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At least 433 records · Page 24

Light Emitting, Photovoltaic or Other Electronic Apparatus and System

The present invention provides an electronic apparatus, such as a lighting device comprised of light emitting diodes (LEDs) or a power generating apparatus comprising photovoltaic diodes, which may be created through a printing process, using a semiconductor or other substrate particle ink or suspension and using a lens particle ink or suspension. An exemplary apparatus comprises a base; at least one first conductor; a plurality of diodes coupled to the at least one first conductor; at least one second conductor coupled to the plurality of diodes; and a plurality of lenses suspended in a polymer deposited or attached over the diodes. The lenses and the suspending polymer have different indices of refraction. In some embodiments, the lenses and diodes are substantially spherical, and have a ratio of mean diameters or lengths between about 10:1 and 2:1. The diodes may be LEDs or photovoltaic diodes, and in some embodiments, have a junction formed at least partially as a hemispherical shell or cap.

Ray, William Johnstone↗

Microscopic Observation of Self-Propagation of Calcifying Nanoparticles (Nanobacteria)

Biologists typically define living organisms as carbon and water-based cellular forms with :self-replication" as the fundamental trait of the life process. However, this standard dictionary definition of life does not help scientists to categorize self-replicators like viruses, prions, proteons and artificial life. CNP also named nanobacteria were discovered in early 1990s as about 100 nanometer-sized bacteria-like particles with unique apatite mineral-shells around them, and found to be associated with pathological-calcification related diseases. Although CNP have been isolated and cultured from mammalian blood and diseased calcified tissues, and their biomineralizing properties well established, their biological nature and self-replicating capability have always been severely challenged. The terms "self-replication", "self-assembly" or "self-propagation" have been widely used for all systems including nanomachines, crystals, computer viruses and memes. In a simple taxonomy, all biological and non-biological "self replicators", have been classified into "living" or "nonliving" based on the properties of the systems and the amount of support they require to self-replicate. To enhance our understanding about self-replicating nature of CNP, we have investigated their growth in specific culture conditions using conventional inverted light microscope and BioStation IM, Nikon s latest time-lapse imaging system. Their morphological structure was examined using scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. This present study, in conjunction with previous findings of metabolic activity, antibiotic sensitivity, antibody specificity, morphological aspects and infectivity, all concomitantly validate CNP as living self-replicators.

Mathew, Grace↗

Light emitting, photovoltaic or other electronic apparatus and system

The present invention provides an electronic apparatus, such as a lighting device comprised of light emitting diodes (LEDs) or a power generating apparatus comprising photovoltaic diodes, which may be created through a printing process, using a semiconductor or other substrate particle ink or suspension and using a lens particle ink or suspension. An exemplary apparatus comprises a base; at least one first conductor; a plurality of substantially spherical or optically resonant diodes coupled to the at least one first conductor; at least one second conductor coupled to the plurality of diodes; and a plurality of substantially spherical lenses suspended in a polymer attached or deposited over the diodes. The lenses and the suspending polymer have different indices of refraction. In some embodiments, the lenses and diodes have a ratio of mean diameters or lengths between about 10:1 and 2:1. The diodes may be LEDs or photovoltaic diodes, and in some embodiments, have a junction formed at least partially as a hemispherical shell or cap.

Ray, William Johnstone↗

Light Emitting, Photovoltaic or Other Electronic Apparatus and System

The present invention provides an electronic apparatus, such as a lighting device comprised of light emitting diodes (LEDs) or a power generating apparatus comprising photovoltaic diodes, which may be created through a printing process, using a semiconductor or other substrate particle ink or suspension and using a lens particle ink or suspension. An exemplary apparatus comprises a base; at least one first conductor; a plurality of substantially spherical or optically resonant diodes coupled to the at least one first conductor; at least one second conductor coupled to the plurality of diodes; and a plurality of substantially spherical lenses suspended in a polymer attached or deposited over the diodes. The lenses and the suspending polymer have different indices of refraction. In some embodiments, the lenses and diodes have a ratio of mean diameters or lengths between about 10:1 and 2:1. The diodes may be LEDs or photovoltaic diodes, and in some embodiments, have a junction formed at least partially as a hemispherical shell or cap.

