Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “H- source”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Producing persistent, high-current, high-duty-factor H{sup -} beams for routine 1 MW operation of Spallation Neutron Source (invited)

Since 2009, the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) has been producing neutrons with ion beam powers near 1 MW, which requires the extraction of {approx}50 mA H{sup -} ions from the ion source with a {approx}5% duty factor. The 50 mA are achieved after an initial dose of {approx}3 mg of Cs and heating the Cs collar to {approx}170 deg. C. The 50 mA normally persist for the entire 4-week source service cycles. Fundamental processes are reviewed to elucidate the persistence of the SNS H{sup -} beams without a steady feed of Cs and why the Cs collar temperature may have to be kept near 170 deg. C.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

A MULTI-EPOCH, SIMULTANEOUS WATER AND METHANOL MASER SURVEY TOWARD INTERMEDIATE-MASS YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS

We report a multi-epoch, simultaneous 22 GHz H{sub 2}O and 44 GHz Class I CH{sub 3}OH maser line survey toward 180 intermediate-mass young stellar objects, including 14 Class 0 and 19 Class I objects, and 147 Herbig Ae/Be stars. We detected H{sub 2}O and CH{sub 3}OH maser emission toward 16 (9%) and 10 (6%) sources with one new H{sub 2}O and six new CH{sub 3}OH maser sources. The detection rates of both masers rapidly decrease as the central (proto)stars evolve, which is contrary to the trends in high-mass star-forming regions. This suggests that the excitations of the two masers are closely related to the evolutionary stage of the central (proto)stars and the circumstellar environments. H{sub 2}O maser velocities deviate on average 9 km s{sup -1} from the ambient gas velocities whereas CH{sub 3}OH maser velocities match quite well with the ambient gas velocities. For both maser emissions, large velocity differences (|v{sub H{sub 2}O} - v{sub sys}| > 10kms{sup -1} and |v{sub CH3OH} - v{sub sys}| > 1kms{sup -1}) are mostly confined to Class 0 objects. The formation and disappearance of H{sub 2}O masers is frequent and their integrated intensities change by up to two orders of magnitude. In contrast, CH{sub 3}OH maser lines usually show no significant change in intensity, shape, or velocity. This is consistent with the previous suggestion that H{sub 2}O maser emission originates from the base of an outflow while 44 GHz Class I CH{sub 3}OH maser emission arises from the interaction region of the outflow with the ambient gas. The isotropic maser luminosities are well correlated with the bolometric luminosities of the central objects. The fitted relations are L{sub H2O}= 1.71x10{sup -9}(L{sub bol}){sup 0.97} and L{sub CH3OH}= 1.71x10{sup -10}(L{sub bol}){sup 1.22}.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

SULFUR-BEARING MOLECULES IN MASSIVE STAR-FORMING REGIONS: OBSERVATIONS OF OCS, CS, H{sub 2}S, AND SO

We studied the sulfur chemistry of massive star-forming regions through single-dish submillimeter spectroscopy. OCS, O{sup 13}CS, {sup 13}CS, H{sub 2}S, and SO transitions were observed toward a sample of massive star-forming regions with embedded UCH ii or CH ii regions. These sources could be divided into H ii-hot core and H ii-only sources based on their CH{sub 3}CN emission. Our results show that the OCS line of thirteen sources is optically thick, with optical depth ranging from 5 to 16. Column densities of these molecules were computed under LTE conditions. CS column densities were also derived using its optically thin isotopologue {sup 13}CS. H{sub 2}S is likely to be the most abundant gas-phase sulfuretted molecule in hot massive cores. Both the column density and abundance of sulfur-bearing molecules decrease significantly from H ii-hot core to H ii-only sources. Ages derived from hot core models appear to be consistent with star formation theories, suggesting that abundance ratios of [CS]/[SO], [SO]/[OCS], and [OCS]/[CS] could be used as chemical clocks in massive star-forming regions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Bioconversion of lignocellulosic pretreatment effluent via oleaginous Rhodococcus opacus DSM 1069

Rhodococcus opacus DSM 1069 utilized pine organosolv pretreatment effluent as a sole carbon and energy source for 120 h at 1.5 w/v% solids concentration and accumulated a maximum of 26.99 ± 2.88% of its cellular dry weight in oils composed of oleic, palmitic, and stearic fatty acids. Here, these results establish the potential for lignocellulosic pretreatment effluent as a feedstock for microbial biodiesel production via oleaginous R. opacus and an interesting route for biorefinery waste stream optimization.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2012

