Fidelity-preserving enhancement of ptychography with foundational text-to-image models (supporting data)
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Du, Ming (ORCID:0000000316026646)↗
SEARCH · Search NASA
Results for “FOUNDATION”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Towards a Stronger Foundation: Digitizing Commercial Buildings with Brick to Enable Portable Advanced Applications
Most large commercial buildings have digital controls for their heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems with the potential to implement advanced control strategies and data analytics. However, advanced control strategies and data analytics are rarely deployed at scale due to non-standard naming conventions and heterogenous building configurations. Semantic metadata standards, like Brick, show promise to proliferate these applications across many buildings, but they have not been widely adopted by industry due to barriers such as perceived risk and unfamiliarity with the technology. This paper describes the workflow we established and evaluated while using it to develop over ten Brick models of existing buildings. Through this process, we observed that digitizing existing commercial buildings is a cost and labor-intensive effort in which understanding the buildings’ data streams is the major bottleneck. Yet, we conclude this investment is worthwhile since various use case applications such as fault detection and diagnostics, thermal comfort analysis, and HVAC control optimization can utilize the same Brick model. The paper also explores the challenges and lessons learned we encountered while creating these data models, such as: 1) difficulties in finding metadata descriptions and relationships for existing buildings; 2) handling missing concepts in the schema needed to model a building; 3) lack of guidance on how to structure the data model or how much detail to include; 4) unfamiliarity with technologies, which makes the learning curve steep for applications developers. Finally, we also describe future directions for semantic metadata research and development to make such transformative technologies more accessible to practitioners.
Roa, Carlos Duarte↗
Hygrothermal Simulation of Foundations: Part 1 - Soil Material Properties
The hygrothermal performance of soils coupled to buildings is a complicated process. A computational approach for heat transfer through the ground has been well defined (EN ISO 13370:2007, 2007), and simplified methods have been developed (Staszczuk, Radon, and Holm 2010). However, these approaches generally ignore the transfer of soil moisture, which is not negligible (Janssen, Carmeliet, and Hens 2004). This study is divided into several parts. The intention of the first part is to gather, comprehend and adapt soil properties from Soil Science. The obtained information must be applicable to related tasks in Building Science and validated with hygrothermal calculation tools. Future parts of this study will focus on the validation aspect of the soil properties to be implemented. Basic changes in the software code may be requested at this time. Different types of basement construction will be created with a hygrothermal calculation tool, WUFI. Simulations from WUFI will be compared with existing or ongoing measurements. The intentions of the first part of this study have been fulfilled. The soil properties of interest in Building Science have been defined for 12 different soil textures. These properties will serve as input parameters when performing hygrothermal calculations of building constructions coupled to soil materials. The reliability of the soil parameters will be further evaluated with measurements in Part 2.
Kehrer, Manfred↗
Foundations of Feature Selection and Classification for Non-Gaussian Distributed Targets
This report describes the author’s research toward creating algorithms for selecting useful statistical features in pattern/target classification problems in which the features are non-Gaussian distributed. In engineering practice, it is common to either (1) Not perform any feature selection procedure, or (2) Use a feature selection algorithm that assumes the features are Gaussian distributed. This process can be far from optimal if the data are actually non-Gaussian, as they frequently are in practice. This research has the goal of mitigating that problem by creating a useful algorithm that can be used in practice. The approach is to focus on the performance indices used in common feature selection algorithms, such as Branch and Bound algorithms and the Sequential Forward Selection Algorithm. Ordinarily, the performance index used to measure the class separation in feature space involves assuming the data are Gaussian and deriving tractable performance indices that use closed form equations that represent the probability density functions of the class data. The advantage of this approach is that it produces feature selection algorithms that have low computational complexity and do not require knowledge of the actual data densities. The disadvantage is that these algorithms may not perform reasonably when the data are non-Gaussian, as they commonly are in practice. This research examines the use of information-theoretic class separability measures that can deal with the non-Gaussian case. In particular, this work shows that the Hellinger Distance (a divergence measure), has very desirable mathematical properties and can be useful for feature selection. The work in this paper employs a multivariate kernel density estimator along with the Hellinger Distance and an optimal subset selection algorithm to do feature selection. This report (1) Defines the classification and feature selection problems, (2) Describes the continuous variable Hellinger distance in one dimension and discusses its mathematical properties in comparison with other distance measures, (3) Develops the discrete variable Hellinger distance expression for one and two dimensions, and shows that the discrete Hellinger distance for multiple dimensions is a straightforward extension, and (4) Presents experimental density estimation results using a new MATLAB implementation of a multivariate kernel density estimator. The draft of this report served as a starting point for Ensign Matthew Wilder’s MSEE thesis work at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in 2010 and 2011. Ensign Wilder completed his thesis and graduated from NPS in June 2011 (M. J. Wilder, “Automatic Target Recognition: Statistical Feature Selection of Non-Gaussian Distributed Target Classes,” MSEE Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Thesis Advisor: Grace A. Clark, Second Reader: Monique P. Fargues, June 2011). In the thesis, Ensign Wilder created implementations of the Branch and Bound and Sequential Feature Selection algorithms, extended the multivariate kernel density estimator code, and evaluated the performance of Hellinger Distance-based feature selection algorithms using both simulated data and data from a real-world benchmark data set. The new algorithm was shown to be very effective for both Gaussian and non-Gaussian data sets. The advantages gained for non-Gaussian data come at the cost of increased computational complexity. Using a laptop computer for practical problems, we generally use initial feature vectors containing no more than about ten or twelve features. Proposed future research lies in creating faster kernel density estimator algorithms that would allow for the use of higher dimensional data.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Advanced Insulation for High Performance Cost-Effective Wall, Roof, and Foundation Systems Final Report
The objective of this project was to explore and potentially develop high performing insulation with increased R/inch and low impact on climate change that would help design highly insulating building envelope systems with more durable performance and lower overall system cost than envelopes with equivalent performance made with materials available today. The proposed technical approach relied on insulation foams with nanoscale pores (about 100 nm in size) in which heat transfer will be decreased. Through the development of new foaming methods, of new polymer formulations and new analytical techniques, and by advancing the understanding of how cells nucleate, expand and stabilize at the nanoscale, Dow successfully invented and developed methods to produce foams with 100 nm cells and 80% porosity by batch foaming at the laboratory scale. Measurements of the gas conductivity on small nanofoam specimen confirmed quantitatively the benefit of nanoscale cells (Knudsen effect) to increase insulation value, which was the key technical hypotheses of the program. In order to bring this technology closer to a viable semi-continuous/continuous process, the project team modified an existing continuous extrusion foaming process as well as designed and built a custom system to produce 6" x 6" foam panels. Dow demonstrated for the first time that nanofoams can be produced in a both processes. However, due to technical delays, foam characteristics achieved so far fall short of the 100 nm target set for optimal insulation foams. In parallel with the technology development, effort was directed to the determination of most promising applications for nanocellular insulation foam. Voice of Customer (VOC) exercise confirmed that demand for high-R value product will rise due to building code increased requirements in the near future, but that acceptance for novel products by building industry may be slow. Partnerships with green builders, initial launches in smaller markets (e.g. EIFS), and efforts to drive cost down will help acceptance in residential and commercial retrofit and new construction.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Foundations for quantitative microstructural models to track evolution of the metallurgical state during high purity Nb cavity fabrication
The goal of the Materials Science SRF Cavity Group of Michigan State University and the National Superconducting Cyclotron has been (and continues to be) to understand quantitatively the effects of process history on functional properties. These relationships were assessed via studies on Nb samples and cavity parts, which had various combinations of forming processes, welding, heat treatments, and surface preparation. A primary focus was on large-grain cavity building strategies. Effects of processing operations and exposure to hydrogen on the thermal conductivity has been identified in single and bi-crystal samples, showing that the thermal conductivity can be altered by a factor of 5 depending on process history. Characterization of single crystal tensile samples show a strong effect of crystal orientation on deformation resistance and shape changes. Large grain half cells were examined to characterize defect content and surface damage effects, which provided quantitative information about the depth damage layers from forming.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Foundational Tools for Petascale Computing
The Paradyn project has a history of developing algorithms, techniques, and software that push the cutting edge of tool technology for high-end computing systems. Under this funding, we are working on a three-year agenda to make substantial new advances in support of new and emerging Petascale systems. The overall goal for this work is to address the steady increase in complexity of these petascale systems. Our work covers two key areas: (1) The analysis, instrumentation and control of binary programs. Work in this area falls under the general framework of the Dyninst API tool kits. (2) Infrastructure for building tools and applications at extreme scale. Work in this area falls under the general framework of the MRNet scalability framework. Note that work done under this funding is closely related to work done under a contemporaneous grant, “High-Performance Energy Applications and Systems”, SC0004061/FG02-10ER25972, UW PRJ36WV.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Theoretical foundation for measuring the groundwater age distribution.