Ray, William Johnstone↗

Background and Pickup Ion Velocity Distribution Dynamics in Titan's Plasma Environment: 3D Hybrid Simulation and Comparison with CAPS T9 Observations

In this report we discuss the ion velocity distribution dynamics from the 3D hybrid simulation. In our model the background, pickup, and ionospheric ions are considered as a particles, whereas the electrons are described as a fluid. Inhomogeneous photoionization, electron-impact ionization and charge exchange are included in our model. We also take into account the collisions between the ions and neutrals. The current simulation shows that mass loading by pickup ions H(+); H2(+), CH4(+) and N2(+) is stronger than in the previous simulations when O+ ions are introduced into the background plasma. In our hybrid simulations we use Chamberlain profiles for the atmospheric components. We also include a simple ionosphere model with average mass M = 28 amu ions that were generated inside the ionosphere. The moon is considered as a weakly conducting body. Special attention will be paid to comparing the simulated pickup ion velocity distribution with CAPS T9 observations. Our simulation shows an asymmetry of the ion density distribution and the magnetic field, including the formation of the Alfve n wing-like structures. The simulation also shows that the ring-like velocity distribution for pickup ions relaxes to a Maxwellian core and a shell-like halo.

Lipatov, A. S.↗

Electric and magnetic observations of the structure of standing waves in the magnetosphere

Electric and magnetic field instruments on the DE 1 spacecraft provided observations of toroidal standing wave oscillations of magnetic shells in 1981 and 1982. The amplitude and nodal structure of these waves, as a function of increasing magnetic latitude, was studied and compared with model calculations of these waves. Eight pulsation events were selected for study. The pulsations in these events ranged in period from 20 to 300 s. They were observed at L values between 2.8 and 9.7 and at magnetic latitudes from the equator to 48 deg. The duration of these pulsation events was 20 to 30 min, and they usually consisted of a 5- to 10-min growth in amplitude, a 5- to 10-min interval of fluctuating amplitude, and a 5- to 20-min interval of decreasing amplitude. The relative E and B amplitudes and the phase relations between the E and B waves could be qualitatively explained by the nodal structure of the waves predicted by model calculations. Detailed quantitative comparisons of E and B amplitudes were in agreement with more recent model calculations. In a few cases, electron densities were also available as derived from plasma frequency observations; in these cases the standing wave periods calculated were reasonably close to, but somewhat less than, the observed periods.

Cahill, L. J., Jr.↗

Kinetic plasma processes occurring in the outer plasmasphere

One area of data analysis work that was begun under this contract is the fitting of the perpendicular velocity distributions of equatorially trapped ions with a Kappa function. This type of characterization of the trapped ions will be very useful for comparison with velocity distributions produced by the model. A second area of data analysis is to study data from consecutive passes when DE 1's apogee was near the magnetic equator and the spacecraft was often skimming along nearly the same L shell. In 1982 three such periods occurred in May, June, and July. For these consecutive events we have Kp histories, density measurements from a number of sources (Whistler data, DE SFR, ISEE SFR) and consecutive samples of ion pitch angle distributions along field lines. It is clear from this data how the pitch angle distributions evolve during a flux tube refilling event. Our modeling of the flow of plasma along closed field lines is following two basic tracks. The first is a study of the basic refilling process without the effect of wave-particle heating near the equator or the effect of large or abrupt field-aligned electric potential drops. This model includes the effects of Coulomb self-collisions and collisions with the O+ ions in the topside ionosphere. The second track is a study of the effects of wave produced pitch-angle scattering and perpendicular heating occurring near the magnetic equator, in connection with the development of large potential drops that result from electron heating and the development of density gradients.