On the genesis of molybdenum carbide phases during reduction-carburization reactions

Molybdenum carbide has been prepared according to the carbothermal reduction method. Carbon black substrate was used as C-source whereas a H{sub 2}-flow was the reducing agent. Two different H{sub 2} consumption steps were identified during the carburization treatment. The low temperature step is related to the reduction of Mo{sup 6+}-to-Mo{sup 4+}, the higher temperature process accounts for the deep reduction of Mo{sup 4+}-to-metal Mo{sup 0} and its subsequent reaction with C to form the Mo-carbide. The influences of the maximum carburization temperature, carburization time, gas hourly space velocity regarding Mo-loading, heating rate and temperature of Ar pre-treatment were analyzed. All these conditions are interrelated to each other. Thus, the carburization process ends at 700 Degree-Sign C when Mo-loading is 10 wt%, however Mo-loading higher than 10 wt% requires higher temperatures. Carburization temperatures up to 800 Degree-Sign C are needed to fulfill Mo-carbide formation with samples containing 50 wt% Mo. Nevertheless, Ar pre-treatment at 550 Degree-Sign C and slow heating rates favor the carburization, thus requiring lower carburization temperatures to reach the same carburization level. - Graphical Abstract: H{sub 2}-consumption profile (TPR) during the molybdenum carburization process, XRD patterns of the reduced Mo-samples after carburization and TEM-micrographs with two different enlargement of the samples with 5, 20 and 50 wt% Mo. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Control of carburization variables: tailor the reduced/carbide Mo-phases (single/mixture). Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Mo carburization in two stages: (1) Mo{sup 6+}-Mo{sup 4+}; (2) Mo{sup 4+}-Mo{sup 0} and, at once, MoC. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The carburization process is faster than Mo{sup 4+} reduction. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer XPS probed: reduced Mo particles show core-shell structure. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Core: reduced Mo (Mo{sub 2}C, MoO{sub 2} and/or Mo{sup 0}); Shell: 2-3 nm of MoO{sub 3}.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Influence of Inorganic Carbon Sources on Low-pH Succinic Acid Production by Issatchenkia orientalis : Process Insights and Kinetic Analysis

Bio-based succinic acid (SA) production has attracted significant interest; however, the relationship between fermentation conditions and SA biosynthesis remains insufficiently understood, particularly under low-pH operation. In this study, an engineered, acid-tolerant, nonmodel yeast, Issatchenkia orientalis , was employed to investigate the role of inorganic carbon supplementation in SA production from glucose. Because regulation of gas-phase CO 2 during fermentation is challenging due to low solubility and off-gas losses, liquid-phase inorganic carbon sources, carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) and sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ), were evaluated as indirect CO 2 donors. Fermentations were conducted in a corn steep liquor-based medium under acidic conditions. Shake-flask experiments demonstrated that H 2 CO 3 supplementation increased SA production, achieving a maximum titer of 8.9 g/L and a yield of 0.46 g/g glucose. Kinetic analysis of bench-scale fermentations showed that the SA formation was well described by the Luedeking–Piret model, indicating mixed growth-associated product formation with a substantial nongrowth-associated contribution under carbonic acid supplementation. Guided by these kinetic insights, a two-stage fed-batch fermentation strategy was implemented, resulting in an SA titer of 30 g/L and a yield of 0.57 g/g glucose within 115 h. Overall, this work provides process-relevant insights into integrating inorganic carbon utilization with low-pH fermentation to inform more sustainable SA biomanufacturing.

fed-batch fermentation↗
DOE OSTI2012

Diagnostics of the ITER neutral beam test facility

The ITER heating neutral beam (HNB) injector, based on negative ions accelerated at 1 MV, will be tested and optimized in the SPIDER source and MITICA full injector prototypes, using a set of diagnostics not available on the ITER HNB. The RF source, where the H{sup -}/D{sup -} production is enhanced by cesium evaporation, will be monitored with thermocouples, electrostatic probes, optical emission spectroscopy, cavity ring down, and laser absorption spectroscopy. The beam is analyzed by cooling water calorimetry, a short pulse instrumented calorimeter, beam emission spectroscopy, visible tomography, and neutron imaging. Design of the diagnostic systems is presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2013