In this study, we use PFLOTRAN, a highly scalable, parallel, flow and reactive transport code to simulate the concentrations of 3H, 3He, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, SF6, 39Ar, 81Kr, 4He and themean groundwater age in heterogeneous fields on grids with an excess of 10 million nodes. We utilize this computational platform to simulate the concentration of multiple tracers in high-resolution, heterogeneous 2-D and 3-D domains, and calculate tracer-derived ages. Tracer-derived ages show systematic biases toward younger ages when the groundwater age distribution contains water older than the maximum tracer age. The deviation of the tracer-derived age distribution from the true groundwater age distribution increases with increasing heterogeneity of the system. However, the effect of heterogeneity is diminished as the mean travel time gets closer the tracer age limit. Age distributions in 3-D domains differ significantly from 2-D domains. 3D simulations show decreased mean age, and less variance in age distribution for identical heterogeneity statistics. High-performance computing allows for investigation of tracer and groundwater age systematics in high-resolution domains, providing a platform for understanding and utilizing environmental tracer and groundwater age information in heterogeneous 3-D systems. Groundwater environmental tracers can provide important constraints for the calibration of groundwater flow models. Direct simulation of environmental tracer concentrations in models has the additional advantage of avoiding assumptions associated with using calculated groundwater age values. This study quantifies model uncertainty reduction resulting from the addition of environmental tracer concentration data. The analysis uses a synthetic heterogeneous aquifer and the calibration of a flow and transport model using the pilot point method. Results indicate a significant reduction in the uncertainty in permeability with the addition of environmental tracer data, relative to the use of hydraulic measurements alone. Anthropogenic tracers and their decay products, such as CFC11, 3H, and 3He, provide significant constraint oninput permeability values in the model. Tracer data for 39Ar provide even more complete information on the heterogeneity of permeability and variability in the flow system than the anthropogenic tracers, leading to greater parameter uncertainty reduction.
Gardner, William Payton↗
Understanding Host Pathogen Interactions: a Foundation for Advanced Therapeutics
Abstract Not Provided
Basic Biological Sciences(59)↗
Final Report for Foundational Tools for Petascale Computing
This project concentrated on various aspects of creating tool infrastructure to make it easier to program large-scale parallel computers. This project was collaborative with the University of Wisconsin and closely related to the project DE-SC0002606 (“Tools for the Development of High Performance Energy Applications and Systems”) . The research conducted during this project is summarized in this report. The complete details of the work are available in the ten publications listed at the end of the report. Many of the concepts created during this project have been incorporated into tools and made available as freely downloadable software (at www.dyninst.org). It also supported the Ph.D. studies of three students and one research staff member.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
CS651 Computer Systems Security Foundations 3d Imagination Cyber Security Management Plan
3d Imagination is a new company that bases its business on selling and improving 3d open source related hardware. The devices that they sell include 3d imagers, 3d printers, pick and place machines and laser etchers. They have a fast company intranet for ease in sharing, storing and printing large, complex 3d designs. They have an employee set that requires a variety of operating systems including Windows, Mac and a variety of Linux both for running business services as well as design and test machines. There are a wide variety of private networks for testing transfer rates to and from the 3d devices, without interference with other network tra c. They do video conferencing conferencing with customers and other designers. One of their machines is based on the project found at delta.firepick.org(Krassenstein, 2014; Biggs, 2014), which in future, will perform most of those functions. Their devices all include embedded systems, that may have full blown operating systems. Most of their systems are designed to have swappable parts, so when a new technology is born, it can be quickly adopted by people with 3d Imagination hardware. This company is producing a fair number of systems and components, however to get the funding they need to mass produce quality parts, so they are preparing for an IPO to raise the funds they need. They would like to have a cyber-security audit performed so they can give their investors con dence that they are protecting their data, customers information and printers in a proactive manner.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Foundational Report Series: Advanced Distribution Management Systems for Grid Modernization
This report describes the application functions for distribution management systems (DMS). The application functions are those surveyed by the IEEE Power and Energy Society’s Task Force on Distribution Management Systems. The description of each DMS application includes functional requirements and the key features and characteristics in current and future deployments, as well as a summary of the major benefits provided by each function to stakeholders — from customers to shareholders. Due consideration is paid to the fact that the realizable benefits of each function may differ by type of utility, whether investor-owned, cooperative, or municipal. This report is sufficient to define the functional requirements of each application for system procurement (request-for-proposal [RFP]) purposes and for developing preliminary high-level use cases for those functions. However, it should not be considered a design document that will enable a vendor or software developer to design and build actual DMS applications.
