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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

The São Paulo Potential and the 3 He Breakup Reaction at 130 MeV on 93 Nb and 197 Au

Nuclear reactions induced by weakly bound nuclei often result in the emission of light particles as products of the projectile breakup. The incident particle is expected to fragment before reaching the interior of the target nuclei, a characteristic that tends to favor forward angular emission. Although the first models developed for such reactions were proposed many decades ago by Udagawa and Tamura, Ichimura, Austern, Vincent, and Kasano, and Hussein and McVoy, to this date most of the attention has been dedicated to the breakup of the deuteron and other very weakly bound systems, while more strongly bound projectiles have not been fully explored. Here, we describe the production of protons and deuterons from the breakup of 3He. The breakup of 3 He on two heavy targets, 93 Nb and 197 Au, is analyzed in this study. However, the incoming energy involved is much larger than that of the standard phenomenological optical potentials available in the literature for the 3He entrance channel. We have overcome this difficulty by using the São Paulo potential and adjusting the nuclear diffusivity. The deuteron inclusive spectra were calculated at several angles and compared well with the experimental data. Theoretical proton emission predictions are also given for future reference, since no inclusive measurements were performed for the targets under study. Finally, one of our goals is to verify the description of deuteron emission from fast projectiles, for which many partial waves contribute to the scattering process.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Direct observation on supersonic microprojectile penetration of carbon fiber composites with ultrafast synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging

High-speed penetration into carbon fiber composites is of fundamental importance to materials science and impact engineering, but research along this line suffers considerably from the lack of direct experimental observations. Here we investigate such penetration dynamics of a unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (UCFRE) composite, with a combination of in situ, ultrafast, synchrotron phase contrast imaging and finite element (FE) analysis. The experiments yield the first direct observation on projectile trajectories and fiber-scale deformation and damage in the UCFRE composites during supersonic microprojectile penetration, for different fiber orientations (0 degrees - 90 degrees from the impact direction) and projectile velocities (600 - 850 m.s -1 ), at unprecedented temporal (~ 100 ps) and spatial (5 μm) resolutions. The maximum penetration depth decreases with increasing fiber orientation angles, as a result of anisotropic damage evolution in the composite sample. Strain localizations are prone to develop along a direction perpendicular to the fiber orientation, while the damage or cavity region, along the fiber direction. FE modeling with a three-dimensional Hashin criterion yields consistent projectile trajectory and cavity morphology with the experimental results. Finally, with increasing fiber orientation angles, damage analyses show a transition in the damage mode from fiber compression to matrix compression damage, in line with the increasing maximum penetration depth.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Impact system for ultrafast synchrotron experiments

The impact system for ultrafast synchrotron experiments, or IMPULSE, is a 12.6-mm bore light-gas gun (<1 km/s projectile velocity) designed specifically for performing dynamic compression experiments using the advanced imaging and X-ray diffraction methods available at synchrotron sources. The gun system, capable of reaching projectile velocities up to 1 km/s, was designed to be portable for quick insertion/removal in the experimental hutch at Sector 32 ID-B of the Advanced Photon Source (Argonne, IL) while allowing the target chamber to rotate for sample alignment with the beam. A key challenge in using the gun system to acquire dynamic data on the nanosecond time scale was synchronization (or bracketing) of the impact event with the incident X-ray pulses (80 ps width). A description of the basic gun system used in previous work is provided along with details of an improved launch initiation system designed to significantly reduce the total system time from launch initiation to impact. Experiments were performed to directly measure the gun system time and to determine the gun performance curve for projectile velocities ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 km/s. All results show an average system time of 21.6 {+-} 4.5 ms, making it possible to better synchronize the gun system and detectors to the X-ray beam.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Effects of defect clustering on optical properties of GaN by single and molecular ion irradiation

