SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Targeting”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 433 records · Page 24

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

NASA NTRS1983

Video Target Tracking and Ranging System

Proposed target tracking and ranging system uses two automatic video target trackers to keep two TV cameras trained on object being tracked. Microcomputer calculates range and range-rate information by triangulation. Input data for calculation are position coordinates of two cameras and pan and tilt aiming angles of two cameras. System is useful for target ranging at distances up to about 1,000 feet (300 m) in such applications as vehicle collision avoidance, traffic monitoring and surveillance. Also substitutes for short-range radar in situations where radar signal can not be tolerated.

Freedman, L. A.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Inertial Confinement fusion targets

Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets are made as simple flat discs, as hollow shells or as complicated multilayer structures. Many techniques were devised for producing the targets. Glass and metal shells are made by using drop and bubble techniques. Solid hydrogen shells are also produced by adapting old methods to the solution of modern problems. Some of these techniques, problems, and solutions are discussed. In addition, the applications of many of the techniques to fabrication of ICF targets is presented.

Hendricks, C. D.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Impact cratering in viscous targets - Laboratory experiments

To determine the effects of target yield strength and viscosity on the formation and morphology of Martian multilobed, slosh and rampart-type impact craters, 75 experiments in which target properties and impact energies were varied were carried out for high-speed motion picture observation in keeping with the following sequence: (1) projectile initial impact; (2) crater excavation and rise of ejecta plume; (3) formation of a transient central mound which generates a surge of material upon collapse that can partly override the plume deposit; and (4) oscillation of the central mound with progressively smaller surges of material leaving the crater. A dimensional analysis of the experimental results indicates that the dimensions of the central mound are proportional to (1) the energy of the impacting projectile and (2) to the inverse of both the yield strength and viscosity of the target material, and it is determined that extrapolation of these results to large Martian craters requires an effective surface layer viscosity of less than 10 to the 10th poise. These results may also be applicable to impacts on outer planet satellites composed of ice-silicate mixtures.

Greeley, R.↗

NASA NTRS1980

Control of crater morphology by gravity and target type - Mars, earth, moon

The process involved in the formation of impact craters on solid planets and satellites in the solar system is thought to be essentially the same everywhere. However, the resulting landforms are not all alike. The possible reasons for the differences in crater morphology are investigated. The obtained results suggest that both gravitational acceleration and target characteristics have affected the morphology of impact craters across the solar system. Neither of these important influences alone can explain all of the many observations on craters. The relative importance of gravity and target type differs from planet to planet. Intraplanetary contrasts in crater shape which reflect differences in target materials appear to be large on earth, significant but minor on Mars and the moon, and minimal on Mercury. Whole-planet differences in crater shape between earth and the moon, on the other hand, seem to be entirely dependent on g.

Pike, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Laboratory simulation of tunable diode laser remote measurement of atmospheric gases using topographic targets

In order to test the possibility that tunable diode laser (TDL) systems using topographic targets can be applied to the measurement of a variety of gases at concentrations and distances characteristic of industrial gas leaks, a single-ended TDL system was assembled for use with selected topographic targets to detect NO2 at atmospheric pressure and NO2 and NH3 at low pressures. In both cases, the intensity distribution of radiation backscattered from selected targets was found to be heavily weighted to a specular rather than a Lambertian distribution. A sensitivity of 5 ppm-m has been demonstrated for the case of NO2.

Webster, C. R.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Thick-target bremsstrahlung interpretation of short time-scale solar hard X-ray features

Steady-state analyses of bremsstrahlung hard X-ray production in solar flares are appropriate only if the lifetime of the high energy electrons in the X-ray source is much shorter than the duration of the observed X-ray burst. For a thick-target nonthermal model, this implies that a full time-dependent analysis is required when the duration of the burst is comparable to the collisional lifetime of the injected electrons, in turn set by the lengths and densities of the flaring region. In this paper we present the results of such a time-dependent analysis, and we point out that the intrinsic temporal signature of the thick-target production mechanism, caused by the finite travel time of the electrons through the target, may indeed rule out such a mechanism for extremely short duration hard X-ray events.

Emslie, A. G.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Application of microgravity and containerless environments to the investigation of fusion target fabrication technology

After the first observation of the core-centering force within a liquid shell in the KC-135 flight experiment, this force was successfully reproduced in terrestrial laboratories using two experimental techniques. The core-centering force generated for a compound drop system in the neutral buoyancy tank provides the first correlation between theoretical and experimental results. When this force was generated in a more realistic fusion-pellet system using the focusing-radiator levitating system, it was shown that this is a very strong force indeed in view of the fact that the ratio of specific gravities between the water and the core is approximately five. It is believed that this centering force will contribute significantly to an overall understanding of the fabrication physics of a fusion target system. Results from experiments in a vertical drag-free wind tunnel and in a 16-ft low pressure drop furnace suggest that eliminating or reducing the aerodynamic drag on fusion pellets during their formation stage will prevent the decentering of the bubble. Metallic and metallic glass fusion targets are seen as holding promise for improving and simplifying the fabrication process for ablative-type fusion targets.

