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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1975

Current-driven plasma instabilities at high latitudes

Earlier Ogo 5 discussions of high-latitude magnetospheric wave-particle interaction phenomena associated with field aligned current systems are extended by considering some September 7, 1968, out-bound measurements and corresponding March 11, 1969, observations, when the spacecraft was traversing auroral L shells in midafternoon. It is shown that during moderate magnetospheric disturbances the most intense waves and currents were detected near sharp boundaries in the density of polar cleft electrons, and it is possible that local wave-particle interactions produced anomalous resistivity. Some observed changes in the electron distribution functions might be explained in terms of local acceleration, but significant causal questions about the dynamics remain open if one can use only local data from a single spacecraft in this region.

Scarf, F. L.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Heterovalent Substitution of K 2 SrP 2 O 7 :Cr 3+ to Achieve Anti-Thermal-Quenching Broadband Near-Infrared Luminescence

Broadband near-infrared (NIR) light sources based on phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes are highly desirable for biochemical analysis and medical diagnosis applications. However, thermal quenching remains a demanding challenge for developing efficient NIR phosphors. Herein, we report the enhancement of both quantum efficiency and thermal stability in Cr 3+ -activated K 2 SrP 2 O 7 phosphors through a heterovalent substitution strategy by replacing Sr 2+ with Al 3+ in K 2 Sr 1–x Al x P 2 O 7 (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) to obtain optimized broadband NIR emission. Structural modulation via Al 3+ substitution leads to the optimized composition, K 2 Sr 0.88 Al 0.1 P 2 O 7 :0.02Cr 3+ , which emits across a broad NIR range of 650–1100 nm peaking at 807 nm with a full width at half-maximum of ∼130 nm under 448 nm excitation. Remarkably, its emission intensity at 150 °C remains 120% of the initial value at room temperature, demonstrating a rare antithermal-quenching behavior. Temperature-dependent XRD studies further reveal that Al 3+ substitution effectively suppresses lattice expansion at elevated temperatures, indicating enhanced lattice stability under thermal excitation. Detailed structural and spectral analyses show that the substitution enhances local site symmetry, reduces electron–phonon coupling, increases thermally induced absorption probability, and fortifies energetic barriers against nonradiative transitions. These synergistic effects collectively endow this NIR phosphor with a superior thermal stability. Furthermore, NIR light-emitting diodes fabricated with this phosphor exhibit strong potential for applications in information identification, nondestructive detection, and night vision technologies. This study demonstrates a local structure engineering strategy for designing thermally robust Cr 3+ -activated NIR phosphors, offering valuable insights into material discovery and NIR spectroscopy device development.

Cr3+↗
NASA NTRS1978

The magnetopause energetic electron layer. I - Observations along the distant magnetotail

Instrumentation aboard Imp 8 was used to study the magnetopause energetic electron layer along the distant magnetotail, and the observations are discussed. The inner edge of the layer corresponds to the magnetopause boundary, and energetic electrons within the layer persistently stream tailward along local magnetosheath field lines. Pitch angles of electrons along the dusk magnetopause are often restricted to values less than approximately 40 deg, while along the dawnside of the tail somewhat larger pitch angles are normally seen. The differential energy spectra of electrons in the layer, the intensity enhancements, and the average directional intensities are characterized.

Baker, D. N.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Electronic excitation and quenching of atoms at insulator surfaces

A trajectory-based semiclassical method is used to study electronically inelastic collisions of gas atoms with insulator surfaces. The method provides for quantum-mechanical treatment of the internal electronic dynamics of a localized region involving the gas/surface collision, and a classical treatment of all the nuclear degrees of freedom (self-consistently and in terms of stochastic trajectories), and includes accurate simulation of the bath-temperature effects. The method is easy to implement and has a generality that holds promise for many practical applications. The problem of electronically inelastic dynamics is solved by computing a set of stochastic trajectories that on thermal averaging directly provide electronic transition probabilities at a given temperature. The theory is illustrated by a simple model of a two-state gas/surface interaction.