Wilson, Gordon R.↗

Actuated Hybrid Mirror Telescope

The figure depicts the planned Actuated Hybrid Mirror Telescope (AHMT), which is intended to demonstrate a new approach to the design and construction of wide-aperture spaceborne telescopes for astronomy and Earth science. This technology is also appropriate for Earth-based telescopes. The new approach can be broadly summarized as using advanced lightweight mirrors that can be manufactured rapidly at relatively low cost. More specifically, it is planned to use precise replicated metallic nanolaminate mirrors to obtain the required high-quality optical finishes. Lightweight, dimensionally stable silicon carbide (SiC) structures will support the nanolaminate mirrors in the required surface figures. To enable diffraction- limited telescope performance, errors in surface figures will be corrected by use of mirror-shape-control actuators that will be energized, as needed, by a wave-front-sensing and control system. The concepts of nanolaminate materials and mirrors made from nanolaminate materials were discussed in several previous NASA Tech Briefs articles. Nanolaminates constitute a relatively new class of materials that can approach theoretical limits of stiffness and strength. Nanolaminate mirrors are synthesized by magnetron sputter deposition of metallic alloys and/or compounds on optically precise master surfaces to obtain optical-quality reflector surfaces backed by thin shell structures. As an integral part of the deposition process, a layer of gold that will constitute the reflective surface layer is deposited first, eliminating the need for a subsequent and separate reflective-coating process. The crystallographic textures of the nanolaminate will be controlled to optimize the performance of the mirror. The entire deposition process for making a nanolaminate mirror takes less than 100 hours, regardless of the mirror diameter. Each nanolaminate mirror will be bonded to its lightweight SiC supporting structure. The lightweight nanolaminate mirrors and SiC supporting structures will be fabricated from reusable master molds. The mirror-shape-control actuators will be low-power, high-capacitance lead magnesium niobate electrostrictive actuators that will be embedded in the SiC structures. The mode of operation of these actuators will be such that once power was applied, they will change in length and once power was removed, they will maintain dimensional stability to nanometer precision. This mode of operation will enable the use of low-power, minimally complex electronic control circuitry. The wave-front-sensing and control system will be designed and built according to a two-stage architecture. The first stage will be implemented by a Shack- Hartmann (SH) sensor subsystem, which will provide a large capture range. The second, higher-performance stage will be implemented by an image-based wave-front-sensing subsystem that will include a phase-retrieval camera (PRC), and will utilize phase retrieval and other techniques to measure wavefront error directly. Phase retrieval is a process in which multiple images of an unresolved object are iterated to estimate the phase of the optical system that acquired the images. The combination of SH and phase-retrieval sensors will afford the virtues of both a dynamic range of 105 and an accuracy of <10 nm.

Hickey, Gregory↗

Phosphorus in foraminiferal sediments from North Atlantic Ridge cores and in pure limestones

Samples of foraminiferal ooze from two North Atlantic cores were cleaned and progressively dissolved. Most of the P, Fe, and Mn was released during the first of two reductive cleaning steps. Most of the remainder of these elements and most of the Ca were released during the final acid dissolution step. The P in these samples is present largely in Fe- and Mn-rich coatings, not as a constituent of the foraminiferal shells themselves. Our results are consistent with those of earlier studies. The concentration of P in carbonate oozes in which it is clearly associated with coatings is similar to that of modern calcareous sediments in general, and with that of reasonably pure limestones of all ages. Phosphorus is apparently associated with (Fe, Mn)-oxide coatings in many carbonate sediments. The rate of removal of P from the oceans as a constituent of such sediments depends on the rate of formation of (Fe, Mn) coatings, not on the rate of incorporation of P into calcium carbonate.

