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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1988

Convergence speeding up in the calculation of the viscous flow about an airfoil

A finite volume method to solve the three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations was developed. It is based on a cell-vertex scheme with central differences and explicit Runge-Kutta time steps. A good convergence for a stationary solution was obtained by the use of local time steps, implicit smoothing of the residues, a multigrid algorithm, and a carefully controlled artificial dissipative term. The method is illustrated by results for transonic profiles and airfoils. The method allows a routine solution of the Navier-Stokes equations.

Radespiel, R.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Catalyst and reactor design considerations for selective production of acids by oxidative cleavage of alkenes and unsaturated fatty acids with H 2 O 2

Oxidative cleavage of alkenes and unsaturated fatty acids with hydrogen peroxide gives an efficient and sustainable process to obtain mono- and di-acids for polymers and lubricants with fewer safety risks and less environmental impact than processes that utilize ozone or other inorganic oxidizers (e.g., permanganate, dichromate, etc.). Guided by insight into the mechanisms for competing reaction pathways (i.e., epoxidation of alkene on W–(η 2 -O 2 ) complexes vs. H 2 O 2 decomposition) and the apparent kinetics derived from kinetic experiments, here, we postulate that W-based heterogeneous catalysts can provide high performance and stable operations at low H 2 O 2 concentrations. Semi-batch reactors with continuous introduction of H 2 O 2 solutions offer the means to maintain low H 2 O 2 concentrations while providing sufficient quantities of H 2 O 2 to satisfy the reaction stoichiometry. We derived simple kinetic model equations for the epoxidation, ring-opening, oxidative cleavage, and oxidation steps and fit theses equations to batch experimental data to obtain kinetic parameters. Furthermore, this kinetic model describes the concentration profiles of reactant, oxidant, and products well as shown by agreement with experimental data. Further predictions of the optimal H 2 O 2 feed rate for semi-batch operation utilized by the proposed rate expressions and the reactor design equations suggest that low H 2 O 2 feed rate increases selectivity towards oxidative cleavage products and selective use of H 2 O 2 for oxidative cleavage pathway. Comparisons of oxidative cleavage of 4-octene in batch and semi-batch reactors show that semibatch reactors with optimized molar feed rates of H 2 O 2 increased oxidative cleavage product selectivities (76% to 99%; with an increase in butyric acid selectivity from 1% to 55%) and H 2 O 2 selectivity (3% to 30%). In addition, semibatch reaction conditions used avoid H 2 O 2 -mediated dissolution of W-atoms from the catalyst. Analysis of these findings suggest that solid oxide catalysts will be effective for continuous oxidative cleavage reactions if deployed within fixed-bed reactors that allow for distributed introduction of reactants and therefore low in situ concentrations of H 2 O 2 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Alluvial fan morphology: A self-similar free boundary problem description

In this work, we examine approximate geometrically self-similar solutions to a parabolic free boundary value problem applied to alluvial fan surface morphology and growth. Alluvial fans are fan- or cone-shaped sedimentary deposits caused by the rapid deposition of sediment from a canyon discharging onto a flatter plain. Longitudinal, topographic profiles of fans can be readily described by a seemingly time independent dimensionless profile (DeChant et al., 1999). However, because an alluvial fan can be expected to grow over time, it is clear that this “steady” profile is certainly time dependent and can be described using a space-time self-similar solution. In an experimental and theory-based study, Guerit et al. (2014) developed a self-similar (or as they describe it a self-affine) linear solution based upon an approximate first order small parameter expansion solution for a 1-d homogeneous nonlinear diffusion equation. Direct substitution of this result into a linear diffusion equation suggests that this first order expression may not fully satisfy the associated governing equation. In contrast, we develop a more complete solution based upon a modeled approximation for the axi-symmetric formulation such that the associated temporal behavior is consistent with a 1/3 time power-law as described by Reitz and Jerolmack (2014). The resulting expression is an exact solution to a linear heat equation. Furthermore, we emphasize that a small parameter is not inherent to the resulting profile result and is not included in our model development. Though developed using rather different approaches, the formal solution developed here is in good agreement with the simple polynomial described by DeChant et al. (1999) suggesting that this self-similar solution is a suitable time dependent representation of alluvial fan longitudinal profile form and improves on earlier work.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1987

Numerical solutions of the compressible 3-D boundary-layer equations for aerospace configurations with emphasis on LFC

The application of stability theory in Laminar Flow Control (LFC) research requires that density and velocity profiles be specified throughout the viscous flow field of interest. These profile values must be as numerically accurate as possible and free of any numerically induced oscillations. Guidelines for the present research project are presented: develop an efficient and accurate procedure for solving the 3-D boundary layer equation for aerospace configurations; develop an interface program to couple selected 3-D inviscid programs that span the subsonic to hypersonic Mach number range; and document and release software to the LFC community. The interface program was found to be a dependable approach for developing a user friendly procedure for generating the boundary-layer grid and transforming an inviscid solution from a relatively coarse grid to a sufficiently fine boundary-layer grid. The boundary-layer program was shown to be fourth-order accurate in the direction normal to the wall boundary and second-order accurate in planes parallel to the boundary. The fourth-order accuracy allows accurate calculations with as few as one-fifth the number of grid points required for conventional second-order schemes.

