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At least 433 records · Page 24

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NASA NTRS1988

Charge states of substorm particle injections

The charge states of ions injected during substorms are discussed. Observations from the Medium Energy Particle Analyzer (McEntire et al., 1985) are used to time the arrival of peak proton, helium, and oxygen fluxes at the Charge Composition Explorer satellite. In addition, the dominant ion charge states of these species in the energy range 72-1000 keV are determined. It is found that the freshly-injected heluim (72-240 keV) and oxygen (137-365 keV) are singly ionized, but that more energetic oxygen (greater than 365 keV) is multiply charged. It is suggested that this result implies either a dominant ionospheric source at the lower energies with a solar-wind source at the higher energies, or an energization of the preexisting ring-current population.

Sibeck, D. G.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Modelling ionospheric density structures

Large-scale density structures are a common feature in the high-latitude ionsphere. The structures were observed in the dayside cusp, polar cap, and nocturnal auroral region over a range of altitudes, including the E-region, F-region and topside ionosphere. The origins, lifetimes and transport characteristics of large-scale density structures were studied with the aid of a three-dimensional, time-dependent ionospheric model. Blob creation due to particle precipitation, the effect that structured electric fields have on the ionosphere, and the lifetimes and transport characteristics of density structures for different seasonal, solar cycle, and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions were studied. The main conclusions drawn are: (1) the observed precipitation energy fluxes are sufficient for blob creation if the plasma is exposed to the precipitation for 5 to 10 minutes; (2) structured electric fields produce structured electron densities, ion temperatures, and ion composition; (3) the lifetime of an F-region density structure depends on several factors, including the initial location where it was formed, the magnitude of the perturbation, season, solar cycle and IMF; and (4) depending on the IMF, horizontal plasma convection can cause an initial structure to break up into multiple structures of various sizes, remain as a single distorted structure, or become stretched into elongated segments.

Schunk, R. W.↗

DOE OSTI2024

The High Latitude Ionospheric Response to the Major May 2024 Geomagnetic Storm: A Synoptic View

Abstract The high latitude ionospheric evolution of the May 10‐11, 2024, geomagnetic storm is investigated in terms of Total Electron Content and contextualized with Incoherent Scatter Radar and ionosonde observations. Substantial plasma lifting is observed within the initial Storm Enhanced Density plume with ionospheric peak heights increasing by 150–300 km, reaching levels of up to 630 km. Scintillation is observed within the cusp during the initial expansion phase of the storm, spreading across the auroral oval thereafter. Patch transport into the polar cap produces broad regions of scintillation that are rapidly cleared from the region after a strong Interplanetary Magnetic Field reversal at 2230UT. Strong heating and composition changes result in the complete absence of the F2‐layer on the eleventh, suffocating high latitude convection from dense plasma necessary for Tongue of Ionization and patch formation, ultimately resulting in a suppression of polar cap scintillation on the eleventh.

Themens, David R.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Mass composition of substorm-related energetic ion dispersion events

The mass dependent characteristics in two ion dispersion events is studied using data obtained by an ion mass spectrometer flown onboard the SCATHA (P78-2) spacecraft. It is found that the dispersion events are associated with substorm activity and that the dispersing ions originated in the dusk-midnight sector near the time of substorm onset. The question of the source of the dispersing plasma is examined since the mass spectrometer can discriminate between protons and oxygen. It is shown that a local injection of ionosphere plasma near the time of substorm onset can explain some of the signatures in the energetic ion spectra for different masses.

Strangeway, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1989

The comet rendezvous asteroid flyby mission

The Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission is designed to answer the many questions raised by the Halley missions by exploring a cometary nucleus in detail, following it around its orbit and studying its changing activity as it moves closer to and then away from the Sun. In addition, on its way to rendezvous with the comet, CRAF will fly by a large, primitive class main belt asteroid and will return valuable data for comparison with the comet results. The selected asteroid is 449 Hamburga with a diameter of 88 km and a surface composition of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. The expected flyby date is January, 1998. The CRAF spacecraft will continue to make measurements in orbit around the cometary nucleus as they both move closer to the Sun, until the dust and gas hazard becomes unsafe. At that point the spacecraft will move in and out between 50 and 2,500 kilometers to study the inner coma and the cometary ionosphere, and to collect dust and gas samples for onboard analysis. Following perihelion, the spacecraft will make a 50,000 km excursion down the comet's tail, further investigating the solar wind interaction with the cometary atmosphere. The spacecraft will return to the vicinity of the nucleus about four months after perihelion to observe the changes that have taken place. If the spacecraft remains healthy and adequate fuel is still onboard, an extended mission to follow the comet nucleus out to aphelion is anticipated.