Waveguide slot-excited long racetrack electron cyclotron resonance plasma source for roll-to-roll (scanning) processing

We present a SLot-excited ANtenna (SLAN) long racetrack ECR plasma source that is utilized for roll-to-roll plasma processing such as thin film encapsulation of large-area OLED (organic light emitting diode) panel or modification of fabric surfaces. This source is designed to be long, and to operate under high density uniform plasma with sub-milli-torr pressures. The above features are accomplished by a slot-excited long racetrack resonator with a toroidal geometry of magnetic field ECR configuration, and reinforced microwave electric distributions along the central region of plasma chamber. Also, a new feature has been added to the source. This is to employ a tail plunger, which allows the microwave electric field and the uniformity of the plasma profile to be easily adjustable. We have successfully generated Ar plasmas operating with the microwave power of 0.5–3 kW in the pressure range of 0.2–10 mTorr. The plasma is uniform (<10%) in the direction of the straight track and has a Gaussian profile in the roll-to-roll (scanning) direction. In addition, it is shown that the tail plunger could adjust the plasma profile in order to obtain plasma uniformity. Furthermore, based on the results, we suggest a newly designed up-scaled racetrack-SLAN source.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

Characteristics of radio-frequency atmospheric pressure dielectric-barrier discharge with dielectric electrodes

An experimental investigation to characterize the properties and highlight the benefits of atmospheric pressure radio-frequency dielectric-barrier discharge (rf DBD) with dielectric electrodes fabricated by anodizing aluminium substrate is presented. The current-voltage characteristics and millisecond images are used to distinguish the α and γ modes. This atmospheric rf DBD is observed to retain the discharge volume without constriction in γ mode. Optical emission spectroscopy demonstrates that the large discharge current leads to more abundant reactive species in this plasma source.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

A BAYESIAN METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE DUST EMISSION IN THE FAR-INFRARED AND SUBMILLIMETER

We present a method, based on Bayesian statistics, to fit the dust emission parameters in the far-infrared and submillimeter wavelengths. The method estimates the dust temperature and spectral emissivity index, plus their relationship, properly taking into account the statistical and systematic uncertainties. We test it on three sets of simulated sources detectable by the Herschel Space Observatory in the PACS and SPIRE spectral bands (70-500 {mu}m), spanning over a wide range of dust temperatures. The simulated observations are a one-component interstellar medium and two two-component sources, both warm (H II regions) and cold (cold clumps (CCs)). We first define a procedure to identify the better model, then we recover the parameters of the model and measure their physical correlations by means of a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm adopting multi-variate Gaussian priors. In this process, we assess the reliability of the model recovery and of parameter estimation. We conclude that the model and parameters are properly recovered only under certain circumstances and that false models may be derived in some cases. We applied the method to a set of 91 starless CCs in an interarm region of the Galactic plane with low star formation activity, observed by Herschel in the Hi-GAL survey. Our results are consistent with a temperature-independent spectral index.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

THE COORDINATED RADIO AND INFRARED SURVEY FOR HIGH-MASS STAR FORMATION. II. SOURCE CATALOG

The CORNISH project is the highest resolution radio continuum survey of the Galactic plane to date. It is the 5 GHz radio continuum part of a series of multi-wavelength surveys that focus on the northern GLIMPSE region (10 Degree-Sign < l < 65 Degree-Sign ), observed by the Spitzer satellite in the mid-infrared. Observations with the Very Large Array in B and BnA configurations have yielded a 1.''5 resolution Stokes I map with a root mean square noise level better than 0.4 mJy beam{sup -1}. Here we describe the data-processing methods and data characteristics, and present a new, uniform catalog of compact radio emission. This includes an implementation of automatic deconvolution that provides much more reliable imaging than standard CLEANing. A rigorous investigation of the noise characteristics and reliability of source detection has been carried out. We show that the survey is optimized to detect emission on size scales up to 14'' and for unresolved sources the catalog is more than 90% complete at a flux density of 3.9 mJy. We have detected 3062 sources above a 7{sigma} detection limit and present their ensemble properties. The catalog is highly reliable away from regions containing poorly sampled extended emission, which comprise less than 2% of the survey area. Imaging problems have been mitigated by down-weighting the shortest spacings and potential artifacts flagged via a rigorous manual inspection with reference to the Spitzer infrared data. We present images of the most common source types found: H II regions, planetary nebulae, and radio galaxies. The CORNISH data and catalog are available online at http://cornish.leeds.ac.uk.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Mechanical properties of metal dihydrides

