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NASA NTRS1971

Resonant diffusion in the presence of strong plasma turbulence

The diffusion equation which describes the evolution of the average one particle distribution function for an ensemble of strongly turbulent plasmas is derived. The diffusion tensor is a time integral of the autocorrelation tensor of the fluctuations as observed by particles moving along statistically distributed orbits. These orbits contain the effects of fluctuations and thus differ from those encountered in weak turbulence theory. The plasma trajectory equations are used to relate each to the diffusion tensor itself when the turbulence is electrostatic. The diffusion tensor is explicity evaluated for a strongly turbulent unmagnetized plasma.

Birmingham, T. J.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Diffusion in thoriated and nonthoriated nickel and nickel-chromium alloys at 1260 C

Various solid-solid diffusion couples were assembled from thoriated and nonthoriated nickel-base alloys, welded, and diffusion annealed at 1260 C. Concentration profiles indicated that a thoria dispersion does not affect diffusion in Cr(alloy):Ni and Ni-4.8Al:Ni types of couples unless a fine grain structure is retained by the thoria particles. Metallography revealed the presence of thoria-free bands in the thoriated-Ni side of the diffusion zone. The bands contained grain boundaries and, in some cases, non-Kirkendall porosity. A mechanism based on the operation of vacancy sources is proposed to explain the thoria-free bands. In addition, a particular DS-NiCr:Ni couple had negligible Kirkendall porosity. This behavior was related to the grain structure of the particular lot of DS-NiCr.

Whittenberger, J. D.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Variance reduction in Monte Carlo analysis of rarefied gas diffusion

The present analysis uses the Monte Carlo method to solve the problem of rarefied diffusion between parallel walls. The diffusing molecules are evaporated or emitted from one of two parallel walls and diffused through another molecular species. The analysis treats the diffusing molecule as undergoing a Markov random walk and the local macroscopic properties are found as the expected value of the random variable, the random walk payoff. By biasing the transition probabilities and changing the collision payoffs the expected Markov walk payoff is retained but its variance is reduced so that the M. C. result has a much smaller error.

Perlmutter, M.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Applicability of a diffusion model to lateral transport in the terrestrial and lunar exospheres.

Kinetic theory is used to determine a series expansion of the vertical flux of particles in an exosphere in terms of time and space derivatives of particle concentration, exobase velocity, and temperature. For sufficiently large scale variations of these parameters in time and space, the series can be truncated to a form that is similar to a diffusion equation. Owing to this analogy, it is possible to unite the mathematical description of molecular diffusion, which governs thermospheric flow, and the corresponding exospheric equation by using effective transport coefficients which change smoothly with altitude through the transition from thermosphere to exosphere. A new definition of the exobase for lateral flow emerges from the analogy of exospheric and thermospheric diffusion, as the altitude where the horizontal mean free path length equals the mean horizontal extent of ballistic trajectories of the transported gas, as opposed to the scale height of the dominant gas which determines the exobase for escape. It is shown that the approximation of exospheric lateral flow as a diffusion process is applicable to global scale problems concerning terrestrial helium and heavier gases, and lunar gases heavier than helium.

Hodges, R. R., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Enhanced diffusion welding of TD-NiCr sheet.

A method termed 'enhanced diffusion welding' has been developed to produce solid-state welds in TD-NiCr (Ni-20Cr-2ThO2) alloy sheet with weld strengths of 100% of the parent metal strength. Diffusion welded joints were made in specially processed TD-NiCr that equaled the tensile-shear and creep-rupture shear strengths of the parent material at 1090 deg C. The following observations have been made: specially processed TD-NiCr is preferred over commercial TD-NiCr for diffusion welding; the weld line can be eliminated when joining specially processed TD-NiCr by 600-grit sanding and electropolishing the faying surfaces prior to welding; and, a two-step weld cycle is preferred for diffusion welding of this alloy.

Holko, K. H.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Variance reduction in Monte Carlo analysis of rarefied gas diffusion.