Morrison, David↗

NASA NTRS1982

Orientation of planetary O/plus/ fluxes and magnetic field lines in the Venus wake

The presence of 'contaminant' heavy ions of planetary origin in the solar wind has long been the subject of intense theoretical and experimental research. Studies of their abundance, acceleration, and direction of motion are important because of their implications on the composition and dynamics of planetary and cometary plasma wakes. The plasma and magnetic field observations made with the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) at Venus have provided the opportunity to examine the conditions in which planetary ions are picked up by the solar wind. We show here that in the outer regions of the Venusian far wake the displacement of planetary O(plus) particles, characteristic of the Venus upper ionosphere, does not occur necessarily along the magnetic field lines but approximately in the direction of the shocked solar wind.

Perez-De-tejada, H.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Plasma composition in Jupiter's magnetosphere - Initial results from the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer

The ion composition in the Jovian environment was investigated with the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer on board Ulysses. A hot tenuous plasma was observed throughout the outer and middle magnetosphere. In some regions two thermally different components were identified. Oxygen and sulfur ions with several different charge states, from the volcanic satellite Io, make the largest contribution to the mass density of the hot plasma, even at high latitude. Solar wind particles were observed in all regions investigated. Ions from Jupiter's ionosphere were abundant in the middle magnetosphere, particularly in the high-latitude region on the dusk side, which was traversed for the first time.

Geiss, J.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Induced emission of radiation from a large space-station-like structure in the ionosphere

Large conducting structures in the ionosphere may have currents flowing through them which close in the ionospheric plasma. These currents can arise either from current leakage from an onboard power distribution system or by being induced by the motional electric field. Associated with these currents will be broadband electromagnetic radiation in the Alfven and lower hybrid bands. The radiation impedance of this electromagnetic radiation is explored for a structure of space-station-like dimensions as a function of the geometry of the structure and the composition of the ionic environment. It is shown that modification of the collecting area of the structure and environment can be used to minimize the radiation impedance. For a space station, the radiated power will at most be of the order of watts, which does not represent a significant power loss. However, the radiation field will give rise to a substantial pollution of the electromagnetic spectrum in the vicinity of the space station. Design choices to minimize this interference are suggested.

Hastings, D. E.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Plasma observations near Neptune - Initial results from Voyager 2

The plasma science experiment on Voyager 2 made observations of the plasma environment in Neptune's magnetosphere and in the surrounding solar wind. Because of the large tilt of the magnetic dipole and fortuitous timing, Voyager entered Neptune's magnetosphere through the cusp region, the first cusp observations at an outer planet. Thus the transition from the magnetosheath to the magnetosphere observed by Voyager 2 was not sharp but rather appeared as a gradual decrease in plasma density and temperature. The maximum plasma density observed in the magnetosphere is inferred to be 1.4 per cubic centimeter (the exact value depends on the composition), the smallest observed by Voyager in any magnetosphere. The plasma has at least two components; light ions (mass, 1 to 5) and heavy ions (mass, 10 to 40), but more precise species identification is not yet available. Most of the plasma is concentrated in a plasma sheet or plasma torus and near closest approach to the planet. A likely source of the heavy ions is Triton's atmosphere or ionosphere, whereas the light ions probably escape from Neptune. The large tilt of Neptune's magnetic dipole produces a dynamic magnetosphere that changes configuration every 16 hours as the planet rotates.

Belcher, J. W.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Ion mass spectrometer experiment for ISIS-2 spacecraft

The International Satellite for Ionospheric Studies (ISIS) program of NASA was the longest duration program in NASA history. A number of satellites were flown under this program, the last being called ISIS-2, which was launched on April 1, 1971 and operated successfully for over 13 years. An experiment called the Ion Mass Spectrometer (IMS) was flown on the ISIS-2 spacecraft. It operated for 10 years providing a large data base of positive ion composition and ion flow velocities along the orbit of the satellite, the latter being circular at 1400 km with a 90 degree inclination. The data were processed and reside in the National Space Sciences Data Center.

