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At least 433 records · Page 24

FedCSpc: A Cross-Silo Federated Learning System With Error-Bounded Lossy Parameter Compression

Cross-Silo federated learning is widely used for scaling deep neural network (DNN) training over data silos from different locations worldwide while guaranteeing data privacy. Communication has been identified as the main bottleneck when training large-scale models due to large-volume model parameters and gradient transmission across public networks with limited bandwidth. Most previous works focus on gradient compression, while limited work tries to compress parameters that can not be ignored and extremely affect communication performance during the training. Here, to bridge this gap, we propose FedCSpc: an efficient cross-silo federated learning system with an XAI-driven adaptive parameter compression strategy for large-scale model training. Our work substantially differs from existing gradient compression techniques due to the distinct data features of gradient and parameter. The key contributions of this paper are fourfold. (1) Our designed FedCSpc proposes to compress the parameter during the training using the state-of-the-art error-bounded lossy compressor – SZ3. (2) We develop an adaptive compression error bound adjustment algorithm to guarantee the model accuracy effectively. (3) We exploit an efficient approach to utilize the idle CPU resources of clients to compress the parameters. (4) We perform a comprehensive evaluation with a wide range of models and benchmarks on a GPU cluster with 65 GPUs. Results show that FedCSpc can achieve the same model accuracy as FedAvg while reducing the data volume of parameters and gradients in communication by up to 7.39× and 288×, respectively. With 32 clients on a 4 Gb size model, FedCSpc significantly outperforms FedAvg in wall-clock time in the emulated WAN environment (at the bandwidth of 1 Gbps or lower without loss of generality).

SZ3↗

Video transmission on ATM networks

The broadband integrated services digital network (B-ISDN) is expected to provide high-speed and flexible multimedia applications. Multimedia includes data, graphics, image, voice, and video. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is the adopted transport techniques for B-ISDN and has the potential for providing a more efficient and integrated environment for multimedia. It is believed that most broadband applications will make heavy use of visual information. The prospect of wide spread use of image and video communication has led to interest in coding algorithms for reducing bandwidth requirements and improving image quality. The major results of a study on the bridging of network transmission performance and video coding are: Using two representative video sequences, several video source models are developed. The fitness of these models are validated through the use of statistical tests and network queuing performance. A dual leaky bucket algorithm is proposed as an effective network policing function. The concept of the dual leaky bucket algorithm can be applied to a prioritized coding approach to achieve transmission efficiency. A mapping of the performance/control parameters at the network level into equivalent parameters at the video coding level is developed. Based on that, a complete set of principles for the design of video codecs for network transmission is proposed.

Chen, Yun-Chung↗

Development of Transition Edge Sensor Detectors Optimized for Single-Photon Spectroscopy in the Optical and Near-Infrared

The search for biosignatures in the atmospheres of exoplanets will be a key focus of future space telescopes that operate in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared bands. Detection of biosignatures requires an instrument with moderate spectral resolving power ($R \sim 100$) and a large bandwidth ($\sim 400$ nm -- $\sim 1.8$ $\mu$m). Additionally, biosignature detection is a photon-starved science; instruments designed for these measurements would ideally combine high optical efficiency with quantum-limited photon detectors (i.e., detectors that exhibit zero dark current). In this work, we report on our efforts to develop energy resolving transition edge sensor (TES)-based detectors designed for biosignature detection. TESs operated as microcalorimeters are compelling detectors for this application. Unlike semiconductor detectors, TESs eliminate the need for dispersive optics and are truly single photon detectors -- fundamental TES noise yields uncertainty in the energies of detected photons, not in the number of detected photons. We introduce TESs designed for this application and discuss the path toward realizing a TES-based dispersionless spectrometer optimized for biosignature detection.

