Thermal radiation characteristics of a specular walled groove.
Thermal emittance and reflectance of diffuse- bottomed specular-walled groove in solar radiant- flux environment
SPECULAR REFLECTION↗
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Crystal growth for high-efficiency silicon solar cells workshop: Summary
The state of the art in the growth of silicon crystals for high-efficiency solar cells are reviewed, sheet requirements are defined, and furture areas of research are identified. Silicon sheet material characteristics that limit cell efficiencies and yields were described as well as the criteria for the ideal sheet-growth method. The device engineers wish list to the material engineer included: silicon sheet with long minority carrier lifetime that is uniform throughout the sheet, and which doesn't change during processing; and sheet material that stays flat throughout device processing, has uniform good mechanical strength, and is low cost. Impurities in silicon solar cells depreciate cell performance by reducing diffusion length and degrading junctions. The impurity behavior, degradation mechanisms, and variations in degradation threshold with diffusion length for silicon solar cells were described.
Dumas, K. A.↗
Development of pitch angle anisotropy and velocity diffusion of pickup ion shell distribution by solar wind turbulence
The evolution of pitch angle anisotropy in initially isotropic spherical shell distribution of pickup ions subjected to a continuous influence of weak or moderate intrinsic solar wind turbulence is investigated using a physical model which assumes that the wave of the solar wind turbulence is propagating mainly in the direction parallel to the ambient magnetic field. It is shown that, because of the pitch angle dependence of the velocity diffusion process, a significant pitch angle anisotropy of pickup ion shell distribution develops in the early stage of the diffusion process. Although it is smeared out later on, the result can be of significant importance, especially if the pickup ion density is large, because the pitch angle anisotropy can excite collective instabilities and increase the wave level, thus accelerating the diffusion process.
Yoon, Peter H.↗
Nonstationary modulation of galactic cosmic rays in a nonlinear model
An automdel equation for the solar wind velocity is obtained in the self-consistent model. The solution of the convection-diffusion equation is obtained for the density of galactic cosmic rays at a definite dependence of the diffusion coefficient and solar wind velocity on the rigidity and distance.
Babayan, V. K.↗
JPL lithium doped solar cell development program
One of the most significant problems encountered in the use of silicon solar cells in space is the sensitivity of the device to electron and proton radiation exposure. The p-diffused-into-n-base solar cells were replaced with the more radiation tolerant n-diffused-into-p-base solar cells. Another advancement in achieving greater radiation tolerance was the discovery that the addition of lithium to n-base silicon resulted in what appeared to be annealing of radiation-induced defects. This phenomenon is being exploited to develop a high efficiency radiation resistant lithium-doped solar cell. Lithium-doped solar cells fabricated from oxygen-lean and oxygen-rich silicon were obtained with average initial efficiencies of 11.9% at air mass zero and 28 C, as compared to state-of-the-art n-p cells fabricated from 10 ohm cm silicon with average efficiencies of 11.3% under similar conditions. Lithium-doped cells demonstrated the ability to withstand three to five times the fluence of 1-MeV electrons before degrading to a power equivalent to state-of-the-art solar cells. The principal investigations are discussed with respect to fabrication of high efficiency radiation resistant lithium-doped cells, including starting material, p-n junction diffusion, lithium source introduction, and lithium diffusion.
Berman, P. A.↗
Diffusion mechanism of the daily variations of cosmic rays <diffuzionnyy mekhanizm sutochnoy variatsii kosmicheskikh luchey<
Diffusion mechanism of daily variations of solar cosmic rays
PLASMA DIFFUSION↗
Experimental observation of a large addition to the electron inner radiation belt after a solar flare event.
Electron injection and diffusion into electron inner radiation belt after solar flare, measuring electron fluxes by OGO 3 spectrometer
Pfitzer, K. A.↗
Jupiter's radiation belts and the sweeping effect of its satellites
Jupiter's electron and proton radiation belts were analyzed, with particular reference to the effect of its five inner satellites, located within its magnetosphere. The characteristics of trapped electrons and protons with a magnetic moment of 50 MeV/gauss, considered typical at Jupiter, were calculated. The mean absorption time before impact was calculated for particles located at the radial distance of each of the satellites. A characteristic diffusion time near each satellite was calculated, assuming violation of the third invariant due to magnetic fluctuations associated with fluctuations in the solar wind. This diffusion time was found to be long compared with the absorption lifetimes at Europa and Amalthea.
Mead, G. D.↗
Lunar rock surfaces as detectors of solar processes
Lunar rock surfaces exposed at or just below the lunar surface are considered as detectors of the solar wind, solar flares and solar-derived magnetic fields through their interactions with galactic cosmic rays. The degradation of the solar detector capabilities of lunar surface rocks by meteoroid impact erosion, accreta deposition, loose dust, and sputtering, amorphous layer formation and accelerated diffusion due to solar particles and illumination is discussed, and it is noted that the complex interactions of factors affecting the outer micron of exposed surface material has so far prevented the development of a satisfactory model for a particle detector on the submicron scale. Methods for the determination of surface exposure ages based on the accumulation of light solar wind noble gases, Fe and Mg, impact craters, solar flare tracks, and cosmogenic Kr isotopes are examined, and the systematic variations in the ages determined by the various clocks are discussed. It is concluded that a means of obtaining satisfactory quantitative rate or flux data has not yet been established.