Hoffman, John H.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

TPSAS-NF1676L-17909-DND

Infrared radiative cooling of the thermosphere by carbon dioxide and nitric oxide has been observed continuously since January 2002 by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the NASA Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. SABER has documented dramatic variability in the radiative cooling on timescales ranging from days to longer than the nominal 11-year solar cycle. SABER radiance measurements from emission by CO2 (at 15 um) and NO (at 5.3 um) are used to calculate global daily emitted thermosphere power. This unique dataset shows the direct effects of solar variability on the temperature (via CO2 emission) and composition (from NO emission) for nearly twelve years. The deep solar minimum between solar cycles 23 and 24 is evident in the low values of global mean radiative cooling that occur in the 2008-2009 period. Since then radiative cooling has been observed to increase in response to the transition into solar cycle 24. To more clearly identify extrema in the time series of radiative cooling, NO and CO2 cooling rates are deseasonalized to remove effects of the spacecraft yaw cycle. The deseasonalized data show a clear peak of radiative cooling in NO and CO2 occurring in December 2011. This peak in cooling corresponds to similar peaks in the ultraviolet flux emitted from the Sun measured by the SORCE and SEE instruments. These results show that a maximum in solar activity has clearly occurred. This may be a local maximum in time, depending on the future activity of the Sun in solar cycle 24. Reprocessing of version 2.0 of the SABER dataset is nearly complete and results from this new release will be presented. The SABER thermosphere power dataset will be continuously updated as new data are acquired to monitor the occurrence of solar maximum from the perspective of atmospheric cooling.

L A Hunt↗

NASA NTRS2004

Automated Processing of ISIS Topside Ionograms into Electron Density Profiles

Modeling of the topside ionosphere has for the most part relied on just a few years of data from topside sounder satellites. The widely used Bent et al. (1972) model, for example, is based on only 50,000 Alouette 1 profiles. The International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) (Bilitza, 1990, 2001) uses an analytical description of the graphs and tables provided by Bent et al. (1972). The Alouette 1, 2 and ISIS 1, 2 topside sounder satellites of the sixties and seventies were ahead of their times in terms of the sheer volume of data obtained and in terms of the computer and software requirements for data analysis. As a result, only a small percentage of the collected topside ionograms was converted into electron density profiles. Recently, a NASA-funded data restoration project has undertaken and is continuing the process of digitizing the Alouette/ISIS ionograms from the analog 7-track tapes. Our project involves the automated processing of these digital ionograms into electron density profiles. The project accomplished a set of important goals that will have a major impact on understanding and modeling of the topside ionosphere: (1) The TOPside Ionogram Scaling and True height inversion (TOPIST) software was developed for the automated scaling and inversion of topside ionograms. (2) The TOPIST software was applied to the over 300,000 ISIS-2 topside ionograms that had been digitized in the fkamework of a separate AISRP project (PI: R.F. Benson). (3) The new TOPIST-produced database of global electron density profiles for the topside ionosphere were made publicly available through NASA s National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) ftp archive at . (4) Earlier Alouette 1,2 and ISIS 1, 2 data sets of electron density profiles from manual scaling of selected sets of ionograms were converted fiom a highly-compressed binary format into a user-friendly ASCII format and made publicly available through nssdcftp.gsfc.nasa.gov. The new database for the topside ionosphere established as a result of this project, has stimulated a multitude of new studies directed towards a better description and prediction of the topside ionosphere. Marinov et al. (2004) developed a new model for the upper ion transition height (Oxygen to Hydrogen and Helium) and Bilitza (2004) deduced a correction term for the I N topside electron density model. Kutiev et al. (2005) used this data to develop a new model for the topside ionosphere scale height (TISH) as a function of month, local time, latitude, longitude and solar flux F10.7. Comparisons by Belehaki et al. (2005) show that TISH is in general agreement with scale heights deduced from ground ionosondes but the model predicts post-midnight and afternoon maxima whereas the ionosonde data show a noon maximum. Webb and Benson (2005) reported on their effort to deduce changes in the plasma temperature and ion composition from changes in the topside electron density profile as recorded by topside sounders. Limitations and possible improvements of the IRI topside model were discussed by Coisson et al. (2005) including also the possible use of the NeQuick model, Our project progressed in close collaboration and coordination with the GSFC team involved in the ISIS digitization effort. The digitization project was highly successful producing a large amount of digital topside ionograms. Several no-cost extensions of the TOPIST project were necessary to keep up with the pace and volume of the digitization effort.