Instrumentation and Photography↗

A More Accurate and Efficient Technique Developed for Using Computational Methods to Obtain Helical Traveling-Wave Tube Interaction Impedance

The phenomenal growth of commercial communications has created a great demand for traveling-wave tube (TWT) amplifiers. Although the helix slow-wave circuit remains the mainstay of the TWT industry because of its exceptionally wide bandwidth, until recently it has been impossible to accurately analyze a helical TWT using its exact dimensions because of the complexity of its geometrical structure. For the first time, an accurate three-dimensional helical model was developed that allows accurate prediction of TWT cold-test characteristics including operating frequency, interaction impedance, and attenuation. This computational model, which was developed at the NASA Lewis Research Center, allows TWT designers to obtain a more accurate value of interaction impedance than is possible using experimental methods. Obtaining helical slow-wave circuit interaction impedance is an important part of the design process for a TWT because it is related to the gain and efficiency of the tube. This impedance cannot be measured directly; thus, conventional methods involve perturbing a helical circuit with a cylindrical dielectric rod placed on the central axis of the circuit and obtaining the difference in resonant frequency between the perturbed and unperturbed circuits. A mathematical relationship has been derived between this frequency difference and the interaction impedance (ref. 1). However, because of the complex configuration of the helical circuit, deriving this relationship involves several approximations. In addition, this experimental procedure is time-consuming and expensive, but until recently it was widely accepted as the most accurate means of determining interaction impedance. The advent of an accurate three-dimensional helical circuit model (ref. 2) made it possible for Lewis researchers to fully investigate standard approximations made in deriving the relationship between measured perturbation data and interaction impedance. The most prominent approximations made in the analysis were addressed and fully investigated for their accuracy by using the three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation code MAFIA (Solution of Maxwell's Equations by the Finite Integration Algorithm) (refs. 3 and 4). We found that several approximations introduced significant error (ref. 5).

Kory, Carol L.↗

Femtosecond wavelength-tunable laser system using gain managed nonlinear amplifier

Optical parametric amplifiers require a seed energy at the spectral range of interest for amplification. In the case of pulsed laser systems, seed pulse characteristics such as spectral energy density and spectral uniformity influence laser system design and performance. In this letter, we present the design and modeling of a few micro-joules, wavelength-tunable, femtosecond parametric amplifier system. We employ a gain-managed nonlinear fiber amplifier output as the seed pulse. This seed pulse is relatively uniform across its bandwidth from 1010 to 1180 nm. Its spectral energy density averages 600 pJ/nm, 30 times higher than conventional counterparts. The overall amplification gain is 175, and the conversion efficiency is 17.5%. The inherent quasi-linear chirp of the seed pulse is utilized to alter the output wavelength. Our tunable femtosecond laser is an enabling technology for high-demand applications such as time-resolved spectroscopy, nonlinear and advanced material research, and biomedical imaging and microscopy modalities.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Pushing the limits of NAND technology scaling with ferroelectrics

Artificial intelligence (AI) continues to drive transformative advancements across various industries. The data-intensive nature of AI training (and inferencing) has resulted in the generation of unprecedented volumes of data with machine-generated content surpassing human-generated data by more than 100-fold in 2025. Efficiently managing this data influx necessitates advanced digital storage technologies. However, traditional NAND flash memory, which is critical for supporting data flows in AI systems—alongside high-bandwidth memory, for AI training—faces fundamental scaling limitations as it approaches the 1000-layer milestone, encompassing more than 40 trillion transistors. This article delves into the potential of hafnia-based ferroelectric materials as a breakthrough solution to these challenges. Recent advancements indicate that the intrinsic limitations of ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FEFETs) can be mitigated through material and device-level engineering. These advancements enable FEFETs to meet the stringent density, reliability, and scalability requirements of future three-dimensional NAND technology. The role of ferroelectrics in addressing NAND scaling challenges and expanding storage capabilities presents a promising avenue for meeting the storage demands of the AI-driven era.

3D NAND↗

Quadratic integer programming for large scale banded matrices

This paper is concerned with the integer quadratic program where the variables are constrained to belong to a given set of discrete values. This quadratic integer program is shown to be equivalent to a problem of finding the shortest path in a particular directed graph called a trellis when the matrix is a positive-definite symmetric banded matrix. An efficient procedure for solving this shortest path problem is presented which allows the solution of the integer quadratic program. This method is particularly effective when the half-bandwidth of the matrix is significantly smaller than its dimension.

Yan, T. Y.↗

A 250-Mbit/s ring local computer network using 1.3-microns single-mode optical fibers

A 250-Mbit/s three-station fiber-optic ring local computer network was built and successfully demonstrated. A conventional token protocol was employed for bus arbitration to maximize the bus efficiency under high loading conditions, and a non-return-to-zero (NRS) data encoding format was selected for simplicity and maximum utilization of the ECL-circuit bandwidth.