The effects of irradiation by F, P, and PF{sub 4} on optical properties of GaN were studied experimentally and by atomistic simulations. Additionally, the effect of Ag was studied by simulation. The irradiation energy was 0.6 keV/amu for all projectiles. The measured photoluminescence (PL) decay time was found to be decreasing faster when irradiation was done by molecular ion compared to light ion irradiation. The PL decay time change is connected with the types of defect produced by different projectiles. Simulation results show that the light ions mainly produce isolated point defects while molecular and heavy ions produce clusters of point defects. The total amount of defects produced by the PF{sub 4} projectile was found to be very close to the sum of all defects produced in five individual cascades started by one P and four F single ions. This and the similar depth profiles of damage produced by molecular and light ion irradiations suggest that the defect clusters are one of the important reasons for fast PL decay. Moreover, the simulations of irradiation by Ag ions, whose mass is close to the mass of the PF{sub 4} molecule, showed that the produced defects are clustering in even bigger conglomerates compared to PF{sub 4} case. The latter has a tendency to split in the pre-surface region, reducing on average the density of the collision cascade.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Sputtering of Si, SiC, InAs, InP, Ge, GaAs, GaSb, and GaN by electrosprayed nanodroplets

This article presents a characterization of the damage caused by energetic beams of electrosprayed nanodroplets striking the surfaces of single-crystal semiconductors including Si, SiC, InAs, InP, Ge, GaAs, GaSb, and GaN. The sputtering yield (number of atoms ejected per projectile's molecule), sputtering rate, and surface roughness are measured as functions of the beam acceleration potential. The maximum values of the sputtering yields range between 1.9 and 2.2 for the technological important but difficult to etch SiC and GaN respectively, and 4.5 for Ge. The maximum sputtering rates for the non-optimized beam flux conditions used in our experiments vary between 409 nm/min for SiC and 2381 nm/min for GaSb. The maximum sputtering rate for GaN is 630 nm/min. Surface roughness increases modestly with acceleration voltage, staying within 2 nm and 20 nm for all beamlet acceleration potentials and materials except Si. At intermediate acceleration potentials, the surface of Si is formed by craters orders of magnitude larger than the projectiles, yielding surface roughness in excess of 60 nm. The effect of projectile dose is studied in the case of Si. This parameter is correlated with the formation of the large craters typical of Si, which suggests that the accumulation of damage following consecutive impacts plays an important role in the interaction between beamlet and target.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Perpendicular diffusion of a dilute beam of charged dust particles in a strongly coupled dusty plasma

The diffusion of projectiles drifting through a target of strongly coupled dusty plasma is investigated in a simulation. A projectile's drift is driven by a constant force F. We characterize the random walk of the projectiles in the direction perpendicular to their drift. The perpendicular diffusion coefficient D{sub p⊥} is obtained from the simulation data. The force dependence of D{sub p⊥} is found to be a power law in a high force regime, but a constant at low forces. A mean kinetic energy W{sub p} for perpendicular motion is also obtained. The diffusion coefficient is found to increase with W{sub p} with a linear trend at higher energies, but an exponential trend at lower energies.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Sub Coulomb barrier d+ 208 Pb scattering in the time-dependent basis function approach

We employ the non-perturbative time-dependent basis function (tBF) approach to study the scattering of the deuteron on 208 Pb below the Coulomb barrier. We obtain the bound and discretized scattering states of the projectile, which form the basis representation of the tBF approach, by diagonalizing a realistic Hamiltonian in a large harmonic oscillator basis. We find that the higher-order inelastic scattering effects are noticeable for sub barrier scatterings with the tBF method. We have successfully reproduced experimental sub Coulomb barrier elastic cross section ratios with the tBF approach by considering only the electric dipole (E1) component of the Coulomb interaction between the projectile and the target during scatterings. Here, we find that the correction of the polarization potential to the Rutherford trajectory is dominant in reproducing the data at very low bombarding energies, whereas the role of internal transitions of the deuteron projectile induced by the E1 interaction during the scattering becomes increasingly significant at higher bombarding energies.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