NASA Discipline Exobiology↗

The ionization structure of planetary nebulae. 9: NGC 1535

Spectrophotometric observations of emission-line intensities over the spectral range 1400 to 7200 A were made in five positions in the planetary nebula NGC 1535. There is some evidence for variation in the Balmer decrements between these positions. The O(++) electron temperature varies little from 11500 K across these positions; the Balmer continuum electron temperature averages a few hundred K higher than this, but this difference is insignificant when compared to the measurement errors. As found for most of the other planetaries in this series, the wavelength 4267 C II line intensity near the central star implies a C(++) abundance that is several times higher that that determined from the wavelength 1906, 1909 C III lines. The discrepancy again decreases with increasing distance from the central star, again suggesting that the excitation mechanism for the wavelength 4267 C II is not understood. Standard equations used to correct for the existence of elements in other than the optically observable ionization stages give consistent results for the different positions; there is no evidence for any abundance gradient in the nebula. The logarithmic abundances are He = 10.99, O = 8.51, N = 7.63, Ne = 7.89, C = 8.34, and Ar = 6.08. The abundances agree well with determinations by Aller and Czyzak and by Torres-Peimbert and Peimbert and are nearly identical to those found for NGC 6826. As for NGC 6826, the rather low abundances of He, N, and C suggest that there was little if any mixing of CNO-processed material into the nebular shell in the progenitor to NGC 1535. The O, Ne, Ar abundances appear to be somewhat low, suggesting that the progenitor to NGC 1535 may have formed out of somewhat metal-poor material.

Barker, Timothy↗

Miniature Intelligent Sensor Module

An electronic unit denoted the Miniature Intelligent Sensor Module performs sensor-signal-conditioning functions and local processing of sensor data. The unit includes four channels of analog input/output circuitry, a processor, volatile and nonvolatile memory, and two Ethernet communication ports, all housed in a weathertight enclosure. The unit accepts AC or DC power. The analog inputs provide programmable gain, offset, and filtering as well as shunt calibration and auto-zeroing. Analog outputs include sine, square, and triangular waves having programmable frequencies and amplitudes, as well as programmable amplitude DC. One innovative aspect of the design of this unit is the integration of a relatively powerful processor and large amount of memory along with the sensor-signalconditioning circuitry so that sophisticated computer programs can be used to acquire and analyze sensor data and estimate and track the health of the overall sensor-data-acquisition system of which the unit is a part. The unit includes calibration, zeroing, and signalfeedback circuitry to facilitate health monitoring. The processor is also integrated with programmable logic circuitry in such a manner as to simplify and enhance acquisition of data and generation of analog outputs. A notable unique feature of the unit is a cold-junction compensation circuit in the back shell of a sensor connector. This circuit makes it possible to use Ktype thermocouples without compromising a housing seal. Replicas of this unit may prove useful in industrial and manufacturing settings - especially in such large outdoor facilities as refineries. Two features can be expected to simplify installation: the weathertight housings should make it possible to mount the units near sensors, and the Ethernet communication capability of the units should facilitate establishment of communication connections for the units.

Beech, Russell S.↗

A Study of the Non-Thermal X-Ray Emission of Shell-Type Supernova Remnants

The term of the second year of the award is the period from March 15, 2001 to March 14, 2002. As was the specified goal of the second year, we analyzed the spatial and spectral X-ray data for several young supernova remnants. I published a paper about an analysis of the ROSAT, ASCA, and RXTE data for the supernova remnant SN 1006. A copy of this paper is enclosed. As described in the paper, we believe that we accurately modeled the nonthermal X-ray emission from the remnant. The results of this analysis are used to infer properties about the cosmic rays accelerated in the remnant and to argue that the strength of the magnetic field in the remnant is considerably larger than the value of about 10 micro G reported elsewhere. The results were presented at the August 2001 International Cosmic Ray Conference in Hamburg, German),. I began analyzing new Chandra X-ray data for SN 1006. This analysis will yield the first measure of the strength of the magnetic field in the remnant for the first time. Preliminary results support our previous conclusion that the magnetic field strength in the remnant is much larger than 10 micro G. The field strength seems to be about the strength expected based on an equipartition calculation. The result supports recent models that describe the how the shock structure is influenced by the efficient acceleration of cosmic rays. This work will be presented at the April 2002 High Energy Astrophysics Division meeting in Albuquerque and published this summer. A copy of the abstract for the talk is enclosed. I began studying new Chandra X-ray data for the supernova remnant Cas A. The results of this work show that the forward shock is a region where cosmic-ray electrons are accelerated, which is consistent with theoretical expectations. The work was presented at the September 2001 Two Years of Science with Chandra symposium in Washington, DC. A copy of the poster paper is enclosed. Dr. Thomas Pannuti, whose research work is supported by the award, analyzed ROSAT, ASCA, and RXTE data for the supernova remnant G347.3-0.5. The results show for the first time that thermal X-ray emission is produced in the remnant. As expected, the thermal emission is consistent with a model in which the remnant is expanding into a very low density environment. The results also provide an accurate description of the nonthermal emission from the remnant. Dr. Pannuti presented this work at several conferences. A copy of the paper for the proceedings of the August 2001 Neutron Stars in Supernova Remnants symposium in enclosed. The work will be submitted to the Astrophysical Journal in the next few months.

