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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 433 records · Page 24
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Growth and stress-induced transformation of zinc blende AlN layers in Al-AlN-TiN multilayers

We report that AlN nanolayers in sputter deposited {111}Al/AlN/TiN multilayers exhibit the metastable zinc-blende-structure (z-AlN). Based on density function theory calculations, the growth of the z-AlN is ascribed to the kinetically and energetically favored nitridation of the deposited aluminium layer. In situ nanoindentation of the as-deposited {111}Al/AlN/TiN multilayers in a high-resolution transmission electron microscope revealed the z-AlN to wurzite AlN phase transformation through collective glide of Shockley partial dislocations on every two {111} planes of the z-AlN.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Microfluidic synthesis of multilayered lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles for the formulation of low solubility drugs

Hybrid phospholipid/block copolymer membranes where polymers and lipids are molecularly mixed or phase-separated into polymer-rich and lipid-rich domains are promising drug delivery materials. Harnessing the chemical diversity of polymers and the biocompatability of lipids is a compelling approach to design the next generation of drug carriers. Here, we report on the development of a microfluidics-based strategy analogous to produce lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for the nanomanufacturing of multilayered hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs). In conclusion, using X-ray scattering, Cryo-electron, and polarized microscopy we show that phosphatidylcholine (PC) and PBD-b-PEO (poly(butadiene-block-ethylene oxide)) hybrid membranes can be nanomanufactured by microfluidics into HNPs with dense and multilayered cores which are ideal carriers of low-solubility drugs of the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) II and IV such as antimalarial DSM265 and Paclitaxel, respectively.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Layer-by-layer growth of graphene oxide multilayers using robust interlayer linking chemistry. 1. Zr-bisphosphates

Graphene oxide (GO) holds substantial interest because of its utility in applications ranging from chemical sensing to catalysis and energy storage. We report on the layer-by-layer formation of graphene oxide phosphate (P-GO) multilayers on silica and oxidized silicon supports, with the layers connected via Zr-bisphosphate (ZP) linking chemistry. Layers were grown either directly by ZP linkages between P-GO sheets, or with the use of 1,4-phenylene bisphosphate (BP1) or [1,1′-biphenyl]4,4′-diyl bisphosphate (BP2). The layers have been characterized using optical null ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There is a linear dependence of assembly thickness on the number of layers deposited and the integrated area of the optical absorbance bands also increases linearly with number of layers deposited. XPS data provides information on interlayer linking stoichiometry. SEM images provide insight into the morphology of the adlayers, suggesting the structure and length of the interlayer linking moieties used in the multilayer assembly play a significant role in the organization of the resulting system.

Mukherjee, Neelanjana [Michigan State University, ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Thermal diffusion in Ni/Al multilayer

Two Ni/Al multilayers deposited by ion beam sputtering of nominal design [Ni(200A)/Al(100A)] Multiplication-Sign 5 and [Ni(50A)/Al(227A)] Multiplication-Sign 5 on Si substrates were annealed at 200 Degree-Sign C. As-deposited and annealed samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray reflectometry (XRR). The effort was to study the path of alloying in the above two multilayers of same elements but of opposite stoichiometric ratio. We find distinct differences in alloying of these samples.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Anomalous X-ray scattering study of quantum dots embedded in MBE grown silicon/germanium multilayers

Anomalous X-ray scattering is a unique technique to determine the composition profile of quantum dots embedded in buried interfaces of multilayer-structures. Here we present the results of MBE grown Si/Ge multilayer structures on Si(001) substrates having self-assembled Ge quantum dots in its buried interfaces. We performed grazing incidence diffraction measurements of (400) reflections along with (004) diffraction profiles exhibiting super-lattice reflections at and away from the germanium K-edge. Systematic analysis of the acquired data enabled us to extract average composition and strain profiles of the quantum dots.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

The transition from amorphous to crystalline in Al/Zr multilayers

The amorphous-to-crystalline transition in Al(1.0%wtSi)/Zr and Al(Pure)/Zr multilayers grown by direct-current magnetron sputtering system has been characterized over a range of Al layer thicknesses (1.0-5.0 nm) by using a series of complementary measurements including grazing incidence X-ray reflectometry, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The Al layer thickness transition exhibits the Si doped in Al could not only disfavor the crystallization of Al but also influence the changing trends of surface roughness and diffraction peak position of phase Al<111>. An interesting feature of the presence of Si in Al layer is that Si could influence the transition process in Al(1%wtSi) layer, in which the critical thickness (1.6 nm) of Al(Pure) layer in Al(Pure)/Zr shifts to 1.8 nm of Al(1.0%wtSi) layer in Al(1.0%wtSi)/Zr multilayer. We also found that the Zr-on-Al interlayer is wider than the Al-on-Zr interlayer in both systems, and the Al layers do not have specific crystal orientation in the directions vertical to the layer from selected area electron diffraction patterns below the thickness (3.0 nm) of Al layers. Above the thickness (3.0 nm) of Al layers, the Al layers are highly oriented in Al<111>, so that the transformation from asymmetrical to symmetrical interlayers can be observed. Based on the analysis of all measurements, we build up a model with four steps, which could explain the Al layer thickness transition process in terms of a critical thickness for the nucleation of Al(Pure) and Al(1%wtSi) crystallites.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Microstructural variations in Cu/Nb and Al/Nb nanometallic multilayers