Swaminathan, P. K.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Evidence for a common high-temperature superconducting effect in La(1.85)Sr(0.15)CuO4 and YBa2Cu3O7

The paper reports the positron-annihilation lifetime and Doppler-broadening energy spectra in La(1.85)Sr(0.15)CuO4 superconductors for T = 10-297 K. A strong temperature dependence in positron lifetime and momentum distribution parameters is observed for positron-electron annihilation data while the sample is in the superconducting state, but not while it is in the normal state. Experimental evidence is presented that the superconducting mechanisms in La(1.85)Sr(0.15)CuO4 and YBa2Cu3O7 are similar and it is suggested that this is a consequence of a common physics involving the delicate balance between localized- and itinerant-electron behavior.

Jean, Y. C.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Carbon-Based Quantum Information Science with Symmetry Protected Topological States (Final Report, DOE-BES award DE-SC0023105)

This research program established the scientific foundation for the rational, bottom-up design, synthesis, isolation, and investigation of symmetry-protected topological (SPT) electron spin qubits embedded in graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). The work focused on integrating atomically precise low-dimensional carbon nanostructures with emerging quantum logic architectures, providing a pathway toward scalable quantum materials for next-generation computing and sensing technologies. A central component of the program was the elucidation of fundamental relationships between real-space molecular architecture, local spin density distributions, electronic band dispersion, and energy level alignment in atomically precise GNR systems. These correlations define key operational parameters of SPT qubits and were systematically investigated to establish quantitative benchmarks against established molecular and solid-state spin qubit platforms. Attention was given to properties critical for quantum device performance, e.g. decoherence times, spectral sharpness of energy transitions, and tunable exchange interactions between spin states. The research demonstrated that these parameters can be engineered with atomic precision through scalable bottom-up synthetic strategies. Theory-guided design played a central role in identifying candidate structures hosting topologically protected spin states. Experimental validation was performed using both ensemble measurements and single-molecule characterization. In addition to advances in quantum materials synthesis, the program developed and applied spin-sensitive scanning probe microscopy techniques capable of directly probing quantum states and dynamic processes with atomic-scale spatial resolution. These capabilities enabled direct observation and characterization of quantum structures at the single-atom level. While the research activities were primarily hypothesis-driven fundamental investigations, the program adopted a comprehensive materials-by-design framework aimed at translating scientific discoveries into technological concepts compatible with scalable and intelligent manufacturing approaches.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1979

Diffuse Jovian aurora influenced by plasma injection from Io

The paper demonstrates that the broad band of whistler-mode waves observed within the high density torus surrounding Io is consistent with electron cyclotron generation. Cyclotron resonant instability of Jovian energetic electrons is enhanced due to the lower resonant electron energy within the equatorial high density plasma torus surrounding the orbit of Io. The higher energy resonant electron scattering and the corresponding energetic electron lifetimes indicate that an efficient local acceleration process is required to replenish the precipitating relativistic electrons. Calculated energy deposition into the Jovian atmosphere should provide a dominant source of middle atmospheric ionization and excite a continuous band of diffuse auroral emission. It is suggested that the diffuse Jovian aurora should be influenced by the variable volcanic activity on Io which is thought to be an important source of plasma, since the cyclotron scattering process is strongly influenced by the ambient equatorial thermal plasma density.

