Analysis of fluctuations in the magnetic field obtained by IMP-2
Interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations from IMP 2 satellite
Kawashima, N.↗
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The magnetic field in the heliosheath
The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) behaves in a reasonably well-understood manner between the Sun and the heliospheric termination shock. At the shock, the azimuthal field is amplified by a factor of four (for a strong shock) and undergoes secular amplification in the heliosheath until the flow is fully turned into the downstream direction and has reached its asymptotic state in the distant heliotail. This amplification may lead to important MHD effects that can cause the shock to be closer to the Sun than otherwise expected. Here we further examine whether there are important MHD effects in the heliosheath. We do this by calculating the kinematic compression of the magnetic field in the heliosheath using an analytic incompressible flow model of the dynamics downstream of the shock. We conclude that it is likely that MHD effects are important in the heliosheath in a narrow cone about the upstream direction.
Suess, S. T.↗
The origin of interplanetary sectors
The coronal magnetic models of Altschuler and Newkirk (1969), Schatten, Wilcox, and Ness (1969), and Schatten (1971), that allowed calculation of the coronal magnetic field from the observed photometric magnetic field, are reviewed with reference to coronal holes and the origin of interplanetary magnetic field sectors. Some misconceptions about interplanetary magnetic field sectors are examined. It is suggested that interplanetary sector structure should be confined to studies of the outer corona, interplanetary space, and objects therein, but not the sun itself.
Schatten, K. H.↗
Observations of magnetospheric convection from low altitudes
The high-latitude ionosphere is considered as a convenient 'viewing screen' for deducing magnetospheric convection, since the footprints of the immense volume of the magnetospheric flux tubes map to a considerably more manageable surface area. This area is, however, still very large, and an instantaneous measurement of the flow pattern over the entire high latitude region is presently not feasible. Therefore, much effort has been made in synthesizing many passes of polar orbiting spacecraft into convection patterns. The present investigation follows the development of a description of the global convection pattern and its dependence on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The convection pattern is described in terms of the plasma flow speed and direction. Attention is given to the southward interplanetary magnetic field and the northward interplanetary magnetic field.
Heelis, R. A.↗
The interplanetary and solar magnetic field sector structures, 1962 - 1968
The interplanetary magnetic field sector structure was observed from late 1962 through 1968. During this time it has been possible to study the manner in which the sector pattern and its relation to the photospheric magnetic field configuration changes from solar minimum to solar maximum. Observations were also made relating sector boundaries to specific regions on the solar disk. These and other observations related to the solar origin of the interplanetary field are briefly reviewed.
Jones, D. E.↗
The dynamic cusp at low altitudes: A case study utilizing Viking, DMSP-F7 and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar observations
Coincident multi-instrument magnetospheric and ionospheric observations have made it possible to determine the position of the ionospheric footprint of the magnetospheric cusp and to monitor its evolution over time. The data used include charged particle and magnetic field measurements from the Earth-orbiting Viking and DMSP-F7 satellites, electric field measurements from Viking, interplanetary magnetic field and plasma data from IMP-8, and Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar observations of the ionospheric plasma density, temperature, and convection. Viking detected cusp precipitation poleward of 75.5 deg invariant latitude. The ionospheric response to the observed electron precipitation was simulated using an auroral model. It predicts enhanced plasma density and elevated electron temperature in the upper E- and F- regions. Sondrestrom radar observations are in agreement with the predictions. The radar detected a cusp signature on each of five consecutive antenna elevation scans covering 1.2h local time. The cusp appeared to be about 2 deg invariant latitude wide, and its ionospheric footprint shifted equatorward by nearly 2 deg during this time, possibly influenced by an overall decrease in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) B(sub z) component. The radar plasma drift data and the Viking magnetic and electric field data suggest that the cusp was associated with a continuous, rather than a patchy, merging between the IMF and the geomagnetic field.
Watermann, J.↗
The large-scale magnetic field in the solar wind
A literature review is presented of theoretical models of the interaction of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic fields. Observations of interplanetary magnetic fields by the IMP and OSO spacecraft are discussed. The causes for cosmic ray variations (Forbush decreases) by the solar wind are examined. The model of Parker is emphasized. This model shows the three dimensional magnetic field lines of the solar wind to have the form of spirals wrapped on cones. It is concluded that an out-of-the-ecliptic solar probe mission would allow the testing and verification of the various theoretical models examined. Diagrams of the various models are shown.
Burlaga, L. F.↗
The interaction of heavy ions from Comet P/Giacobini-Zinner with the solar wind
The encounter between the ICE spacecraft and Comet P/Giacobini-Zinner was characterized in the solar wind by intense fluxes of heavy ions, measurable over a region 6 x 10 to the 6th km in extent. The ions are observed with highly anisotropic angular distributions, steep energy spectra, and a change in the energy spectrum at around 80 keV, consistent with a composition predominantly of the water group. Flux versus time profiles follow a general fall off with increasing distance from the comet, but with a marked inbound/outbound asymmetry. This asymmetry is due to the higher solar wind velocity on the outbound pass, giving rise to an increased energy gain of the pick-up ions. The flux versus time profiles are strongly modulated by the rapid changes in the direction of interplanetary magnetic field. Correlated observations of energetic ions, the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind are presented, and these observations are compared with theoretical predictions of the ion pick-up process.