Hartung, J. B.↗
The Effect of Lithium on Radiation Damage in Silicon Solar Cell Devices
Radiation effects on lithium-doped silicon solar cells from diffusion length degradation studies
DOPING↗
Experimental investigation of the excess charge and time constant of minority carriers in the thin diffused layer of 0.1 ohm-cm silicon solar cells
An experimental method is presented that can be used to interpret the relative roles of bandgap narrowing and recombination processes in the diffused layer. This method involves measuring the device time constant by open-circuit voltage decay and the base region diffusion length by X-ray excitation. A unique illuminated diode method is used to obtain the diode saturation current. These data are interpreted using a simple model to determine individually the minority carrier lifetime and the excess charge. These parameters are then used to infer the relative importance of bandgap narrowing and recombination processes in the diffused layer.
Godlewski, M. P.↗
Surface photovoltage method extended to silicon solar cell junction
The conventional surface photovoltage (SPV) method is extended to the measurement of the minority carrier diffusion length in diffused semiconductor junctions of the type used in a silicon solar cell. The minority carrier diffusion values obtained by the SPV method agree well with those obtained by the X-ray method. Agreement within experimental error is also obtained between the minority carrier diffusion lengths in solar cell diffusion junctions and in the same materials with n-regions removed by etching, when the SPV method was used in the measurements.
Wang, E. Y.↗
A dynamical model of upper-atmospheric helium
This numerical study of the global distribution of helium in the terrestrial thermosphere is based on the extension of a three-dimensional single-fluid numerical model of the thermosphere previously developed by the authors to treat the dynamics of a minor gas imbedded in a background gas made up of N2, O2, and O. The Cira (1972) model of the upper atmosphere, based on satellite drag data, is used to specify the background gas density and temperature as functions of altitude, latitude, and local time for a given day of the year. Specific emphasis is placed on a study of the helium distribution at solstice, i.e., the 'winter helium bulge'. Effects of solar activity, eddy diffusion, and exospheric transport on the global distribution of helium are investigated. The model reproduces the general features of the winter helium bulge, including the variation of its amplitude with solar activity, as determined by comparison of data from several recent satellite-borne mass spectrometers.
Straus, J. M.↗
Soliton and strong Langmuir turbulence in solar flare processes
The occurrence of modulational instability in the current sheet of a solar flare is investigated. Special attention is given to the plasma microinstability in this sheet and its relation to the flare process. It is found that solitons or strong Langmuir turbulence are likely to occur in the diffusion region under solar flare conditions in which the electric resistivity could be enhanced by several orders of magnitude in the region, resulting in significant heating and stochastic acceleration of particles. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the transition of the magnetic field velocity and plasma density from the outer MHD region into the diffusive region and then back out again with the completion of the energy conversion process. This is all made possible by an increase in resistivity of four to five orders of magnitude over the classical value.
Song, M. T.↗
Determination of the ground albedo and the index of absorption of atmospheric particulates by remote sensing. I - Theory
A statistical technique is developed for inferring the optimum values of the ground albedo and the effective imaginary term of the complex refractive index of atmospheric particulates. The procedure compares measurements of the ratio of the hemispheric diffuse to directly transmitted solar flux density at the earth's surface with radiative transfer computations of the same as suggested by Herman et al. (1975). A detailed study is presented which shows the extent to which the ratio of diffuse to direct solar radiation is sensitive to many of the radiative transfer parameters. Results indicate that the optical depth and size distribution of atmospheric aerosol particles are the two parameters which uniquely specify the radiation field to the point where ground albedo and index of absorption can be inferred. Varying the real part of the complex refractive index of atmospheric particulates as well as their vertical distribution is found to have a negligible effect on the diffuse-direct ratio. The statistical procedure utilizes a semi-analytic gradient search method from least-squares theory and includes a detailed error analysis.
King, M. D.↗
Low-energy spectrum of cosmic rays as an indicator of primary source characteristics and interstellar propagation.
Low energy spectrum of cosmic rays corrected for solar modulation and diffusive passage through interstellar matter
PROTON SCATTERING↗
Calculations of the cosmic ray modulation in interplanetary space taking into account the possible dependence of the transport travel for the scattering of the particles and of the velocity of the solar winds on the angles they make with the helioequator plane: The case of isotropic diffusion
The modulation of galactic cosmic rays is studied by the magnetic heterogeneities stream on the assumption that the diffusion coefficient is reduced whereas the solar wind velocity is increased with the growth of the angle between the sun's rotation axis and the direction of solar plasma motion. The stationary plane problem of isotropic diffusion is solved as it applies to two cases: (1) with due account of particle retardation by the antiphermium mechanism; and (2) without an account of the above mechanism. This problem is solved by the grid method in the polar coordinate system. The results of the calculations are followed by a discussion of the method of solution and of the errors.
Dorman, L. I.↗
Combined first and second order Fermi acceleration at comets
Two-dimensional, time-dependent model calculations indicate that an interplay between velocity and spatial diffusion may be responsible for the acceleration of implanted heavy ions in the cometary preshock region. Velocity diffusion (second order Fermi acceleration) accelerates the pickup ions to moderate energies thus creating a seed population for the more efficient diffusive-compressive shock acceleration. Solar wind convection limits the time available for diffusive-compressive acceleration, therefore the resulting energy spectrum above 100 keV is a power law with a spectral index of 5 - 6, a value which is in reasonably good agreement with observations.
Gombosi, T. I.↗