Allen, Glenn E.↗

Genesis Concentrator Target Particle Contamination Mapping and Material Identification

The majority of surface particles were found to be < 5 microns in diameter with increasing numbers close to the optical resolution limit of 0.3 microns. Acceleration grid EDS results show that the majority of materials appear to be from the SRC shell and SLA materials which include carbon-carbon fibers and Si-rich microspheres in a possible silicone binder. Other major debris material from the SRC included white paint, kapton, collector array fragments, and Al. Image analysis also revealed that SRC materials were also found mixed with the Utah mud and salt deposits. The EDS analysis of the acceleration grid showed that particles < 1 m where generally carbon based particles. Chemical cleaning techniques with Xylene and HF in an ultrasonic bath are currently being investigated for removal of small particles by the Genesis science team as well as ultra-pure water megasonic cleaning by the JSC team [4]. Removal of organic contamination from target materials is also being investigated by the science team with the use of UV-ozone cleaning devices at JSC and Open University [5]. In preparation for solar wind oxygen analyses at UCLA and Open University [1, 2], surface particle contamination on three Genesis concentrator targets was closely examined to evaluate cleaning strategies. Two silicon carbide (Genesis sample # 60001 and 60003) and one chemical vapor deposited (CVD) 13C concentrator target (60002) were imaged and mosaic mapped with optical microscopes. The resulting full target mosaic images and particle feature maps were subsequently compared with non-flight, but flight-like, concentrator targets and sample return capsule (SRC) materials. Contamination found on the flown concentrator acceleration grid was further examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) for particle identification was subsequently compared with the optical images from the flown targets. Figure 1 show that all three targets imaged in this report are fully intact and do not show any signs of material fractures. However, previous ellipsometry results and overview imaging of both flown SiC targets show a solar wind irradiation gradient from the center focal point to the outer edge [3]. In addition, due to the hard landing, each target has experienced varying degrees of impacts, scratches, and particle debris from the spacecraft and Utah impact site.