Thorne, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Modeling solar flare conduction fronts. I - Homogeneous plasmas and ion-acoustic turbulence. II - Inhomogeneous plasmas and ambipolar electric fields

A one-dimensional, electrostatic, particle-in-cell simulation is used here to model the expansion of a heated electron population in a coronal loop during a solar flare and the characteristics of the associated X-ray emissions. The hot electrons expand outward from the localized region, creating an ambipolar electric field which accelerates a return current of cooler, ambient electrons. Ion-acoustic waves are generated by the return currents as proposed by Brown et al. (1979), but they play little or no role in containing energetic electrons and the conduction front proposed by Brown et al. does not form. The X-ray emission efficiency of the electrons is too low in the corona for them to be the source of hard X-ray bursts. The particle dynamics changes dramatically if the heated plasma is at low altitudes and expands upward into the more tenuous plasma at higher altitudes. Two important applications of this finding are the radio-frequency heating of the corona and the collisional heating of the chromosphere by precipitating energetic electrons. In both cases, the overlying plasma has a density that is too low to supply a balancing return current to the expanding hot electrons. As a result, an ambipolar electric field develops that tends to confine the energetic electrons behind a front that propagate outward at about the speed of sound.

Mckean, M. E.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Effects of spacecraft potential on three-dimensional electron measurements in the solar wind

Using the three-dimensional, low-energy electron spectrometer aboard the Ulysses spacecraft, we have measured the gyrotropicity of electron distributions in the solar wind. In order to make these observations, we have developed a new technique for correcting spacecraft charging effects in three-dimensional, low-energy particle measurements. Comparisons of ion and electron number and current densities, and the alignment of electron temperature anisotropies with the local magnetic field, are presented as evidence of the improvement in the accuracy of the electron moments resulting from the spacecraft charging corrections. The implications of our charging correction technique go beyond simple scalar corrections to the Ulysses measurements. We discuss the effects of our charging correction upon the measurements of temporal and radial gradients in a plasma environment and for two-dimensionally obtained low-energy particle data.

Scime, Earl E.↗
NASA NTRS2000

Electron Signatures and Alfven Waves

The electron signatures which appear together with Alfven waves observed by the Freja satellite in the auroral region are reported. Precipitating electrons are detected both with and just before the wave. The observed Alfven waves must therefore be capable of accelerating electrons to higher energies than the local phase velocity of these waves in order for the electrons to move in advance of the wave. The characteristics of such electrons suggest electrons moving infront of the wave have characteristics of origin from warmer and lower density plasma while the electrons moving with the wave have characteristics of cooler and denser plasma. The pitch angle distribution of the electrons moving with the wave indicates that there is continuous acceleration of new particles by the wave, i.e. a propagating Alfven wave is the source of these electrons . A simple model of a propagating source is made to model the electrons that are moving in advance of the wave. Depending on whether accelerated electrons leave the wave above or below the altitude where the Alfven wave has the highest phase velocity, the detected electron signatures will be different; electron dispersion or potential drop like, respectively. It is shown that the Alfven wave acceleration can create electron signatures similar to inverted-V structures.

Andersson, Laila↗
NASA NTRS1979

Pc 3 magnetic pulsations and precipitation of energetic electrons

The synchronous altitude satellite ATS 1 data and near-conjugate measurements of bremsstrahlung X-rays and ground magnetic variations were used to analyze an event of modulated auroral zone electron precipitation and magnetic pulsations in the Pc range. Transverse, azimuthal, nearly linearly polarized waves observed at ATS 1, ground magnetic pulsations at College, Alaska, and intervals of modulated electron precipitation centered on local magnetic moon, and noted in the X-ray data from Fort Yukon, Alaska, are discussed, noting that the origin of the Pc 3 waves is attributed to local field line resonances induced by Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause. The wave resonance model can explain observed differences in the pulsation activity at the ground, balloon, and satellite if account is taken of the spatial sensitivities of the techniques and the location of observing sites with respect to the probable location of resonant field lines. The data suggest that electron precipitation pulsations will correlate with Pc 3 magnetic pulsations when substorm injections coupled with azimuthal drift provide enhanced energetic particle fluxes with dayside resonance regions.