Harris, Julius E.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Electron Density and Two-Channel Neutron Emission Measurements in Steady-State Spherical Inertial-Electrostatically Confined Plasmas, with Review of the 1-D Kinetic Model

Electron density measurements have been made in steady-state plasmas in a spherical inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) discharge using microwave interferometry. Plasma cores interior to two cathodes, having diameters of 15 and 23 cm, respectively, were probed over a transverse range of 10 cm with a spatial resolution of about 1.4 cm for buffer gas pressures from 0.2 to 6 Pa in argon and deuterium. The transverse profiles are generally flat, in some cases with eccentric symmetric minima, and give mean densities of from approx. = 0.4 to 7x 10(exp 10)/cu cm, the density generally increasing with the neutral gas pressure. Numerical solutions of the 1-D Poisson equation for EC plasmas are reviewed and energy distribution functions are identified which give flat transverse profiles. These functions are used with the plasma approximation to obtain solutions which also give densities consistent with the measurements, and a double potential well solution is obtained which has minima qualitatively similar to those observed. Explicit consideration is given to the compatibility of the solutions interior and exterior to the cathode, and to grid transparency. Deuterium fusion neutron emission rates were also measured and found to be isotropic, to within the measurement error, over two simultaneous directions. Anisotropy was observed in residual emissions during operation with non-fusing hydrogen-1. The deuterium rates are consistent with predictions from the model.

Dobson, Chris C.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Implicit fast sweeping method for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws

Implicit time-accurate methods are often used to integrate stiff problems where explicit schemes impose severe time step restrictions. This paper presents an efficient numerical framework based on the Fast Sweeping Method (FSM) for solving linear and nonlinear hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. The solution at each discrete location is computed by sweeping the numerical domain in several predetermined directions that follow the causality of the characteristic families. The use of a fractional step strategy eliminates the need for a solution selection criterion while one-sided stencils limit the number of sweeps to at most 2 d for d space dimensions. This work focuses on the first-order implicit upwind method since it constitutes the building block for high-order conservative schemes. For problems where the degree of stiffness evolves over time, implicit-explicit hybridization can be accomplished with the same algorithm by simply switching the stencil at each time level. As opposed to traditional implicit solvers, the sweeping method does not require a local time linearization of the fluxes thereby preserving the nonlinear stability properties of the original implicit scheme. It also avoids the large computational and memory requirements associated with solving large block-diagonal systems of equations. Here, a series of one- and two-dimensional test cases are presented for the inviscid Burgers' equation and the reactive Euler equations. The results indicate that the implicit FSM can allow a major reduction in the number of time steps even in the presence of discontinuous solution profiles.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Xenon implantation of nanodiamond films for targeted color center emission at sub-nanosecond time scales

In this work, the lifetime of nitrogen-vacancy color centers within nanodiamonds is reduced from 550±13 ps to 297±10 ps through the implantation of xenon. Coupled-mode analysis is employed to characterize the mechanism responsible for the reduction in emission lifetime. The observed spectral lineshape is found to be consistent with a Voigt profile consisting of two Lorentzian resonant peaks at 637 nm and 811 nm that are inhomogeneously broadened by a Gaussian distribution. A convolution of the frequency-domain Lorentzian output, with linewidths less than 1 nm, from the coupled-mode system of equations with a Gaussian with standard deviation of 85 nm is performed to generate the Voigt profile. The shortened emission lifetime is found to be consistent with a coupled mode theory model incorporating coupling between nitrogen-vacancy and xenon-vacancy color centers.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1993

Temperature, N2, and N density profiles of Triton's atmosphere - Observations and model

Improved analysis of the Voyager Ultraviolet Spectrometer observations of the solar occultation by Triton yields the isothermal temperature and N2 number densities in the altitude range 475-675 km. The signature of atomic nitrogen in the occultation spectra is identified, its density profile is derived, and an experimental value of the escape rate of N atoms is given. The one-dimensional thermal conductivity equation for a spherical atmosphere is solved, taking into account CO heating and cooling and heating by precipitating electrons, solar radiation, and chemical effects. Finally, profiles of number densities of N, H2, and H are calculated.