Calaway, Michael J.↗

A Study of the Non-Thermal X-Ray Emission of Shell-Type Supernova Remnants

We present an analysis of the X-ray spectrum of the Galactic shell-type SNR G347.3-0.5 (RX 51713.7-3946). This SNR is a member of a growing class of SNRs which are dynamically young, shell-type sources that emit non-thermal X-rays from specific regions on their outer shells. By performing a joint spectral analysis of data from observations made of G347.3-0.5 using the ROSAT PSPC, the ASCA GIS and the RXTE PCA, we have fit the spectra of particular regions of this SNR (including the bright northwestern and southwestern rims, the northeast rim and the interior diffuse emission) over the approximate energy range of 0.5 through 30 keV. We find that fits to the spectra of this SNR over this energy range using the SRCUT model were superior to a simple power law model or the SRESC model. We find that the inclusion of a thermal model with the SRCUT model helps to improve the fit to the observed X-ray spectrum: this represents the first detection of thermal X-ray emission from G347.3-0.5. Thermal emission appears to be more clearly associated with the diffuse emission in the interior of the SNR than with the bright X-ray emitting rims. A weak emission feature seen near 6.4 keV in the RXTE PCA spectrum most likely originates from diffuse X-ray emission from the surrounding Galactic Ridge rather than from G347.3-0.5 itself. We have analyzed our RXTE PCA data to search for pulsations from a recently discovered radio pulsar (PSR 51713-3949) which may be associated with G347.3-0.5, and we do not detect any X-ray pulsations at the measured radio period of 392 ms. Using the best-fit parameters obtained from the SRCUT model, we estimate the maximum energy of cosmic-ray electrons accelerated by the rims of G347.3-0.5 to be 19-25 TeV (assuming a magnetic field strength of B = 10muG), consistent with the results of Ellison et al. We present a broadband (radio to gamma ray) photon energy-flux spectrum for the northwestern rim of G347.3-0.5, where we have fit the spectrum using a more sophisticated synchrotron-inverse Compton model with a variable magnetic field strength. Our fit derived from this model yields a maximum energy of only 8.8 (+4.1) (-3.4) TeV for the accelerated cosmic-ray electrons and a much greater magnetic field strength of 150 (+250) (-80). Finally, we compare the gross properties of G347.3-0.5 with other SNRs known to possess X-ray spectra dominated by non-thermal emission.

Allen, Glenn E.↗

The 1992/93 eclipse of 31 Cygni

Extensive new ultraviolet and optical spectra of an atmospheric eclipse define the physical properties throughout the wind and chromosphere of 31 Cyg. These data require mass loss of approximately 3 x 10(exp -8) solar masses/yr in a wind that may merge smoothly into the chromosphere. Considerations of how energy is injected into the wind, however, suggest that the chromosphere and wind are separate structures. Most, if not all, of the velocity structure in metallic lines, which we have heretofore simulated with Doppler widths in the range 15-25 km/s, results from differential expansion of the atmosphere. Electron densities in the inner R(sub star) of the chromosphere are in the range 1.5 x 10(exp 9) - 2 x 10(exp 8)/cu cm, which implies clumping of the gas. The ionization of oxygen and nitrogen is consistent with clumping by factors of 3-30 in the outer chromosphere, roughly the amount required to give enough gas pressure to support the chromosphere. Chromospheric gas in 31 Cyg becomes hotter with increasing height, thus with decreasing optical depth, in a way that seems similar for all the zeta Aur binaries. Excitation temperature for Fe II in 1992/93 rises from about 5000 K at the deepest points sampled to about 12,500 K high in the wind. Strengths of violet Balmer lines give an excitation temperature for hydrogen of 6200-6500 K above a radial mass column density of approximately 0.01 g/sq cm. This amount of excitation implies that Lyman-alpha is thermalized beneath about 4 x 10(exp -3) g/sq cm. The outer atmosphere was symmetrical to within a factor of 2 in 1992/93, although it was clearly variable at this level, and it had similar mass column densities as in 1982. One manifestation of the variability was a flow toward the B star at phases 0.013-0.022 spanning velocities 45-100 km/s. Several lines of evidence point to a complicated and variable ionization in the wind: At large distance from the K star, measured mass column densities are less by up to a factor of 3 than required by a smoothly flowing wind. Also, much of the gas beyond r = 350 solar radii = 1.75 R(sub star) has a negative radial velocity. Radial velocities of the shell lines imply the outer atmosphere rotates in the direction of orbital motion, possibly through the deflection of wind flow lines in this direction.