Arthur, C. W.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Localized injection of large-amplitude Pc 1 waves and electron temperature enhancement near the plasmapause observed by DE2 in the upper ionosphere

The relation between electron temperature enhancement and large amplitude Pc 1 wave injections in the upper ionosphere is investigated using the data obtained by the Dynamics Explorer 2 spacecraft. Results can be summarized as follows: (1) The region of the temperature enhancement coincides with that of the wave injection which is latitudinally very narrow (less than 100 km) in comparison with the wavelength along the ambient magnetic field (several hundred kilometers). (2) The duration of the wave injection (or the temperature enhancement) seems to be less than a few hours even under quiet geomagnetic conditions, and/or the injection seems to be very localized, not only latitudinally, but also longitudinally. (3) The appearance and the magnitude of temperature enhancement depend on both the wave amplitude and the satellite altitude. (4) Two of the 22 events that were analyzed show a clear enhancement of low-energy electron flux (5 to 30 eV) at the wave injection, and the flux is field-aligned both downward and upward. The region of the temperature enhancement coincides with that of the downward electron flux. From these results, it is suggested that the temperature enhancement which accompanies large-amplitude waves with Pc 1 pulsation frequencies (0.2 to 5 Hz) is caused by the direct acceleration of thermal electrons at low altitudes by the parallel electric field (0.01 to 0.001 mV/m) of the ion-cyclotron waves (kinetic Alfven waves) having an oblique wave normal.

Iyemori, T.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Recent advances in plasma control and physics research in the Large Helical Device

The Large Helical Device (LHD), the largest superconducting helical system in the world, is equipped with advanced heating and diagnostic tools, facilitating plasma control and physics research. Data assimilation was employed for electron temperature control using a real-time Thomson scattering system and real time prediction code. A virtual LHD environment enabled visualization of escaping high-energy tritium ions and demonstrated that these ions impact the rear side of the divertor plate. Pioneering results crucial to plasma control have also been achieved. Real-time wall conditioning using Lithium granule dropping improved bulk ion energy and particle transport while simultaneously enhancing the heavy impurity transport. Progress has also been made in the investigation of turbulence-driven transport. At the confinement bifurcation, ion-scale turbulence decreased, while electron-scale turbulence increased. A change in the anisotropy of turbulent eddies was also observed at the confinement bifurcation. Coexistence of local and non-local turbulence was identified in electron-scale turbulence. Non-local turbulence exhibited the rapid spatial propagation of perturbations throughout the plasma, while local turbulence followed the temperature gradient. A transition between drift-wave turbulence and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) turbulence was observed with the turbulence minimized at the transition condition. Machine learning analysis was employed to evaluate the temperate and density conditions of this turbulence transition. Then, real-time control of fueling and heating was applied to maintain the turbulence transition condition, improving the energy confinement enhancement factor by 20%. In addition, evidence was obtained for collisionless ion heating by energetic-ion-driven geodesic acoustic modes and MHD bursts. These achievements represent unique contributions to the development of fusion reactors.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Public Data Set: Initial Characterization of Electron Temperature and Density Profiles in PEGASUS Spherical Tokamak Discharges Driven Solely by Local Helicity Injection

This public data set contains openly-documented, machine readable digital research data corresponding to figures published in G.M. Bodner et al., ‘Initial Characterization of Electron Temperature and Density Profiles in PEGASUS Spherical Tokamak Discharges Driven Solely by Local Helicity Injection,’ Physics of Plasmas 28, 102504 (2021) and its erratum in Physics of Plasmas 31, 129904 (2024).

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS1986

Total ionospheric electron content calibration using SERIES GPS satellite data

The current status of the Deep Space Network advanced systems research into ionospheric calibration techniques, based on Global Positioning System (GPS) data is described. A GPS-based calibration system is planned to replace the currently used Faraday rotation method by 1989. The SERIES receiver system determines the differential group delay of signals transmitted at two different carrier frequencies. This differential delay includes an ionospheric component and a GPS transmitter offset. The transmitter offsets are different for each GPS satellite. Tests were conducted to assess the effect of the offsets on the ionospheric calibration accuracy. From the obtained data, the total electron content and GPS transmitter offsets are calculated by a least squares estimation method employing a local model of total ionospheric electron content. The end product is an estimation of the total ionospheric content for an arbitrary line-of-sight direction. For the presented polynomial fitting technique, the systematic error due to mismodeling is estimated to be approximately 6 x 10 to the 16th power el/sq m, while the formal error is approximately 2 x 10 to the 16th power el/sq m. The final goal is an error of 3 x 10 to the 16th power el/sq m (approximately 0.7 ns at 2.3 GHz).