Krasnopolsky, V. A.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Electron Density and Two-Channel Neutron Emission Measurements in Steady-State Spherical Inertial-Electrostatically Confined Plasmas, with Review of the One-Dimensional Kinetic Model

Electron density measurements have been made in steady-state plasmas in a spherical inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) discharge using microwave interferometry. Plasma cores interior to two cathodes, having diameters of 15 and 23 cm, respectively, were probed over a transverse range of 10 cm with a spatial resolution of about 1.4 cm for buffer gas pressures from 0.2 to 6 Pa in argon and deuterium. The transverse profiles are generally flat, in some cases with eccentric symmetric minima, and give mean densities of from approx. = 0.4 to 7 x 10(exp 10)/cu cm, the density generally increasing with the neutral gas pressure. Numerical solutions of the one-dimensional Poisson equation for IEC plasmas are reviewed and energy distribution functions are identified which give flat transverse profiles. These functions are used with the plasma approximation to obtain solutions which also give densities consistent with the measurements, and a double potential well solution is obtained which has minima qualitatively similar to those observed. Explicit consideration is given to the compatibility of the solutions interior and exterior to the cathode, and to grid transparency. Deuterium fusion neutron emission rates were also measured and found to be isotropic, to within the measurement error, over two simultaneous directions. Anisotropy was observed in residual emissions during operation with nonfusing hydrogen- 1. The deuterium rates are consistent with predictions from the model.

Dobson, Chris C.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Ion viscous effects on magnetosonic shock

Profiles of magnetic field and plasma bulk velocity associated with perpendicular shocks are investigated theoretically by solving magnetohydrodynamic equations. The main dissipation mechanism is assumed to be due to ion viscosity. Shock structures with zero temperatures and finite pressure are examined separately. The numerical solutions indicate that ion viscosity tends to smooth profiles of magnetic field and bulk velocity for high Mach number shocks. For smaller ion viscosity and lower Mach number, a damped wave train would appear downstream. The results suggest that kinetic effects such as ion reflections and microturbulence are necessary in order to explain magnetic field overshoots as well as oscillatory magnetic-field structure in high Mach number shocks.

Lin, C. S.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Fluctuations at the blue edge of saturated wind lines in IUE spectra of O-type stars

We examine basic issues involved in synthesizing resonance-line profiles from 1-D, dynamical models of highly structured hot-star winds. Although these models exhibit extensive variations in density as well as velocity, the density scale length is still typically much greater than the Sobolev length. The line transfer is thus treated using a Sobolev approach, as generalized by Rybicki & Hummer (1978) to take proper account of the multiple Sobolev resonances arising from the nonmonotonic velocity field. The resulting reduced-Lambda-matrix equation describing nonlocal coupling of the source function is solved by iteration, and line profiles and then derived from formal solution integration using this source function. The more appropriate methods that instead use either a stationary or a structured, local source function yield qualitatively similar line-profiles, but are found to violate photon conservation by 10 percent or more. The full results suggest that such models may indeed be able to reproduce naturally some of the qualitative properties long noted in observed UV line profiles, such as discrete absorption components in unsaturated lines, or the blue-edge variability in saturated lines. However, these particular models do not yet produce the black absorption troughs commonly observed in saturated lines, and it seems that this and other important discrepancies (e.g., in acceleration time scale of absorption components) may require development of more complete models that include rotation and other 2-D and/or 3-D effects.

Owocki, Stanley P.↗
NASA NTRS1993

On the synthesis of resonance lines in dynamical models of structured hot-star winds

We examine basic issues involved in synthesizing resonance-line profiles from 1-D, dynamical models of highly structured hot-star winds. Although these models exhibit extensive variations in density as well as velocity, the density scale length is still typically much greater than the Sobolev length. The line transfer is thus treated using a Sobolev approach, as generalized by Rybicki & Hummer (1978) to take proper account of the multiple Sobolev resonances arising from the nonmonotonic velocity field. The resulting reduced-lambda-matrix equation describing nonlocal coupling of the source function is solved by iteration, and line profiles are then derived from formal solution integration using this source function. Two more approximate methods that instead use either a stationary or a structured, local source function yield qualitatively similar line-profiles, but are found to violate photon conservation by 10% or more. The full results suggest that such models may indeed be able to reproduce naturally some of the qualitative properties long noted in observed UV line profiles, such as discrete absorption components in unsaturated lines, or the blue-edge variability in saturated lines. However, these particular models do not yet produce the black absorption troughs commonly observed in saturated lines, and it seems that this and other important discrepancies (e.g., in acceleration time scale of absorption components) may require development of more complete models that include rotation and other 2-D and/or 3-D effects.