The problem of rarefied diffusion between parallel walls is solved using the Monte Carlo method. The diffusing molecules are evaporated or emitted from one of the two parallel walls and diffuse through another molecular species. The Monte Carlo analysis treats the diffusing molecule as undergoing a Markov random walk, and the local macroscopic properties are found as the expected value of the random variable, the random walk payoff. By biasing the transition probabilities and changing the collision payoffs, the expected Markov walk payoff is retained but its variance is reduced so that the Monte Carlo result has a much smaller error.

Perlmutter, M.↗

NASA NTRS1972

The response of the upper atmosphere to perturbations from diffusive equilibrium

It is generally assumed that, in the atmosphere above 120 km, the deviations from diffusive equilibrium are small, though a minor constituent may show some deviation. The response of such a constituent to perturbations from diffusive equilibrium was analyzed qualitatively. It is shown that the magnitude of these deviations is mainly determined by the characteristic diffusion time. For a time-dependent perturbation, the ratio of the characteristic time of the perturbation to the characteristics diffusion time is an important parameter.

Blum, P. W.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Solute diffusion in liquid metals

A gas model of diffusion in liquid metals is presented. In this model, ions of liquid metals are assumed to behave like the molecules in a dense gas. Diffusion coefficient of solute is discussed with reference to its mass, ionic size, and pair potential. The model is applied to the case of solute diffusion in liquid silver. An attempt was made to predict diffusion coefficients of solutes with reasonable accuracy.

Bhat, B. N.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Diffuse X and gamma radiation.

The most reliable measurements in the energy range from 0.1 MeV to 100 MeV are presented in graphs. Studies in the region from 1 keV to 100 keV are discussed, giving attention to nonthermal mechanisms, thermal emission from a uniform intergalactic medium, the contribution of discrete extragalactic sources to the isotropic X-ray background, discrete diffuse X-ray sources in galaxy clusters, the contribution of galaxy clusters to the isotropic X-ray background, and fluctuations in the X-ray background. Diffuse X rays below 1 keV are also considered together with diffuse galactic X and gamma rays above 1 keV and the significance of diffuse X and gamma radiation for astronomy.

Silk, J.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Experimental and analytical study of a conically diffused flow with a nearly separated boundary layer

Turbulence measurements were obtained in the nearly separated flow in a 13 deg total angle of divergence conical diffuser coupled to a constant area tailpipe. Air at 207 newtons per square centimeter and 308 K provided an inlet velocity of about 51 meters per second at an inlet unit Reynolds number of 63.7 million per meter. Very high longitudinal turbulence intensities accompanied the diffusion process with peak values approaching 40 percent when normalized by the local centerline velocity. Predictions of the pressure recovery coefficient using a mixing length concept were good in the early stages of diffusion. In the latter stages of diffusion satisfactory predictions of the pressure recovery were obtained with an empirical method.

Boldman, D. R.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Diffusion and structural changes in microcircuit interconnections

The interdiffusion of platimum and gold films, a couple utilized in beam lead microcircuits, has been studied for temperatures up to 550 C. Gold-on-platinum couples and separate platimum and gold films 80-450 nm thick, were deposited by electron beam evaporation onto oxidized (111) silicon substrates. Diffusion was monitored by means of spectral reflectance versus wavelength in the band 500-1000 nm. The separate metal films showed good adhesion and stable reflectances (after an initial change) for at least 6 h at diffusion temperatures, in contrast to the couples. Analysis of platinum diffusion through the gold films yielded an activation energy about 38 kcal/g-atom and a pre-exponential factor of the order 0.001 sq cm/sec, values close to those for volume diffusion. The pre-exponential factor especially is dependent upon film deposition conditions.

Nowak, W. B.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Performance of an asymmetric short annular diffuser with a nondiverging inner wall using suction

The performance of a short highly asymmetric annular diffuser equipped with wall bleed (suction) capability was evaluated at nominal inlet Mach numbers of 0.188, 0.264, and 0.324 with the inlet pressure and temperature at near ambient values. The diffuser had an area ratio of 2.75 and a length- to inlet-height ratio of 1.6. Results show that the radial profiles of diffuser exit velocity could be controlled from a severely hub peaked to a slightly tip biased form by selective use of bleed. At the same time, other performance parameters were also improved. These results indicate the possible application of the diffuser bleed technique to control flow profiles to gas turbine combustors.