Lanyi, G.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Large sounding rockets as a base for probing the distant magnetosphere

The Echo program's use of large sounding rockets to inject electron beams into the outer trapping region where the earth's plasma sheet interacts with the inner magnetosphere is discussed. The beams pass through the plasma sheet and the trapping region, reflect at the southern hemisphere conjugate point and return to the vicinity of the rocket where they are detected and analyzed for acceleration and diffusion processes which may also be responsible for the radiation belts. The motion of electron beams in the magnetosphere is discussed from the standpoint of single particle motion, and the trajectories of electrons injected with known energy, known angle between the electron velocity vector and the local magnetic field vector, and known position are examined. The interaction between the rocket motion and the electron drift motion is described, and the advantages and drawbacks of beam detection by optical methods and by throwaway detectors are compared. Planned Echo experiments using the Space Shuttle are discussed

Winckler, J. R.↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Straightforward Model for Quantifying Local pH Gradients Governing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

The production and consumption of protons by an electrocatalyst will, under certain conditions, generate localized microenvironments with properties distinct from those of the bulk solution. These local properties are particularly impactful for reactions involving proton-coupled electron transfer, where the generation of locally basic or acidic environments may significantly influence the energy efficiency and reaction selectivity of the electrocatalyst. Whereas local pH environments have been observed and characterized in reductive half-reactions, including the CO 2 reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions, the incompatibility of conventional techniques and materials has limited studies in oxidative half-reactions, including the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which provides the reducing equivalents for solar-to-fuels electrolysis. With the straightforward parameters bulk pH, buffer composition and pK a , and mass transport, we develop a model for describing local pH as a function of current density regardless of the microscopic details of the mechanism. Using an acid-stable PbO x OER catalyst, we observe the formation and dissipation of pH gradients during the OER and validate the model with voltammetric and potentiometric studies. Here, the model predicts how local acidic environments can develop over a narrow OER current density window, thus providing further motivation for the development of OER catalysts that are stable to acid, even when operating in basic aqueous conditions. More generally, the model is not restricted to the OER and is useful for determining the onset of local pH gradients for other electrocatalytic reactions that involve the consumption or generation of protons in energy conversion reactions.

Anions↗
DOE OSTI2025

Photocurrent Nanoscopy of Quantum Hall Bulk

Understanding nanoscale electronic and thermal transport of two-dimensional (2D) electron systems in the quantum Hall regime, particularly in the bulk insulating state, poses considerable challenges. One of the primary difficulties arises from the presence of chiral edge channels, whose transport behavior obscures the investigation of the insulating bulk. Using near-field optical and photocurrent nanoscopy, we probe real-space variations of the optical and thermal dynamics of graphene in the quantum Hall regime without relying on complex sample or electrode geometries. Near the charge-neutrality point, we detect strong optical and photothermal signals from resonant inter-Landau-level (LL) magnetoexciton excitations between the zeroth and ± 1 st LLs, which gradually weaken with increasing doping due to Pauli blocking. Interestingly, at higher doping levels and full-integer LL fillings, photothermal signals reappear across the entire sample over an approximately 10 − μ m scale, indicating unexpectedly long cooling lengths and nonlocal photothermal heating through the insulating bulk. This observation suggests that thermal conductivity persists for the localized states even as electronic transport is suppressed—a clear violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law. Our experiments provide novel insights into nanoscale thermal and electronic transport in incompressible 2D gases, highlighting the roles of magnetoexcitons and chiral edge states in the thermo-optoelectric dynamics of the Dirac quantum Hall state. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