Lee, M. C.↗

NASA NTRS1984

CDTI target selection criteria

A Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) is a cockpit instrument which provides information to the aircrew on the relative location of aircraft traffic in the vicinity of their aircraft (township). In addition, the CDTI may provide information to assist in navigation and in aircraft control. It is usually anticipated that the CDTI will be integrated with a horizontal situation indicator used for navigational purposes and/or with a weather radar display. In this study, several sets of aircraft traffic data are analyzed to determine statistics on the number of targets that will be displayed on a CDTI using various target selection criteria. Traffic data were obtained from an Atlanta Terminal Area Simulation and from radar tapes recorded at the Atlanta and Miami terminal areas. Results are given in the form of plots showing the average percentage of time (or probability) that an aircraft equipped with a CDTI would observe from 0 to 10 other aircraft on the display for range settings on the CDTI up to 30 n. mi. and using various target discrimination techniques.

Britt, C. L.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Synthetic aperture radar target simulator

A simulator for simulating the radar return, or echo, from a target seen by a SAR antenna mounted on a platform moving with respect to the target is described. It includes a first-in first-out memory which has digital information clocked in at a rate related to the frequency of a transmitted radar signal and digital information clocked out with a fixed delay defining range between the SAR and the simulated target, and at a rate related to the frequency of the return signal. An RF input signal having a frequency similar to that utilized by a synthetic aperture array radar is mixed with a local oscillator signal to provide a first baseband signal having a frequency considerably lower than that of the RF input signal.

Zebker, H. A.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Birds and insects as radar targets - A review

A review of radar cross-section measurements of birds and insects is presented. A brief discussion of some possible theoretical models is also given and comparisons made with the measurements. The comparisons suggest that most targets are, at present, better modeled by a prolate spheroid having a length-to-width ratio between 3 and 10 than by the often used equivalent weight water sphere. In addition, many targets observed with linear horizontal polarization have maximum cross sections much better estimated by a resonant half-wave dipole than by a water sphere. Also considered are birds and insects in the aggregate as a local radar 'clutter' source. Order-of-magnitude estimates are given for many reasonable target number densities. These estimates are then used to predict X-band volume reflectivities. Other topics that are of interest to the radar engineer are discussed, including the doppler bandwidth due to the internal motions of a single bird, the radar cross-section probability densities of single birds and insects, the variability of the functional form of the probability density functions, and the Fourier spectra of single birds and insects.

Vaughn, C. R.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Optical model calculations of heavy-ion target fragmentation

The fragmentation of target nuclei by relativistic protons and heavy ions is described within the context of a simple abrasion-ablation-final-state interaction model. Abrasion is described by a quantum mechanical formalism utilizing an optical model potential approximation. Nuclear charge distributions of the excited prefragments are calculated by both a hypergeometric distribution and a method based upon the zero-point oscillations of the giant dipole resonance. Excitation energies are estimated from the excess surface energy resulting from the abrasion process and the additional energy deposited by frictional spectator interactions of the abraded nucleons. The ablation probabilities are obtained from the EVA-3 computer program. Isotope production cross sections for the spallation of copper targets by relativistic protons and for the fragmenting of carbon targets by relativistic carbon, neon, and iron projectiles are calculated and compared with available experimental data.

Townsend, L. W.↗

NASA NTRS1986

High energy irradiations simulating cosmic-ray-induced planetary gamma ray production. I - Fe target

Two thick Fe targets were bombarded by a series of 6 GeV proton irradiations for the purpose of simulating the cosmic ray bombardment of planetary objects in space. Gamma ray energy spectra were obtained with a germanium solid state detector during the bombardment, and 46 of the gamma ray lines were ascribed to the Fe targets. A comparison between observed and predicted values showed good agreement for Fe lines from neutron inelastic scattering and spallation reactions, and less satisfactory agreement for neutron capture reactions, the latter attributed to the difference in composition between the Fe target and the mean lunar abundance used in the modeling. Through an analysis of the irradiation results together with continuum data obtained in lunar orbit, it was found that 100 hours of measurement with a current instrument should generate a spectrum containing approximately 20 lines due to Fe alone, with a 2-sigma sensitivity for detection of about 0.2 percent.