Eng, S. T.↗

An alternative resource sharing scheme for land mobile satellite services

A preliminary comparison between the two competing channelization concepts for the Land Mobile Satellite Services (LMSS), namely frequency division (FD) and code division (CD), is presented. Both random access and demand-assigned approaches are considered under these concepts. The CD concept is compared with the traditional FD concept based on the system consideration and a projected traffic model. It is shown that CD is not particularly attractive for the first generation Mobile Satellite Services because of the spectral occupancy of the network bandwidth. However, the CD concept is a viable alternative for future systems such as the personal access satellite system (PASS) in the Ka-band spectrum where spectral efficiency is not of prime concern. The effects of power robbing and voice activity factor are incorporated. It was shown that the traditional rule of thumb of dividing the number of raw channels by the voice activity factor to obtain the effective number of channels is only valid asymptotically as the aggregated traffic approaches infinity.

Yan, Tsun-Yee↗

HgCdTe Avalanche Photodiode Detectors for Airborne and Spaceborne Lidar at Infrared Wavelengths

We report results from characterizing the HgCdTe avalanche photodiode (APD) sensorchip assemblies (SCA) developed for lidar at infrared wavelength using the high density vertically integrated photodiodes (HDVIP) technique. These devices demonstrated high quantum efficiency, typically greater than 90 between 0.8 micrometers and the cut-off wavelength, greater than 600 APD gain, near unity excess noise factor, 6-10 MHz electrical bandwidth and less than 0.5 fW/Hz(exp.1/2) noise equivalent power (NEP). The detectors provide linear analog output with a dynamic range of 2-3 orders of magnitude at a fixed APD gain without averaging, and over 5 orders of magnitude by adjusting the APD and preamplifier gain settings. They have been successfully used in airborne CO2 and CH4 integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar as a precursor for space lidar applications.

Sun, Xiaoli↗

The development of inflatable array antennas

The deployable array antenna using an inflatable or thin-membrane structure has been identified as one of the enabling technologies to achieve low-mass, high packaging efficiency, low cost, and reliable deployment for future NASNJPL spacebome high-gain and large aperture antennas. Array antennas, when compared to parabolic reflectors, although suffering from limited bandwidth performance, offer wide-angle beam scanning capability and a more reliable flat “natural” aperture. To demonstrate the feasibility and capability of this low-mass array technology, three antenna concepts using inflatable and thin-membrane structures were initiated in 1997 at JPL and several breadboard units have been successfully developed. These three concepts are (1) the inflatable phased array, (2) the inflatable reflectarray, and (3) frame-supported thin membrane array antenna. All three concepts utilize the printed microstrip antenna technology. Although all three concepts will be briefly presented, this paper will discuss in more detail of the recent development of the second concept. The first concept of inflatable phased arrays that have been constructed are 3 to 5-meter size L-band dual-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) arrays for Earth remote sensing application. They all consist of a rectangular configuration with inflatable cylindrical tubes that support and tension a multi-layer thin-membrane radiating aperture with microstrip patches and microstrip power divider lines. For the second concept, an inflatable reflectarray was developed for future deep-space telecom applications. It is a 3m Ka-band inflatable reflectarray (1.8 kg/m2). This reflectarray uses inflated torus tubes to support and tension a flat-membrane reflectarray surface. The reflectarray surface emulates a curved parabolic reflecting surface. However, because of its flat surface being a “natural surface”, it is much easier to achieve and more reliable to maintain the required surface tolerance than that of a curved parabola during long space flight. For the third concept, an L-band dual polarized SAR array with a 5m x 3m aperture and 2.5 kg/m2 of mass has recently been demonstrated. It consists of seven foldable panels each having a rectangular frame that supports a two-layer thinmembrane microstrip subarray aperture. Each frame is made of light-weight graphite composite material. The chief advantage of this deployable “frame” concept is that each frame is able to rigidly support an appropriate number of T/R modules and phase shifters to achieve the desired power distribution and beam scanning. Several technology challenges, such as the development of rigidizable inflatable tubes, a controlled deployment mechanism, thin-membrane thermal effects, a low-mass inflation system, membrane mounted T/R modules, means to counter surface tolerance issues, etc. are being investigated and will be discussed in the presentation. With foreseeable success in the development of these challenging areas, the inflatable/thin-membrane array antennas could be mature enough in a few years for actual space flight.