First-principles calculations are used to characterize the bulk elastic properties of cubic and tetragonal phase metal dihydrides, $\text{M}{{\text{H}}_{2}}$ {$\text{M}$ = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, lanthanides} to gain insight into the mechanical properties that govern the aging behavior of rare-earth di-tritides as the constituent 3 H, tritium, decays into 3 He. As tritium decays, helium is inserted in the lattice, the helium migrates and collects into bubbles, that then can ultimately create sufficient internal pressure to rupture the material. The elastic properties of the materials are needed to construct effective mesoscale models of the process of bubble growth and fracture. Dihydrides of the scandium column and most of the rare-earths crystalize into a cubic phase, while dihydrides from the next column, Ti, Zr, and Hf, distort instead into the tetragonal phase, indicating incipient instabilities in the phase and potentially significant changes in elastic properties. We report the computed elastic properties of these dihydrides, and also investigate the off-stoichiometric phases as He or vacancies accumulate. As helium builds up in the cubic phase, the shear moduli greatly soften, converting to the tetragonal phase. Conversely, the tetragonal phases convert very quickly to cubic with the removal of H from the lattice, while the cubic phases show little change with removal of H. Finally, the source and magnitude of the numerical and physical uncertainties in the modeling are analyzed and quantified to establish the level of confidence that can be placed in the computational results, and this quantified confidence is used to justify using the results to augment and even supplant experimental measurements.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Using Additives to Control the Decomposition Temperature of Sodium Borohydride

Hydrogen (H 2 ) shows great promise as zero-carbon emission fuel, but there are several challenges to overcome in regards to storage and transportation to make it a more universal energy solution. Gaseous hydrogen requires high pressures and large volume tanks while storage of liquid hydrogen requires cryogenic temperatures; neither option is ideal due to cost and the hazards involved. Storage in the solid state presents an attractive alternative, and can meet the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) constraints to find materials containing > 7 % H 2 (gravimetric weight) with a maximum H 2 release under 125 °C. While there are many candidate hydrogen storage materials, the vast majority are metal hydrides. Of the hydrides, this review focuses solely on sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ), which is often not covered in other hydride reviews. However, as it contains 10.6% (by weight) H 2 that can release at 133 ± 3 JK -1 mol -1 , this inexpensive material has received renewed attention. NaBH 4 should decompose to H 2 (g), Na(s), and B(s), and could be recycled into its original form. Unfortunately, metal to ligand charge transfer in NaBH 4 induces high thermodynamic stability, creating a high decomposition temperature of 530 °C. In an effort make H 2 more accessible at lower temperatures, researchers have incorporated additives to destabilize the structure. This review highlights metal additives that have successfully reduced the decomposition temperature of NaBH 4 , with temperatures ranging from 522 °C (titanium (IV) fluoride) to 379 °C (niobium (V) fluoride). We describe synthetic methods employed, chemical pathways taken, and the challenges of boron derivative formation on H 2 cycling. Though no trends can be found across all additives, it is our hope that compiling the data here will enable researchers to gain a better understanding of the additives’ influence and to determine how a new system might be designed to make NaBH 4 a more viable H 2 fuel source.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

THE ORION FINGERS: NEAR-IR SPECTRAL IMAGING OF AN EXPLOSIVE OUTFLOW

We present near-IR (1.1–2.4 μ m) position–position–velocity cubes of the 500 year old Orion BN/KL explosive outflow with spatial resolution 1″ and spectral resolution 86 km s{sup −1}. We construct integrated intensity maps free of continuum sources of 15 H{sub 2} and [Fe ii] lines while preserving kinematic information of individual outflow features. Included in the detected H{sub 2} lines are the 1-0 S(1) and 1-0 Q(3) transitions, allowing extinction measurements across the outflow. Additionally, we present dereddened flux ratios for over two dozen outflow features to allow for the characterization of the true excitation conditions of the BN/KL outflow. All of the ratios show the dominance of the shock excitation of the H{sub 2} emission, although some features exhibit signs of fluorescent excitation from stellar radiation or J-type shocks. We also detect tracers of the PDR/ionization front north of the Trapezium stars in [O i] and [Fe ii] and analyze other observed outflows not associated with the BN/KL outflow.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