enable better incorporation of iron-oxidizing microbes into hydrobiogeochemical models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1980

Residential solar-heating/cooling system

Report documents progress of residential solar-heating and cooling system development program at 5-month mark of anticipated 17-month program. System design has been completed, and development and component testing has been initiated. Report includes diagrams, operation overview, optimization studies of subcomponents, and marketing plans for system.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2008

System Engineering for J-2X Development: The Simpler, the Better

The Ares I and Ares V Vehicles will utilize the J-2X rocket engine developed for NASA by the Pratt and Whitney Rocketdyne Company (PWR) as the upper stage engine (USE). The J-2X is an improved higher power version of the original J-2 engine used for Apollo. System Engineering (SE) facilitates direct and open discussions of issues and problems. This simple idea is often overlooked in large, complex engineering development programs. Definition and distribution of requirements from the engine level to the component level is controlled by Allocation Reports which breaks down numerical design objectives (weight, reliability, etc.) into quanta goals for each component area. Linked databases of design and verification requirements help eliminate redundancy and potential mistakes inherent in separated systems. Another tool, the Architecture Design Description (ADD), is used to control J-2X system architecture and effectively communicate configuration changes to those involved in the design process. But the proof of an effective process is in successful program accomplishment. SE is the methodology being used to meet the challenge of completing J-2X engine certification 2 years ahead of any engine program ever developed at PWR. This paper describes the simple, better SE tools and techniques used to achieve this success.

Kelly, William M.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The preliminary checkout, evaluation and calibration of a 3-component force measurement system for calibrating propulsion simulators for wind tunnel models

The propulsion simulator calibration laboratory (PSCL) in which calibrations can be performed to determine the gross thrust and airflow of propulsion simulators installed in wind tunnel models is described. The preliminary checkout, evaluation and calibration of the PSCL's 3 component force measurement system is reported. Methods and equipment were developed for the alignment and calibration of the force measurement system. The initial alignment of the system demonstrated the need for more efficient means of aligning system's components. The use of precision alignment jigs increases both the speed and accuracy with which the system is aligned. The calibration of the force measurement system shows that the methods and equipment for this procedure can be successful.

Scott, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Solar Spicules near and at The Limb, Observed from Hinode

Solar spicules appear as narrow jets emanating from the chromosphere and extending into the corona. They have been observed for over a hundred years,mainly in chromospheric spectral lines such as H-alpha. Because they are at the limit of visibility of ground-based instruments, their nature has long been a puzzle. In recent years however, vast progress has been made in understanding them both theoretically and observationally. Most recently, spicule studies have undergone revolution because of the superior resolution, time cadence, and atmosphere-free observations from the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) instrument on the Hinode spacecraft. Here we present observations of spicules from {\sl Hinode} SOT, and consider how the observations from Hinode compare with historical observations. We include data taken in the blue and red wings of Halpha, where the spicules have widths of a few approx.100 kms, and the longest ones reach about 10(exp 4) km in extent,similar to sizes long reported from ground-based instruments. Their dynamics are not easy to generalize, with many showing the upward movement followed by falling or fading, as traditionally reported, but with others showing more dynamic or even ejective aspects. There is a strong transverse component to their motion, as extensively reported previously from the Hinode data as evidence for Alfven waves.

Sterling, Alphonse C.↗
NASA NTRS2025

Components Cleaning Facility West SWMU 030 2024 Annual Long Term Monitoring Report

This document presents and summarizes the 2024 groundwater monitoring activities and the results of a localized direct-push technology investigation at CCF West in order to monitor the natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC)-affected groundwater with concentrations above the state of Florida Chapter 62-777, Florida Administrative Code, groundwater cleanup target levels.

Richard Smith↗
DOE OSTI2025

A simplified approach for creep damage and remaining life calculation for materials surveillance in advanced reactors

High temperature reactor materials will experience a combination of mechanical degradation caused by creep and fatigue and environmental degradation caused by neutron irradiation and, in some cases, exposure to corrosive coolants. A materials surveillance program is one option for ensuring the safe, reliable operation of key reactor components under these conditions. Such a program would monitor the degradation in key material properties over time, using this data to predict how changes in the material properties affect components performance. This could then be used to make plant operational decisions and support eventual plant license extensions. Past work de-scribes such a material surveillance program based on passively actuated mechanical test articles that impose creep-fatigue type loading on test materials driven only by changes in temperature, for example those experienced by components under standard operating cycles. This report focuses on two aspects of the proposed material surveillance program: how to design the test articles to mimic the mechanical response of the corresponding component and how to use ex-situ test data to deter-mine the amount of damaged experienced by the test article (and hence the corresponding compo-nent) in service. Specifically, this report derives and validated simplified methods for both tasks, replacing earlier, more complicated approaches based on simulating the test article response and finding the best specimen design or current damage via complex numerical optimization. The sim-plified methods for each task developed here can be implemented in spreadsheet software and are simple enough for practical use in future operating plants. This report derives the methods (one for sizing and two options for damage inference), verifies the simplified approaches versus more so-phisticated methods, and compares the results of applying the simplified methods to previous re-sults using the complex numerical optimization approach. The report also provides a worked sam-pled problem applying the simplified techniques to a realistic high temperature reactor component.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