Lou, Michael↗

Fiber-Optic Network Architectures for Onboard Avionics Applications Investigated

This project is part of a study within the Advanced Air Transportation Technologies program undertaken at the NASA Glenn Research Center. The main focus of the program is the improvement of air transportation, with particular emphasis on air transportation safety. Current and future advances in digital data communications between an aircraft and the outside world will require high-bandwidth onboard communication networks. Radiofrequency (RF) systems, with their interconnection network based on coaxial cables and waveguides, increase the complexity of communication systems onboard modern civil and military aircraft with respect to weight, power consumption, and safety. In addition, safety and reliability concerns from electromagnetic interference between the RF components embedded in these communication systems exist. A simple, reliable, and lightweight network that is free from the effects of electromagnetic interference and capable of supporting the broadband communications needs of future onboard digital avionics systems cannot be easily implemented using existing coaxial cable-based systems. Fiber-optical communication systems can meet all these challenges of modern avionics applications in an efficient, cost-effective manner. The objective of this project is to present a number of optical network architectures for onboard RF signal distribution. Because of the emergence of a number of digital avionics devices requiring high-bandwidth connectivity, fiber-optic RF networks onboard modern aircraft will play a vital role in ensuring a low-noise, highly reliable RF communication system. Two approaches are being used for network architectures for aircraft onboard fiber-optic distribution systems: a hybrid RF-optical network and an all-optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network.

Nguyen, Hung D.↗

Modeling Hubble Space Telescope flight data by Q-Markov cover identification

A state space model for the Hubble Space Telescope under the influence of unknown disturbances in orbit is presented. This model was obtained from flight data by applying the Q-Markov covariance equivalent realization identification algorithm. This state space model guarantees the match of the first Q-Markov parameters and covariance parameters of the Hubble system. The flight data were partitioned into high- and low-frequency components for more efficient Q-Markov cover modeling, to reduce some computational difficulties of the Q-Markov cover algorithm. This identification revealed more than 20 lightly damped modes within the bandwidth of the attitude control system. Comparisons with the analytical (TREETOPS) model are also included.

Liu, K.↗

An Atmospheric General Circulation Model with Chemistry for the CRAY T3E: Design, Performance Optimization and Coupling to an Ocean Model

The design, implementation and performance optimization on the CRAY T3E of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) which includes the transport of, and chemical reactions among, an arbitrary number of constituents is reviewed. The parallel implementation is based on a two-dimensional (longitude and latitude) data domain decomposition. Initial optimization efforts centered on minimizing the impact of substantial static and weakly-dynamic load imbalances among processors through load redistribution schemes. Recent optimization efforts have centered on single-node optimization. Strategies employed include loop unrolling, both manually and through the compiler, the use of an optimized assembler-code library for special function calls, and restructuring of parts of the code to improve data locality. Data exchanges and synchronizations involved in coupling different data-distributed models can account for a significant fraction of the running time. Therefore, the required scattering and gathering of data must be optimized. In systems such as the T3E, there is much more aggregate bandwidth in the total system than in any particular processor. This suggests a distributed design. The design and implementation of a such distributed 'Data Broker' as a means to efficiently couple the components of our climate system model is described.

Farrara, John D.↗

Stacked-mosaic amplifier and diode delivery concept for kJ-class inertial fusion energy laser driver

We report on a laser amplifier architecture designed as a modular element for scaling to multi-megajoule laser facilities intended for inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plants. This kilojoule-class module features a stacked mosaic of gain media integrated with a diode delivery system for efficient optical pumping of the mosaic-structured gain medium, enabling high-repetition-rate operation at high wall plug efficiencies, necessary for an IFE driver. Details of a diode delivery system capable of pumping the mosaic architecture are presented. Comprehensive numerical modeling demonstrates that the stacked-mosaic approach reduces transverse gain by five orders of magnitude compared to a conventional full-aperture Yb:YAG based amplifier, substantially suppressing transverse amplified spontaneous emission (TASE) and enabling enhanced longitudinal energy extraction. Detailed analysis of thermal management and wavefront distortion in a 4 × 4 mosaic array indicates that temperature gradients and thermally induced aberrations are effectively controlled using gas cooling and commercially available phase-plate and deformable mirror technologies. We further discuss the applicability of a stacked-mosaic architecture to direct-drive IFE schemes, where broad spectral bandwidth is critical, and its compatibility with frequency conversion modules for up-conversion to blue wavelengths. Finally, an example point design for a 10 kJ, 10 Hz Yb:YAG module operating at 175 K with wall-plug efficiency exceeding 10 % is presented, underscoring the feasibility of this approach for next-generation high-energy lasers for IFE drivers. The results establish the stacked-mosaic amplifier as a scalable, robust platform not only for IFE but also for a broad range of advanced scientific and industrial laser applications.