SILICATE DUST SIZE DISTRIBUTION FROM HYPERVELOCITY COLLISIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DUST PRODUCTION IN DEBRIS DISKS

Fragments generated by high-velocity collisions between solid planetary bodies are one of the main sources of new interplanetary dust particles. However, only limited ranges of collision velocity, ejecta size, and target materials have been studied in previous laboratory experiments, and the collision condition that enables the production of dust-sized particles remains unclear. We conducted hypervelocity impact experiments on silicate rocks at relative velocities of 9 to 61 km s{sup -1}, which is beyond the upper limit of previous laboratory studies. Sub-millimeter-diameter aluminum and gold spheres were accelerated by laser ablation and were shot into dunite and basalt targets. We analyzed the surfaces of aerogel blocks deployed near the targets using an electron probe micro analyzer and counted the number of particles that contained the target material. The size distributions of ejecta ranged from five to tens of microns in diameter. The total cross-sectional area of dust-sized ejecta monotonically increased with the projectile kinetic energy, independent of impact velocity, projectile diameter, and projectile and target material compositions. The slopes of the cumulative ejecta-size distributions ranged from -2 to -5. Most of the slopes were steeper than the -2.5 or -2.7 that is expected for a collisional equilibrium distribution in a collision cascade with mass-independent or mass-dependent catastrophic disruption thresholds, respectively. This suggests that the steep dust size-distribution proposed for the debris disk around HD172555 (an A5V star) could be due to a hypervelocity collision.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Convergent close-coupling calculations of electron scattering on LiH

Cross sections for electron scattering on the ground state of LiH are calculated using the molecular convergent close-coupling method. The fixed-nuclei approximation is utilized, and calculations are performed at the mean internuclear separation of 3.06 𝑎 0 for projectile energies ranging from 0.1 to 500 eV. Here, a model-potential approach is utilized to treat the LiH molecule as a two-electron system, and good agreement is found with the literature for various properties of the structure model. Cross sections are presented for elastic scattering, excitation to several electronic states, and ionization. Comparison is made with existing results, and qualitative agreement is found with small close-coupling calculations at low projectile energies. Good agreement is found with first-order results at high projectile energies.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Mass scaling laws due to isotopic effects in the energy loss of He{sup 2+} colliding with H, D, and T

Total, electronic, and nuclear energy loss as well as stopping cross sections are calculated for He{sup 2+} ions incident on atomic hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium at low to intermediate energies by means of an ab initio, nonadiabatic approach for solving the Schroedinger equation incorporating coupled electron and nuclear dynamics. Comparison of this ab initio treatment with classical nuclear stopping cross-section formulations obtained from Coulomb and screened potential models, and an ab initio theory, allows us to deduce scaling laws that incorporate the different target masses (target isotopic effect). We provide a discussion on the range of validity of the use of classical trajectories. We verify that the nuclear energy loss is a universal function of the center-of-mass (c.m.) scattering angle. The scattering angle in the c.m. system shows a dependence on the projectile charge due to a strong isotopic effect on the charge-transfer cross section. In the case of a Coulombic interaction, that dependence disappears, and leads to a formulation based only on the c.m. collision energy for the nuclear stopping cross section. Due to the small electron capture cross section for He{sup 2+} on H, D, and T in the low-energy region, it is shown that the effective charge model that assumes neutralization of the projectile does not apply to the energy loss of He{sup 2+} ions in the calculation of stopping cross sections. Thus, for this system, there is no influence of the charge exchange isotope effect of the target in the nuclear stopping cross section of the projectile. In the electronic energy loss, such an isotopic effect is present through Stueckelberg oscillations, but its contribution is small. Furthermore, the electronic stopping cross section shows a threshold effect that results from the minimum momentum transfer necessary to produce an electronic excitation in the target. Finally, the nuclear stopping cross section has a universal behavior as a function of the c.m. collision energy, and care must be taken when comparing ionic systems stopping cross-section results to those of neutral systems as obtained by effective charge models.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Analysis of the approximations applied in the continuum-distorted-wave-eikonal-initial-state theory for the evaluation of ionization cross sections: Post-prior discrepancy, axial symmetry, and ion-ion interaction