Juhasz, A.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Effect of diffuser bleed on performance of an annular swirl can combustor

A full-scale annular swirl can combustor equipped with diffuser bleed capability was tested at low fuel-air ratio, burning natural gas fuel. Test results show that, by drawing off a small amount of air on the inner or outer diffuser wall, the radial profile of combustor exit temperature could be changed from a strongly tip biased, to a strongly hub biased shape. Furthermore, combustor total pressure loss could be reduced by about one third by using a total bleed rate equal to 6 percent of diffuser inlet flow. At simulated engine idle conditions combustion efficiency was increased from 64 percent to nearly 100 percent by using 3 percent outer wall bleed. Combustor blowout performance was also improved significantly by using this diffuser bleed scheme.

Juhasz, A. J.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Performance of a short annular dump diffuser using wall trailing-edge suction

A short annular dump (abrupt flow area change) diffuser was tested with suction through wall trailing-edge slots at inlet Mach numbers of 0.19 and 0.27 and at near ambient inlet temperature and pressure, with suction flow varied from zero to 10 percent of the inlet air mass-flow rate. The overall ratio of diffuser exit area to inlet area was 4.0, and the ratio of length to inlet height was 2.0. By applying suction flow separately on either wall or to both walls simultaneously, the original annular jet profile could be altered to either a hub- or tip-biased profile. Diffuser effectiveness was increased from about 25 percent with no suction to 50 percent at 6 percent outer-wall suction and to 52 percent at a combined suction rate on both walls of 10.25 percent. At the same time, diffuser total pressure loss was reduced by one-fourth.

Juhasz, A. J.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Thin-film diffusion brazing of titanium alloys

A thin film diffusion brazing technique for joining titanium alloys by use of a Cu intermediate is described. The method has been characterized in terms of static and dynamic mechanical properties on Ti-6Al-4V alloy. These include tensile, fracture toughness, stress corrosion, shear, corrosion fatigue, mechanical fatigue and acoustic fatigue. Most of the properties of titanium joints formed by thin film diffusion brazing are equal or exceed base metal properties. The advantages of thin film diffusion brazing over solid state diffusion bonding and brazing with conventional braze alloys are discussed. The producibility advantages of this process over others provide the potential for producing high efficiency joints in structural components of titanium alloys for the minimum cost.

Mikus, E. B.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Use of a diffuser for producing texture masks for image processing

The use of a diffuser in synthesizing binary texture-variance masks for applications in image processing is investigated. The binary texture-variance masks are used to separate various objects in an image on the basis of their spatial texture variance. The diffuser is required to reduce the speckling present in the mask. The reduction in speckling is described quantitatively as a reduction of the misclassification probability associated with the separation of the objects into several texture classes. General results are furnished for the statistics of the field scattered by the diffuser, and these are used to obtain expressions for the misclassification probabilities in the presence of a diffuser.

Stark, H.↗

NASA NTRS1974

The design and performance of axially symmetrical contoured wall diffusers employing suction boundary layer control

This paper presents a procedure for the design and the performance prediction of axially symmetrical contoured wall diffusers employing suction boundary layer control. An inverse problem approach was used in the potential flow design of the diffuser wall contours. The experimentally observed flow characteristics and the stability of flows within the diffuser are also described. Guidelines for the design of low suction (less than 10 percent of the inlet flow) and thus high effectiveness contoured wall diffusers are also provided based on the results of the experimental program.

Nelson, C. D., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Effect of inducer inlet and diffuser throat areas on performance of a low pressure ratio sweptback centrifugal compressor

A low-pressure-ratio centrifugal compressor was tested with nine combinations of three diffuser throat areas and three impeller inducer inlet areas which were 75, 100, and 125 percent of design values. For a given inducer inlet area, increases in diffuser area within the range investigated resulted in increased mass flow and higher peak efficiency. Changes in both diffuser and inducer areas indicated that efficiencies within one point of the maximum efficiency were obtained over a compressor specific speed range of 27 percent. The performance was analyzed of an assumed two-spool open-cycle engine using the 75 percent area inducer with a variable area diffuser.

Klassen, H. A.↗