Lasers↗

Receiver Signal to Noise Ratios for IPDA Lidars Using Sine-wave and Pulsed Laser Modulation and Direct Detections

Integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar can be used to remotely measure the column density of gases in the path to a scattering target [1]. The total column gas molecular density can be derived from the ratio of the laser echo signal power with the laser wavelength on the gas absorption line (on-line) to that off the line (off-line). 80th coherent detection and direct detection IPDA lidar have been used successfully in the past in horizontal path and airborne remote sensing measurements. However, for space based measurements, the signal propagation losses are often orders of magnitude higher and it is important to use the most efficient laser modulation and detection technique to minimize the average laser power and the electrical power from the spacecraft. This paper gives an analysis the receiver signal to noise ratio (SNR) of several laser modulation and detection techniques versus the average received laser power under similar operation environments. Coherent detection [2] can give the best receiver performance when the local oscillator laser is relatively strong and the heterodyne mixing losses are negligible. Coherent detection has a high signal gain and a very narrow bandwidth for the background light and detector dark noise. However, coherent detection must maintain a high degree of coherence between the local oscillator laser and the received signal in both temporal and spatial modes. This often results in a high system complexity and low overall measurement efficiency. For measurements through atmosphere the coherence diameter of the received signal also limits the useful size of the receiver telescope. Direct detection IPDA lidars are simpler to build and have fewer constraints on the transmitter and receiver components. They can use much larger size 'photon-bucket' type telescopes to reduce the demands on the laser transmitter. Here we consider the two most widely used direct detection IPDA lidar techniques. The first technique uses two CW seeder lasers, one on-line and one offline that are intensity modulated by two different frequency sine-waves signals before being amplified by a common laser amplifier. The receiver uses narrowband amplitude demodulation, or lock-in, Signal processing at the given laser modulation frequencies [3,4]. The laser transmitter operates in a quasi CW mode with the peak power equal to twice the average power. The on-line and off-line lasers can be transmitted at the same time without interference. Another direct detection technique uses a low duty cycle pulsed laser modulation [5,6] with the laser wavelengths alternating between on-line and off-line on successive pulses. The receiver uses time resolved detection and can also provide simultaneous target range measurement. With a lower laser duty cycle it requires a much higher peak laser power for the same average power.

Sun, Xiaoli↗

Passive radiative thermal management using phase-change metasurfaces

Abstract Realizing innovative composite materials with passive thermal management capabilities and minimal ecological footprints is a challenging but much sought-after goal that would have a transformative effect on renewable energy sciences. We demonstrate an environmentally friendly metasurface utilizing vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) that offers responsiveness to ambient temperature and potentially long-term stability. The metasurface enables passive thermal management by self-adjusting its absorptivity and emissivity response over a broad bandwidth ranging from visible to mid-infrared (IR) wavelengths. Above the VO 2 phase transition the metasurface exhibits increased mid-IR emissivity and reduced visible/near-IR absorptivity, creating an efficient radiative emission channel in the first atmospheric transparency window with reduced absorption of solar radiation. In contrast, below VO 2 ’s transition temperature, the metasurface increasingly absorbs sun light while minimizing mid-IR radiative heat losses. Moreover, a functional silicon layer eliminates the need for an additional capping layer commonly employed to protect VO 2 from environmental degradation. The additional protective layer often impedes the use and performance of VO 2 based devices in terrestrial as well as spacecraft applications. Therefore, the proposed durable and eco-friendly metasurface will be an excellent candidate for essential passive thermal regulation systems across residential and terrestrial applications.

42 ENGINEERING↗