Wang, Jianhui↗
Foundational Report Series: Advanced Distribution Management Systems for Grid Modernization, High-Level Use Cases for DMS
Many distribution management systems (DMS) projects have achieved limited success because the electric utility did not sufficiently plan for actual use of the DMS functions in the control room environment. As a result, end users were not clear on how to use the new application software in actual production environments with existing, well-established business processes. An important first step in the DMS implementation process is development and refinement of the “to be” business processes. Development of use cases for the required DMS application functions is a key activity that leads to the formulation of the “to be” requirements. It is also an important activity that is needed to develop specifications that are used to procure a new DMS.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Clean Fuels Foundation-- Issue Brief Series
This report describes support for writing, production and distribution of educational materials on biofuels and related issues.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
Foundations for Protecting Renewable-Rich Distribution Systems.
High proliferation of Inverter Interfaced Distributed Energy Resources (IIDERs) into the electric distribution grid introduces new challenges to protection of such systems. This is because the existing protection systems are designed with two assumptions: 1) system is single-sourced, resulting in unidirectional fault current, and (2) fault currents are easily detectable due to much higher magnitudes compared to load currents. Due to the fact that most renewables interface with the grid though inverters, and inverters restrict their current output to levels close to the full load currents, both these assumptions are no longer valid - the system becomes multi-sourced, and overcurrent-based protection does not work. The primary scope of this study is to analyze the response of a grid-tied inverter to different faults in the grid, leading to new guidelines on protecting renewable-rich distribution systems.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Foundational Report Series: Advanced Distribution Management Systems for Grid Modernization, Business Case Calculations for DMS
Distribution Management System (DMS) applications require a substantial commitment of technical and financial resources. In order to proceed beyond limited-scale demonstration projects, utilities must have a clear understanding of the business case for committing these resources that recognizes the total cost of ownership. Many of the benefits provided by investments in DMSs do not translate easily into monetary terms, making cost-benefit calculations difficult. For example, Fault Location Isolation and Service Restoration (FLISR) can significantly reduce customer outage duration and improve reliability. However, there is no well-established and universally-accepted procedure for converting these benefits into monetary terms that can be compared directly to investment costs. This report presents a methodology to analyze the benefits and costs of DMS applications as fundamental to the business case.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Foundational Report Series: Advanced Distribution Management Systems for Grid Modernization, Implementation Strategy for a Distribution Management System
Electric distribution utilities encounter many challenges to successful deployment of Distribution Management Systems (DMSs). The key challenges are documented in this report, along with suggestions for overcoming them. This report offers a recommended list of activities for implementing a DMS. It takes a strategic approach to implementing DMS from a project management perspective. The project management strategy covers DMS planning, procurement, design, building, testing, Installation, commissioning, and system integration issues and solutions. It identifies the risks that are associated with implementation and suggests strategies for utilities to use to mitigate them or avoid them altogether. Attention is given to common barriers to successful DMS implementation. This report begins with an overview of the implementation strategy for a DMS and proceeds to put forward a basic approach for procuring hardware and software for a DMS; designing the interfaces with external corporate computing systems such as EMS, GIS, OMS, and AMI; and implementing a complete solution.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Foundational Report Series: Advanced Distribution Management Systems for Grid Modernization, DMS Integration of Distributed Energy Resources and Microgrids
Deregulation of the electric utility industry, environmental concerns associated with traditional fossil fuel-based power plants, volatility of electric energy costs, Federal and State regulatory support of “green” energy, and rapid technological developments all support the growth of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in electric utility systems and ensure an important role for DERs in the smart grid and other aspects of modern utilities. DERs include distributed generation (DG) systems, such as renewables; controllable loads (also known as demand response); and energy storage systems. This report describes the role of aggregators of DERs in providing optimal services to distribution networks, through DER monitoring and control systems—collectively referred to as a Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS)—and microgrids in various configurations.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