Eaton, Joel A.↗

The Mineralogy of Circumstellar Silicates Preserved in Cometary Dust

Interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) contain a record of the building blocks of the solar system including presolar grains, molecular cloud material, and materials formed in the early solar nebula. Cometary IDPs have remained relatively unaltered since their accretion because of the lack of parent body thermal and aqueous alteration. We are using coordinated transmission electron microscope (TEM) and ion microprobe studies to establish the origins of the various components within cometary IDPs. Of particular interest is the nature and abundance of presolar silicates in these particles because astronomical observations suggest that crystalline and amorphous silicates are the dominant grain types produced in young main sequence stars and evolved O-rich stars. Five circumstellar grains have been identified including three amorphous silicate grains and two polycrystalline aggregates. All of these grains are between 0.2 and 0.5 micrometers in size. The isotopic compositions of all five presolar silicate grains fall within the range of presolar oxides and silicates, having large (17)O-enrichments and normal (18)O/(16)O ratios (Group 1 grains from AGB and RG stars). The amorphous silicates are chemically heterogeneous and contain nanophase FeNi metal and FeS grains in a Mg-silicate matrix. Two of the amorphous silicate grains are aggregates with subgrains showing variable Mg/Si ratios in chemical maps. The polycrystalline grains show annealed textures (equilibrium grains boundaries, uniform Mg/Fe ratios), and consist of 50-100 nm enstatite and pyrrhotite grains with lesser forsterite. One of the polycrystalline aggregates contains a subgrain of diopside. The polycrystalline aggregates form by subsolidus annealing of amorphous precursors. The bulk compositions of the five grains span a wide range in Mg/Si ratios from 0.4 to 1.2 (avg. 0.86). The average Fe/Si (0.40) and S/Si (0.21) ratios show a much narrower range of values and are approximately 50% of their solar abundances. The latter observation may indicate a decoupling of the silicate and sulfide components in grains that condense in stellar outflows. The amorphous silicate grains described here were not extensively affected by irradiation, sputtering, or thermal processing and may represent relatively pristine circumstellar grains. They are strong candidates for the "dirty silicates" in astronomical observations of circumstellar dust shells. The polycrystalline grains were originally amorphous silicate grains that were likely annealed in the early solar nebula but the processing was not sufficient to erase their anomalous oxygen isotopic compositions.

Keller, L. P.↗

High Resolution, Non-Dispersive X-Ray Calorimeter Spectrometers on EBITs and Orbiting Observatories

X-ray spectroscopy is the primary tool for performing atomic physics with Electron beam ion trap (EBITs). X-ray instruments have generally fallen into two general categories, 1) dispersive instruments with very high spectral resolving powers but limited spectral range, limited count rates, and require an entrance slit, generally, for EBITs, defined by the electron beam itself, and 2) non-dispersive solid-state detectors with much lower spectral resolving powers but that have a broad dynamic range, high count rate ability and do not require a slit. Both of these approaches have compromises that limit the type and efficiency of measurements that can be performed. In 1984 NASA initiated a program to produce a non-dispersive instrument with high spectral resolving power for x-ray astrophysics based on the cryogenic x-ray calorimeter. This program produced the XRS non-dispersive spectrometers on the Astro-E, Astro-E2 (Suzaku) orbiting observatories, the SXS instrument on the Astro-H observatory, and the planned XMS instrument on the International X-ray Observatory. Complimenting these spaceflight programs, a permanent high-resolution x-ray calorimeter spectrometer, the XRS/EBIT, was installed on the LLNL EBIT in 2000. This unique instrument was upgraded to a spectral resolving power of 1000 at 6 keV in 2003 and replaced by a nearly autonomous production-class spectrometer, the EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer (ECS), in 2007. The ECS spectrometer has a simultaneous bandpass from 0.07 to over 100 keV with a spectral resolving power of 1300 at 6 keV with unit quantum efficiency, and 1900 at 60 keV with a quantum efficiency of 30%. X-ray calorimeters are event based, single photon spectrometers with event time tagging to better than 10 us. We are currently developing a follow-on instrument based on a newer generation of x-ray calorimeters with a spectral resolving power of 3000 at 6 keV, and improved timing and measurement cadence. The unique capabilities of the x-ray calorimeter spectrometer, coupled with higher spectral resolution dispersive spectrometers to resolve line blends, has enabled many science investigations, to date mostly in our x-ray laboratory astrophysics program. These include measurements of absolute cross sections for Land K shell emission from Fe and Ni, charge exchange measurements in many astrophysically abundant elements, lifetime measurements, line ratios, and wavelength measurements. In addition, we have performed many additional measurements in nuclear physics, and in support of diagnostics for laser fusion, for example. In this presentation we will give a detailed overview of x-ray calorimeter instruments in general and in our EBIT laboratory astrophysics program in particular. We will also discuss the science yield of our measurements at EBIT over the last decade) prospects for future science enabled by the current generation of spectrometers and that will be expanded in the near future by the next generation of spectrometers starting in 2611.