Puls, J.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Engineering calculations of three-dimensional inviscid hypersonic flow fields

An approximate solution technique has been developed for three-dimensional, inviscid, hypersonic flows. The method uses Maslen's explicit pressure equation and the assumption of approximate stream surfaces in the shock layer. This approximation represents a simplification of Maslen's asymmetric method. The solution procedure involves iteratively changing the shock shape in the subsonic-transonic region until the correct body shape is obtained. Beyond this region, the shock surface is determined by using a marching procedure. Results are presented herein for a paraboloid and elliptic cone at angle of attack. Calculated surface pressure distributions, shock shapes, and property profiles are compared with experimental data and finite-difference solutions of the Euler equations. Comparisons of the results of the present method with experimental data and detailed predictions are very good. Since the present method provides a very rapid computational procedure, it can be used for parametric or preliminary design applications. One useful application would be to incorporate a heating procedure for aerothermal studies.

Riley, Christopher J.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Optimal control of the electron temperature profile in DIII-D using machine learning surrogate models

The viability of the tokamak as a potential fusion reactor depends on the ability to keep the plasma in a stable regime while achieving temperatures, densities, and confinement times that are as high as possible. Tokamak scenario development attempts to find plasma regimes that achieve all of these conditions and are accessible with a given set of hardware constraints. This requires the ability to control plasma properties such as the normalized beta, the internal inductance, safety factor, rotation, etc. One property that has received less attention than some of the others, but is no less critical to achieving high performance, is the electron temperature (T e ) profile. In this work, Linear Quadratic Integral (LQI) control is used to develop a controller for the electron temperature profile in DIII-D. The controller is based on a linearized model derived from the transport equation that describes the evolution of the electron temperature, and includes contributions from the neural network surrogate models NubeamNet and MMMnet. Furthermore, the controller is tested in simulation using COTSIM, and is proven capable of tracking a target T e profile.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Scaling patch analysis of turbulent planar plume

Proper scaling in turbulent planar plumes is investigated in this study using a scaling patch approach. Based on the scaled boundary conditions, a proper velocity scale for the mean axial flow is the plume centerline velocity U ref = U ctr , and a proper temperature scale for the temperature excess is Θ ref = T ctr – T ∞ , where T ctr is the plume centerline temperature and T ∞ is the ambient fluid temperature. By seeking an admissible scaling, a key concept in the scaling patch approach, for the mean continuity, mean momentum, and mean energy equations, respectively, the following is found: (1) a proper scale for the mean transverse flow is V ref = ( d δ / d x ) U ctr , where d δ / d x is the growth rate of the plume width. (2) A proper scale for the Reynolds shear stress is R vu , ref = U ctr V ref = ( d δ / d x ) U ctr 2 , a mix of the scales for the mean axial and transverse flows. (3) A proper scale for the turbulent heat flux is R v θ , ref = V ref Θ ctr , a mix of the scales for the mean transverse flow and mean temperature excess. The mean transverse flow thus plays a critical role in the scaling of turbulent planar plumes. Approximate functions are developed for the scaled mean transverse flow, Reynolds shear stress, and turbulent temperature flux, and are found to agree favorably with experimental and numerical simulation data. The integral analysis of the mean momentum equation yields a Richardson number Ri, which remains invariant in the axial direction. The Richardson number is defined as Ri = def g β Θ ctr δ t / ( U ctr V ref ) ≈ 1 / 2 , where g is the gravitational acceleration, β is the thermal expansion coefficient, and δ t is the plume half-width based on the mean temperature profile. This Richardson number arises directly from the scaling patch analysis of the mean momentum equation, including both the streamwise and transverse velocity scales.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Shock compression of silver to 300 GPa: Wave profile measurements and melting transition

Recent in-situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements on laser-shock compressed Ag foils demonstrated a face-centered-cubic to body-centered-cubic transformation at ~150 GPa and melting between 172 and 197 GPa [Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 235701 (2020)]. As a complement to the XRD work, we conducted plate impact experiments to obtain shock velocity and wave profile measurements on thicker Ag samples shock-compressed to peak stresses between 30 and 300 GPa. The shock velocity–particle velocity results were fitted very well by a linear relation over the entire stress range, providing an accurate determination of the Ag Hugoniot (locus of the stress-volume states achieved under shock compression). For peak stresses below 187 GPa and above 210 GPa—corresponding to the solid and liquid phases, respectively—the wave profiles show clean single waves. No wave profile features related to the fcc-bcc transformation at ~150 GPa were observed, implying minimal volume change for the transformation. For stresses between 187 and 210 GPa, an initial jump was followed by a time-dependent increase in the particle velocity (20–80 ns risetime) to the peak state—corresponding to the solid-liquid mixed phase response. Unlike the solid and liquid response, the mixed-phase response cannot be readily analyzed analytically. Instead, numerical simulations incorporating an accurate multiphase equation of state for Ag—not currently available—are required to analyze the wave profiles measured at 187–210 GPa stresses. Furthermore, the present work shows the potential for using wave profile measurements to examine the melting transition under shock compression.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