Miscible (Al/Nb) and immiscible (Cu/Nb) nanometallic multilayer systems were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy techniques, primarily by automated crystallographic orientation mapping, which allows for the resolution of crystal structures and orientations at the nanoscale. By using this technique, distinctive Nb orientations in relation to the crystallographic state of the Al and Cu layer structures can be observed. Specifically, the Al and Cu layers were found to consist of amorphous, semi-amorphous, and crystalline regions, which affect the overall multilayer microstructure.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Self-assembly of compositionally modulated Ga{sub 1−x}Mn{sub x}As multilayers during molecular beam epitaxy

GaMnAs structures were grown on GaAs(100) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy employing different growth parameters. We studied manganese incorporation employing secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). At a growth temperature of 300 °C, we observed a self-assembled modulation of the manganese concentration. SIMS depth profiles were analyzed employing a depth resolution function taking into account sputtering-induced broadening of the original distribution and segregation. We found a Mn segregation length along the growth direction of ∼4 nm. The presence of GaMnAs multilayers was corroborated by high-resolution x-ray diffraction. Spinodal decomposition is a possible mechanism for the spontaneous formation of the multilayer structure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Multilayer mirror with enhanced spectral selectivity for the next generation extreme ultraviolet lithography

We have demonstrated a hybrid extreme ultraviolet (EUV) multilayer mirror for 6.x nm radiation that provides selective suppression for infrared (IR) radiation. The mirror consists of an IR-transparent LaN∕B multilayer stack which is used as EUV-reflective coating and antireflective (AR) coating to suppress IR. The AR coating can be optimized to suppress CO{sub 2} laser radiation at the wavelength of 10.6 μm, which is of interest for application in next-generation EUV lithography systems.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2013

Self-propagating reactions in Al/Zr multilayers: Anomalous dependence of reaction velocity on bilayer thickness

High temperature, self-propagating reactions are observed in vapor-deposited Al/Zr multilayered foils of overall atomic ratios 3 Al:1 Zr and 2 Al:1 Zr and nanoscale layer thicknesses; however, the reaction velocities do not exhibit the inverse dependence on bilayer thickness that is expected based on changes in the average diffusion distance. Instead, for bilayer thicknesses of 20-30 nm, the velocity is essentially constant at ∼7.7 m/s. We explore several possible explanations for this anomalous behavior, including microstructural factors, changes in the phase evolution, and phase transformations in the reactant layers, but find no conclusive explanations. We determine that the phase evolution during self-propagating reactions in foils with a 3 Al:1 Zr stoichiometry is a rapid transformation from Al/Zr multilayers to the equilibrium intermetallic Al{sub 3}Zr compound with no intermediate crystalline phases. This phase evolution is the same for foils of 90 nm bilayer thicknesses and foils of bilayer thicknesses in the range of 27 nm to 35 nm. Further, for foils with a bilayer thickness of 90 nm and a 3 Al:1 Zr overall chemistry, the propagation front is planar and steady, in contrast to unsteady reaction fronts in foils with 1 Al:1 Zr overall chemistry and similar bilayer thicknesses.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Load responsive multilayer insulation performance testing

Cryogenic insulation designed to operate at various pressures from one atmosphere to vacuum, with high thermal performance and light weight, is needed for cryogenically fueled space launch vehicles and aircraft. Multilayer insulation (MLI) performs well in a high vacuum, but the required vacuum shell for use in the atmosphere is heavy. Spray-on foam insulation (SOFI) is often used in these systems because of its light weight, but can have a higher heat flux than desired. We report on the continued development of Load Responsive Multilayer Insulation (LRMLI), an advanced thermal insulation system that uses dynamic beam discrete spacers that provide high thermal performance both in atmosphere and vacuum. LRMLI consists of layers of thermal radiation barriers separated and supported by micromolded polymer spacers. The spacers have low thermal conductance, and self-support a thin, lightweight vacuum shell that provides internal high vacuum in the insulation. The dynamic load responsive spacers compress to support the external load of a vacuum shell in one atmosphere, and decompress under reduced atmospheric pressure for lower heat leak. Structural load testing was performed on the spacers with various configurations. LRMLI was installed on a 400 liter tank and boil off testing with liquid nitrogen performed at various chamber pressures from one atmosphere to high vacuum. Testing was also performed with an MLI blanket on the outside of the LRMLI.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2014