Porter, Frederick S.↗

Composition of interstellar clouds in the disk and halo. 2: Gamma(sup 2) Velorum

High-resolution observations of gamma(sup 2) Vel with the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) echelle on the Hubble Space Telescope reveal the presence of seven narrow absorption components, with LSR velocities between -23 and +9 km s(exp -1). Three of these show column density ratios N(S(++))/N(S(+)) and N(P(++))/N(P+)) of about 1 or more, and can be identified as H II regions, while the other four are H I regions, consistent with the O I profile and with the overall H(sup 0) column density of 5.9 x 10(exp 19) cm(exp -2), given the usual assumptions that S is undepleted while O has a depletion D(O) = -0.3 dex. The depletions of Fe, Si, and Mn, which could be measure accurately for two of the four H I regions (components 6 and 7), differ somewhat from the values of D(sub ws) found for slowly moving warm clouds in HD 93521; in particular, for the component at 4.0 km s(exp -1) (No. 6), abosolute of D exceeds absolute of D(sub ws) by 0.1-0.4 dex, while for that at 9.3 km s(exp -1) (No. 7), absolute of D equals absolute of D(sub ws) on the average. The observed ratio of Fe + Mg atoms to Si atoms in the grains of component 6 is 2.04 +/-0.10, consistent with an olivine grain composition; the Fe/Mg ratio is 1.5 +/- 0.2. The electron density in component 6, determined from the C II(sup *) feature, is 0.075 +/- 0.013 cm (exp -3), about two-thirds of that found for clouds of this velocity in HD 93521. In the two conspicuous H II regions, components 3 and 4, n(sub e), determined from the Si II(sup *) feature, is about 1 cm(exp -3). From the column density of S(+) + S(++) in these two components, the total H II path length is about 40 pc. With the radius of a wind-blown bubble around gamma(sup 2) Vel set equal to 60 pc, the effective Stromgren radius is about 100 pc, requiring that T approx. equal to 50,000 K for the Wolf-Rayet component of the gamma(sup 2) Vel binary. Since zeta Pup is a comparable source of ionizing radiation, this temperature is an upper limit. The profiles of the strongest H2 absorption features, from Copernicus archives, indicate that the absorbing molecules have a mean velocity identical with that of the strongest H II component (No. 4). We have no explanation for the possible presence of these H2 molecules in a region of ionized H. Alternatively, the H2 profiles can be explained by molecules in the two adjacent (in velocity) H I regions, components 2 and 5, provided their H I gas has densities and temperatures typical of normal cold clouds. The GHRS data show absorption by highly ionized atoms Si(3+) and C(3+), N(4+) in broad features, in addition to the narrow-line absorption by Si(3+) and C(3+) observed in the dominant H II components, Nos. 3 and 4. The broad C(3+) and N(4+) features have widths corresponding to T in the range (4-8) x 10(exp 5) K, consistent with the broad O(5+) line shown in Copernicus data. Despite some observational uncertainties, the ratios of column densities in the broad C(3+), N(4+), and O(5+) features agree to +/- 0.1 dex with theoretical values for warm gas, heating and evaporating by thermal conduction from an adjacent hot region. Outward evaporation from an isolated cloud in a hot ambient gas cannot be distinguished, on the basis of these data, from inward evaporation of a warm shell, compressed by an expanding, hot stellar-wind bubble. For several halo stars, the C IV/O VI ratio has a quite different average value, perhaps consistent with cooling of infalling hot gas instead of conductive heating and evaporation.

Fitzpatrick, Edward L.↗