When the continuum distorted wave with eikonal initial state (CDW-EIS) [D. S. Crothers and J. F. McCann, J. Phys B 16, 3229 (1983)] theory is applied to the evaluation of ionization cross sections, many additional approximations are assumed. However, usually, the influence of these approximations is not clear. Aiming to estimate them, we compare the differential and total cross sections obtained with diverse approximations for ionization of He atoms by proton impact. We analyze the post-prior discrepancy, which depends on the perturbative Hamiltonian applied in the scattering amplitude. We study the dependence of the cross sections on the description of the initial and final states. For this purpose, we use the 1Z and 5Z variational and numerical Optimized Potential Model (OPM) [J. D. Talman, Comput. Phys. Commun. 54, 85 (1989)] bound states for the initial target state, and for the final target state we set Coulomb waves with proper effective charges or the continuum state of an OPM potential model. The cross sections resulting from OPM post and prior versions are identical and show excellent agreement with experimental data in each case. Nevertheless, the cross section derived by the prior CDW-EIS, 5Z initial wave, and corresponding continuum state gives comparable results, requiring shorter computational work. Then we study the determination of the impact parameter ionization probability from the transition amplitudes, also including an axial symmetry for the ionization process. The hypothesis of this axial symmetry saves an angular integration in the evaluation of the probabilities. We analyze the variation of these probabilities within the post and prior formalisms and mention initial and final states, according to the supposed symmetry. We found that the probabilities derived with the axial symmetry concentrate at a lower impact parameter than the usual ones and are quite sensitive to the approximations used for the CDW-EIS evaluation. Furthermore, these probabilities underestimate distant collisions. In the last section we introduce the projectile-residual ion potential, and we discuss the effect of the diverse approximations on the dependence of the cross section as a function of the projectile scattering angle. We compare the projectile angular distribution resulting from a full Coulomb interaction between the ions with the one obtained by a screened potential, but in the latter case the theoretical distributions underestimate the experimental data. The OPM and 5Z functions give a good description of the experimental data.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Introducing electron capture into the unitary-convolution-approximation energy-loss theory at low velocities

Recent developments in the theoretical treatment of electronic energy losses of bare and screened ions in gases are presented. Specifically, the unitary-convolution-approximation (UCA) stopping-power model has proven its strengths for the determination of nonequilibrium effects for light as well as heavy projectiles at intermediate to high projectile velocities. The focus of this contribution will be on the UCA and its extension to specific projectile energies far below 100 keV/u, by considering electron-capture contributions at charge-equilibrium conditions.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Empirical formulas for direct double ionization by bare ions: Z = - 1 to 92

Experimental cross sections and cross-section ratios reported in the literature for direct double ionization of the outer shells of helium, neon, and argon atoms resulting from bare ions ranging from protons to uranium and for antiprotons are analyzed in terms of a first- and second-order interference model originally proposed by McGuire [J. H. McGuire, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1153 (1982)]. Empirical formulas for the various contributions to double ionization plus information about the phase difference between the first- and second-order mechanisms are extracted from the data. Projectile and target scalings are also extracted. Total cross sections and their ratios determined using these formulas and scalings are shown to be in very good agreement with experimental data for lower-Z projectiles and impact velocities larger than 1 a.u. For very-high-Z projectiles, the amount of double ionization is overestimated, probably due to saturation of probabilities that is not accounted for in scaling formulas.