Sanderson, T. R.↗
High latitude ionospheric winds related to solar-interplanetary conditions
Treated jointly, two recent results imply that the distribution of winds in the polar ionosphere should change as a function of the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field. (1) From the motions of chemically released ion and neutral clouds, it is apparent that neutral winds in the high latitude ionosphere are driven principally by ion drag forces. (2) OGO-6 electric field measurements have demonstrated that there are definite relationships between the time-latitude distribution of ionospheric plasma convection and interplanetary magnetic field parameters, and also that the distribution is most sensitive to the azimuthal angle of the interplanetary field. Although direct neutral wind to interplanetary magnetic field comparisons are not available, logic clearly implies a close relationship. The lower altitude, meteorological effects of these externally driven ionospheric winds are not known. However, observations of infrasonic waves following sudden ionization enhancements indicate the existence of momentum transfer.
Heppner, J. P.↗
Interplanetary field and plasma during initial phase of geomagnetic storms
A study has been conducted of a large number of geomagnetic storms occurring during the period from 1966 to 1970. Questions of data selection are discussed and the large-scale interplanetary magnetic field during the initial phase is examined. Small-scale interplanetary fields during the initial phase are also considered, taking into account important features of small-scale variations in the interplanetary field and plasma for three storms. Details concerning 23 geomagnetic storms and the interplanetary magnetic field are presented in a table. A study of the initial phase of these storms indicates that in most of these events, the solar-ecliptic Z component of the interplanetary magnetic field turns southward when the main phase decrease begins.
Patel, V. L.↗
Initial results of the imp i magnetic field experiment
Interplanetry magnetic fields measured by IMP-I Explorer XVII satellite
EXPLORER XVII SATELLITE↗
Random walk of magnetic lines of force in astrophysics.
Magnetic field lines of force random walk and astrophysical magnetic fields random fluctuations, noting interplanetary magnetic field and solar photosphere turbulence
Jokipii, J. R.↗
Magnetometer data analysis Final report, 30 Jul. 1969 - 31 May 1970
Statistical relationships between geomagnetic fields and interplanetary magnetic field
Source record↗
The Pioneer Jupiter magnetic control program.
The Pioneer Jupiter spacecraft was required to have a sufficiently small magnetic field that accurate interplanetary-magnetic field measurements would not be compromised. In order to control the magnetic field throughout the program a running account of spacecraft magnetic fields was maintained by means of a periodically updated magnetic model. This model was used to make economic tradeoffs in subsystem magnetic moments within the allowed magnetic budget. The program was culminated with a measurement of the magnetic field of the spacecraft. A description of the magnetic tests and a comparison with estimates made with the magnetic model are also presented.
Sanders, N. L.↗
Radial deformation of the solar current sheet as a cause of geomagnetic storms
It is suggested that the solar current sheet, extending from a coronal streamer, develops a large-scale radial deformation, at times with a very steep gradient at the earth's distance. The associated magnetic field lines (namely, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lines) are expected to have also a large gradient in the vicinity of the current sheet. It is also suggested that some of the major geomagnetic storms occur when the earth is located in the region where IMF field lines have a large dip angle with respect to the ecliptic plane for an extended period (6-48 h), as a result of a steep radial deformation of the current sheet.
Akasofu, S.-I.↗
Solar wind control of magnetospheric configuration
The solar wind exerts intimate control of the configuration of the magnetosphere by the reconnection of interplanetary magnetic field with the magnetospheric magnetic field. Thus the solar wind controls the energization of the magnetosphere proper including the ring current as well as the transport of magnetic flux to the tail and the consequent storage of energy there. The dynamics of the magnetopause are also controlled closely by the interplanetary magnetic field. The formation of flux transfer events, twisted tubes of flux across the dayside magnetopause, arise for southward interplanetary magnetic fields. Whether these flux tubes are connected to closed field lines or are completely open is not yet clearly resolved.
Russell, C. T.↗
High-latitude ionospheric winds related to solar-interplanetary conditions
Treated jointly, two recent results imply that the distribution of winds in the polar ionosphere should change as a function of the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field. From the motions of chemically released ion and neutral clouds, it is apparent that neutral winds in the high-latitude ionosphere are driven principally by ion drag forces. OGO 6 electric field measurements demonstrate that there are definite relationships between the time/latitude distribution of ionospheric plasma convection and interplanetary magnetic field parameters, and also that the distribution is most sensitive to the azimuthal angle of the inter planetary field. Although direct neutral wind to interplanetary magnetic field comparisons are not available, logic clearly implies a close relationship. Observations of infrasonic waves following sudden ionization enhancements indicate the existence of momentum transfer.
Heppner, J. P.↗
Subcritical and supercritical interplanetary shocks - Magnetic field and energetic particle observations
A study of 34 forward interplanetary shocks observed by ISEE 3 during 1978 and 1979 has been conducted. Magnetic field and high-energy particle data have been used, and for each shock the first critical Mach number has been determined. The first surprising result is that the majority of the observed shocks appear to be supercritical, and consistent with their supercritical character, many shocks have a foot and/or an overshoot in the magnetic field structure. Large-amplitude low-frequency waves (period of about 20 s in the spacecraft frame) are commonly observed upstream of all supercritical shocks (except for a few quasi-perpendicular shocks) and also upstream of the few subcritical shocks. Intense particle events are frequently observed at many shocks: spikes at quasi-perpendicular shocks and energetic storm particle events associated with quasi-parallel shocks can be comparably intense. The correlation of the high-energy particle peak flux with various shock parameters is in agreement with the acceleration mechanisms proposed by previous studies.
Bavassano-Cattaneo, M. B.↗