Reinisch, bodo W.↗

NASA NTRS1972

The ionosphere during a subauroral red arc

The enhancements of the red 6300A line in the midlatitudes during maximum solar activity are discussed. From Explorer 31 and OGO-4 satellite data, electron and ion temperatures were obtained at altitudes of 880km and 2500km. It was found that there is an increased plasma temperature in the region of the optical emissions, a difference of 1000k between the plasma temperature at 880km and that at 2100km, and the ion temperatures are less than the electron temperatures. It is concluded that red arcs are observed only when there is heat flow from above, combined with decreased density caused by composition changes at the lower boundary.

Maier, E.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Modelling of E-region auroral winds

A numerical code, describing the interactions between chemistry and dynamics in the coupled thermosphere and ionosphere systems, has been used to investigate the morphology of wind systems of the auroral E-region and, in particular, their response to geomagnetic forcing. The structure and dynamics of both the thermosphere and the ionosphere show very strong interactions at all levels of geomagnetic disturbance. By comparison, other perturbations, particularly those resulting from tidal and gravity wave sources within the lower atmosphere, which are important and easily identified during quiet periods, are always overwhelmed by the magnitude of the effects of large geomagnetic disturbances above about 110 km altitude. The model simulations will be used to characterize the geomagnetic response of the E-region neutral wind, temperature, and composition in different parts of the polar cap and the auroral oval, and the major changes resulting from seasonal variations.

Rees, David↗

NASA NTRS1974

Seasonal and magnetic storm related changes in the thermosphere induced by eddy mixing

The possibility of explaining the seasonal and magnetic storm related changes in the thermosphere and the ionosphere through variation in eddy diffusion coefficient in the lower thermosphere is investigated theoretically by obtaining simultaneous numerical solutions of the relevant continuity, momentum, and energy balance equations in a self-consistent manner. It is shown that various important features of thermospheric seasonal behavior, including the winter helium bulge phenomenon, can be explained by assuming effective reduction in the winter-time eddy diffusion coefficient by about one order of magnitude. Storm related changes in the thermal structure and composition are seen to arise by assuming a downward shift of turbulence. Physical implications and relative significance of variation in thermospheric turbulence and large scale inter-hemispheric circulation are briefly discussed.

Sinha, A. K.↗

NASA NTRS1981

The energetic ion composition spectrometer /EICS/ for the Dynamics Explorer-A

The energetic ion composition spectrometer (EICS) on the DE-A spacecraft is a high sensitivity, high resolution (M/Delta M greater than 10 FWHM at focus) instrument. It covers the entire mass range from less than 1 amu/e to greater than 150 amu/e in 64 mass channels, at each of 32 energy per charge steps covering the range from 0 to approximately 17 keV/e. The measurements obtained from this instrument will be used primarily to investigate the coupling between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere via the auroral acceleration region. Additional uses of the data will be to investigate the ring current loss processes, the coupling of the dayside cusp particles to the magnetosheath, and the tracing of artificially injected ions.

Shelley, E. G.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Dione: A Pathfinder Mission for Understanding the Iono-sphere-Thermosphere Responses to Magnetospheric Forcing

Dione is a NASA small satellite prototype for future constellations that in different configurations will provide global and localized measurements of Ionosphere-Thermosphere responses to Magnetospheric energy input in a variety of scales, enabling their better forecast and prediction. This is done with a comprehensive sensor package which includes four instruments: a miniaturized fluxgate magnetometer providing magnetic field measurements with two sensor heads, an ion sensor that measures vector plasma drifts and deduce the in-situ electric fields, an electrostatic analyzer that measures precipitating electrons and up-going secondary electrons, and a neutral mass spectrometer measuring total neutral density and composition. Dione is 3-axis stabilized in a circular low-earth (400-600 km), high-inclination orbit, traversing the auroral precipitation and high latitude currents in every orbit. This paper focuses on the mission-level architecture, but provides contextual information on the science objectives, instruments, and space-craft.

Jaime Esper↗

NASA NTRS1985

First composition measurement of the bulk of the storm-time ring current (1 to 300 keV/e) with AMPTE-CCE

Measurements of the charge state and elemental compositions as well as differential intensities of ring current ions with energies of 1-315 keV/e, made with the Charge-Energy-Mass Spectrometer on the AMPTE/CCE spacecraft, are reported. An analysis of the data suggests that while the storm-time increases in the number densities of ring current H(+) and He(2+) may be roughly accounted for by the decreased volume of the compressed magnetosphere, the large jumps in the number and energy densities of O(+) require injection of energetic ionospheric ions.

Gloeckler, G.↗