DuBois, R. D.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Multiscale simulations of electron and ion dynamics in self-irradiated silicon

The interaction of energetic ions with the electronic and ionic system of target materials is an interesting but challenging multiscale problem, and understanding of the early stages after impact of heavy, initially charged ions is particularly poor. At the same time, energy deposition during these early stages determines later formation of damage cascades. In this work, we address the multiscale character by combining real-time time-dependent density functional theory for electron dynamics with molecular dynamics simulations of damage cascades. Our first-principles simulations prove that core electrons affect electronic stopping and have an unexpected influence on the charge state of the projectile. We show that this effect is absent for light projectiles, but dominates the stopping physics for heavy projectiles. By parametrizing an inelastic energy loss friction term in the molecular dynamics simulations using our first-principles results, we also show a qualitative influence of electronic stopping physics on radiation-damage cascades.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

Measurements of high energy loss rates of fast highly charged U ions channeled in thin silicon crystals

The results of two channeling experiments show that highly charged heavy ions at moderate velocities (v<<Zv{sub 0}) may lose more energy in the traversal of a thin crystal when they are injected along a major crystallographic direction than when they traverse the crystal in random conditions. This is due to the fact that the large reduction of electron capture probabilities allows them to keep their high electronic charge throughout the crystal, which is not the case for projectiles traveling in random conditions. Although channeled projectiles experience reduced electron densities, their energy loss rate, that is, at first order, proportional to the square of the ions charge, is then strongly enhanced. This feature could be used as a step for decelerating highly charged ions from the high energies that are needed to produce them, and also to improve our understanding of the slowing down of very highly charged projectiles at low velocities, for which the current perturbative models are not well suited.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

Experimental study of {sup 6}He+{sup 9}Be elastic scattering at low energies

New data for the {sup 6}He+{sup 9}Be reaction at E{sub lab}=16.2 and 21.3 MeV have been taken and analyzed. The effect of the collective couplings to the excited states of the target has been studied by means of coupled-channels calculations, using a double-folding potential for the bare interaction between the colliding nuclei, supplemented with a phenomenological imaginary part of Woods-Saxon type. In addition, three- and four-body continuum-discretized coupled-channels calculations have been performed to investigate the effect of the projectile breakup on the elastic scattering. Both effects, the coupling to target and projectile excited states, are found to affect significantly the elastic scattering. The trivial local polarization potential extracted from the continuum-discretized coupled-channels calculations indicates that continuum couplings produce a repulsive real part and a long-range imaginary part in the projectile-target interaction.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Microscopic two-nucleon overlaps and knockout reactions from 12 C

The nuclear structure dependence of direct reactions that remove a pair of like or unlike nucleons from a fast 12 C projectile beam are considered. Specifically, we study the differences in the two-nucleon correlations present and the predicted removal cross sections when using $p$-shell shell-model and multi- $ℏω$ no-core shell-model (NCSM) descriptions of the two-nucleon overlaps for the transitions to the mass $A=10$ projectile residues. The NCSM calculations use modern chiral two-nucleon and three-nucleon (NN+3N) interactions. The $np$-removal cross sections to low-lying $T=0$, 10 B final states are enhanced when using the NCSM two-nucleon amplitudes. The calculated absolute and relative partial cross sections to the low-energy 10 B final states show a significant sensitivity to the interactions used, suggesting that assessments of the overlap functions for these transitions and confirmations of their structure could be made using final-state-exclusive measurements of the $np$-removal cross sections and the associated momentum distributions of the forward traveling projectile-like residues.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Observation of Crack Propagation in Glass Using X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging

High-speed X-ray phase contrast imaging synchronized with a Kolsky bar apparatus was utilized to investigate the cracking behavior of a borosilicate glass, a soda lime glass, and a glass ceramic in front of a cylindrical projectile with an impact velocity of 5ms(-1). For each material, three different surface conditions were prepared for the impacted edge of the specimen. Angular cracking was observed in front of the projectile for borosilicate glass. For soda lime glass, straight cracking was observed. For glass ceramic, curved cracking was observed in front of the projectile. Cracking behavior was observed to be independent of the surface condition on the impacted edge.

Parab, Niranjan D.↗