Numerical simulation of shock initiation of Ni/Al multilayered composites

The initiation of chemical reaction in cold-rolled Ni/Al multilayered composites by shock compression is investigated numerically. A simplified approach is adopted that exploits the disparity between the reaction and shock loading timescales. The impact of shock compression is modeled using CTH simulations that yield pressure, strain, and temperature distributions within the composites due to the shock propagation. The resulting temperature distribution is then used as initial condition to simulate the evolution of the subsequent shock-induced mixing and chemical reaction. To this end, a reduced reaction model is used that expresses the local atomic mixing and heat release rates in terms of an evolution equation for a dimensionless time scale reflecting the age of the mixed layer. The computations are used to assess the effect of bilayer thickness on the reaction, as well as the impact of shock velocity and orientation with respect to the layering. Computed results indicate that initiation and evolution of the reaction are substantially affected by both the shock velocity and the bilayer thickness. In particular, at low impact velocity, Ni/Al multilayered composites with thick bilayers react completely in 100 ms while at high impact velocity and thin bilayers, reaction time was less than 100 μs. Quantitative trends for the dependence of the reaction time on the shock velocity are also determined, for different bilayer thickness and shock orientation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Synthesis and electrical conductivity of multilayer silicene

The epitaxial growth and the electrical resistance of multilayer silicene on the Ag(111) surface has been investigated. We show that the atomic structure of the first silicene layer differs from the next layers and that the adsorption of Si induces the formation of extended silicene terraces surrounded by step bunching. Thanks to the controlled contact formation between the tips of a multiple probe scanning tunneling microscope and these extended terraces, a low sheet resistance, albeit much higher than the electrical resistance of the underlying silver substrate, has been measured, advocating for the electrical viability of multilayer silicene.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electronic structure of Fe/MgO/Fe multilayer stack by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism

The interface properties of Fe/MgO/Fe multilayer stack were investigated by using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). The magnetic multilayers were deposited by electron beam evaporation method, which exhibits the attributes of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). XAS analysis shows that Fe-layer forms a Fe-O-rich interface region with MgO-layer and a sum-rule analysis of the XMCD estimates the average magnetic moment of 2.31 ± 0.1 μ{sub B} per Fe-atom. XAS and XMCD studies indicate the formation of a heterostructure (Fe/FeO/Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}) on the interface. A phase transition in Fe-O stoichiometry at interface is also observed at low temperature (90 K), which may be useful in magnetic storage technology.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Perpendicularly magnetized spin filtering Cu/Ni multilayers

Spin filtering at perpendicular magnetized Cu/Ni multilayer/GaAs(001) interfaces is demonstrated at remanence using optical spin orientation method. [Cu(9 nm)/Ni(t{sub Ni} nm)]{sub n} multilayers are found to show a crossover from the in-plane to out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy at the Cu/Ni bilayer repetition n = 4 and the Ni layer thickness t{sub Ni} = 3. For a perpendicularly magnetized Cu/Ni multilayer/n-GaAs(001) interface, circular polarization dependent photocurrent shows a clear hysteretic behavior under optical spin orientation conditions as a function of magnetic field out-of-plane while the bias dependence exhibits a substantial peak at a forward bias, verifying that Cu/Ni multilayers work as an efficient spin filter in the remanent state.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Magnetothermoelectric figure of merit of Co/Cu multilayers

The switching of the magnetic configuration of giant magnetoresistance multilayers not only changes the electrical and thermal conductivities but also the thermopower. We study the magnetotransport and the magnetothermoelectric properties of Co/Cu multilayer devices in a lateral thermal gradient. The Seebeck coefficient reaches values up to −18 μV/K at room temperature and shows a magnetic field dependence up to 28.6% upon spin reversal. In combination with thermal conductivity data of the same Co/Cu stack, we find a magnetothermoelectric figure of merit of up to 65%. Furthermore, a magneto-power factor of up to 110% is derived.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

First-principles study of carrier-induced ferromagnetism in bilayer and multilayer zigzag graphene nanoribbons

We studied magnetism in bilayer and multilayer zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) through first-principles density functional theory calculations. We found that the magnetic ground state of bilayer ZGNRs is the C-type antiferromagnetic (AFM) state, which is the AFM order between intraplane-edge carbon atoms and ferromagnetic (FM) order between interplane edge carbon atoms. In the cases of infinitely stacked multilayer ZGNRs, i.e., zigzag graphite nanoribbons, the C-type AFM state is also the most stable. By carrier doping, we found that the magnetic ground state changed from the C-AFM state to the FM state and, thus, realized two-dimensional FM surface (edge) states of graphite with a metallic conductivity.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Improved thermoelectric power output from multilayered polyethylenimine doped carbon nanotube based organic composites

By appropriately selecting the carbon nanotube type and n-type dopant for the conduction layers in a multilayered carbon nanotube composite, the total device thermoelectric power output can be increased significantly. The particular materials chosen in this study were raw single walled carbon nanotubes for the p-type layers and polyethylenimine doped single walled carbon nanotubes for the n-type layers. The combination of these two conduction layers leads to a single thermocouple Seebeck coefficient of 96 ± 4 μVK{sup −1}, which is 6.3 times higher than that previously reported. This improved Seebeck coefficient leads to a total power output of 14.7 nW per thermocouple at the maximum temperature difference of 50 K, which is 44 times the power output per thermocouple for the previously reported results. Ultimately, these thermoelectric power output improvements help to increase the potential use of these lightweight, flexible, and durable organic multilayered carbon nanotube based thermoelectric modules in low powered electronics applications, where waste heat is available.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