Metzger, A. E.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Centrifuge impact cratering experiments: Scaling laws for non-porous targets

A geotechnical centrifuge was used to investigate large body impacts onto planetary surfaces. At elevated gravity, it is possible to match various dimensionless similarity parameters which were shown to govern large scale impacts. Observations of crater growth and target flow fields have provided detailed and critical tests of a complete and unified scaling theory for impact cratering. Scaling estimates were determined for nonporous targets. Scaling estimates for large scale cratering in rock proposed previously by others have assumed that the crater radius is proportional to powers of the impactor energy and gravity, with no additional dependence on impact velocity. The size scaling laws determined from ongoing centrifuge experiments differ from earlier ones in three respects. First, a distinct dependence of impact velocity is recognized, even for constant impactor energy. Second, the present energy exponent for low porosity targets, like competent rock, is lower than earlier estimates. Third, the gravity exponent is recognized here as being related to both the energy and the velocity exponents.

Schmidt, Robert M.↗

NASA NTRS1987

Problems and possible solutions involved in hard target calibration of coherent Doppler lidar

The field of radiometry is surveyed with reference to coherent light, since the surfaces to be considered here are irradiated with coherent, polarized light. Definitions of some concepts are modified. In light of these modifications calibration problems are analyzed and solutions suggested. The most important task was to develop hard targets exhibiting minimal specular reflection (mirror-like and retroreflection) and following closely a Lambertian scattering curve. Bistable reflectometer experiments and integrating sphere measurements are used to physically characterize the targets. Optical and electron microscopy are used to physically characterize the targets. Since the BRDF matrix is not measured, this capability must be developed preferably for both bistatic and monostatic reflectometer measurements. The equipment is expensive and not yet developed. Calibration can be simplified if it can be proved that the BRDF matrix is diagonal for a diffuse scatterer.

Anderson, Richard↗

NASA NTRS1989

Voyager 2 Neptune targeting strategy

The success of the Voyager 2 flybys of Neptune and Triton depends upon the ability to correct the spacecraft's trajectory. Accurate spacecraft delivery to the desired encounter conditions will promote the maximum science return. However, Neptune's great distance causes large a priori uncertainties in Neptune and Triton ephemerides and planetary system parameters. Consequently, the 'ideal' trajectory is unknown beforehand. The targeting challenge is to utilize the gradually improving knowledge as the spacecraft approaches Neptune to meet the science objectives, but with an overriding concern for spacecraft safety and a desire to limit propellant expenditure. A unique targeting strategy has been developed in response to this challenge. Through the use of a Monte Carlo simulation, candidate strategies are evaluated by the degree to which they meet these objectives and are compared against each other in determining the targeting strategy to be adopted.

Potts, C. L.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Advances in image compression and automatic target recognition; Proceedings of the Meeting, Orlando, FL, Mar. 30, 31, 1989

Various papers on image compression and automatic target recognition are presented. Individual topics addressed include: target cluster detection in cluttered SAR imagery, model-based target recognition using laser radar imagery, Smart Sensor front-end processor for feature extraction of images, object attitude estimation and tracking from a single video sensor, symmetry detection in human vision, analysis of high resolution aerial images for object detection, obscured object recognition for an ATR application, neural networks for adaptive shape tracking, statistical mechanics and pattern recognition, detection of cylinders in aerial range images, moving object tracking using local windows, new transform method for image data compression, quad-tree product vector quantization of images, predictive trellis encoding of imagery, reduced generalized chain code for contour description, compact architecture for a real-time vision system, use of human visibility functions in segmentation coding, color texture analysis and synthesis using Gibbs random fields.

Tescher, Andrew G.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Estimating SAR Doppler Shifts From Homogeneous Targets

Algorithm that processes some of information in synthetic-aperture-radar (SAR) echoes from homogeneous targets yields optimal estimates of Doppler frequency shifts. Helps in further processing to extract as much information as possible about targets. Used to improve radiometric calibrations, to estimate direction of radar antenna, and to determine speeds of moving targets more accurately. Also helpful in measurements of speeds of ocean currents and of wind shears at airports.

Jin, Michael Y.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Detection of target distance in the presence of an interfering reflection using a frequency-stepped double side-band suppressed carrier microwave radar system

A technique for detecting the distance to a highly reflective target in the presence of an interesting reflection using a frequency-stepped double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC) microwave-millimeter-wave radar system is analytically derived. The main result of the analysis shows that the measured group delays produced by the DSBSC system possess a periodicity inversely proportional to the difference between the time delays to the target and interferer, independent of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR). Simulation results are presented in the context of electron plasma density range estimation using a block diagram communications CAD tool. A unique and accurate plasma model is introduced. A high-resolution spectral estimation technique based on an autoregressive time series analysis is applied to the measured group delays, and it is shown that accurate target distance estimates may be obtained, independent of SIR.

Ybarra, Gary A.↗