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DOE OSTI2014

Spin and parity measurement of the Λ(1405) baryon

A determination of the spin and parity of the Λ(1405) is presented using photoproduction data from the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab. The reaction γ+p→K + +Λ(1405) is analyzed in the decay channel Lambda(1405)→Σ + +π, where the decay distribution to Σ + pi- and the variation of the Σ + polarization with respect to the Λ(1405) polarization direction determines the parity. The Λ(1405) is produced, in the energy range 2.55 c.m. K+ <0.9, with polarization P=0.45±0.02(stat)±0.07(syst). The analysis shows that the decays are in S wave, with the Σ + polarized such that the Λ(1405) has spin-parity J P =1/2-, as expected by most theories.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Software Defined Cyberinfrastructure

Within and across thousands of science labs, researchers and students struggle to manage data produced in experiments, simulations, and analyses. Largely manual research data lifecycle management processes mean that much time is wasted, research results are often irreproducible, and data sharing and reuse remain rare. In response, we propose a new approach to data lifecycle management in which researchers are empowered to define the actions to be performed at individual storage systems when data are created or modified: actions such as analysis, transformation, copying, and publication. We term this approach software-defined cyberinfrastructure because users can implement powerful data management policies by deploying rules to local storage systems, much as software-defined networking allows users to configure networks by deploying rules to switches.We argue that this approach can enable a new class of responsive distributed storage infrastructure that will accelerate research innovation by allowing any researcher to associate data workflows with data sources, whether local or remote, for such purposes as data ingest, characterization, indexing, and sharing. We report on early experiments with this approach in the context of experimental science, in which a simple if-trigger-then-action (IFTA) notation is used to define rules.

Foster, Ian↗

DOE OSTI2021

Characterization of an electrically conductive proppant for fracture diagnostics

Fracture diagnosis with electromagnetic (EM) and electrical tools requires proppants with high electrical conductivity and mechanical strength. Lab measurements of the electrical and hydraulic conductivity of proppants are critical for selecting the best candidates. Such measurements greatly benefit simulations, field tests, and the ultimate application of such proppants in the field. To that end, a new lab protocol is developed for measuring the electrical and hydraulic conductivity of proppants. The lab setup, which mainly includes a resistivity core holder and a Hassler sleeve core holder, allows for simulation of realistic pressure and temperature conditions when making measurements. Petroleum coke (PC) is proposed as a candidate proppant because of its widespread availability and low cost. Lab measurements show that the effective electrical conductivity of pure PC in a model fracture is approximately 5000 S/m, under a closure stress greater than [Formula: see text] (4000 psi). When PC is mixed with sand, the effective electrical conductivity of the mixture decreases with an increasing weight percentage of sand. Although sand degrades the contact between PC particles, the electrical conductivity stays reasonably high (approximately 1700 S/m) when 50% sand is added. Hydraulic conductivity measurements show that when a fracture is propped with pure PC, the measured fracture conductivity is greater than [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) (dimensionless fracture conductivity greater than 100 for a shale with [Formula: see text] or 100 nD permeability) under a confining pressure of [Formula: see text] (6000 psi). This means that a fracture propped with PC is infinitely conductive in a typical shale formation. When sand is added, the fracture’s hydraulic conductivity becomes even higher, which clearly shows PC’s ability of sustaining high stresses. The proposed protocol provides a robust and effective method that can be generalized for lab testing for other candidate proppants. The data presented clearly show that PC has the potential for field-scale applications in EM hydraulic fracture diagnostics.

Geochemistry & Geophysics↗

DOE OSTI2015

Measuring the Weak Charge of the Proton via Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

The Qweak experiment which ran in Hall C at Jefferson Lab in Newport News, VA, and completed data taking in May 2012, measured the weak charge of the proton Q p W via elastic electron-proton scattering. Longitudinally polarized electrons were scattered from an unpolarized liquid hydrogen target. The helicity of the electron beam was flipped at approximately 1 kHz between left and right spin states. The Standard Model predicts a small parity-violating asymmetry of scattering rates between right and left helicity states due to the weak interaction. An initial result using 4% of the data was published in October 2013 [1] with a measured parity-violating asymmetry of -279 ± 35(stat) ± 31 (syst) ppb. This asymmetry, along with other data from parity-violating electron scattering experiments, provided the world's first determination of the weak charge of the proton. The weak charge of the proton was found to be p W = 0.064 ± 0.012, in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction of p W (SM) = 0.0708 ± 0.0003[2].

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2016

Coherent Photoproduction of proton anti-proton pair on deiterium with CLAS

In this project coherent production of proton anti-proton pairs on deuterium with a high energy bremsstrahlung photon beam is studied. The main objective is to study claims of several groups on existence of two meson states, masses ~2.02 GeV and ~2.2 GeV. Coherent production on deuterium has an advantage compared to the production on hydrogen. It will eliminate ambiguities in the production mechanism, since only t-channel production of (p$\bar{p}$) is allowed. Data from the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab (TJNAF) has been analyzed. The experiment run in 2004-2005 with tagged bremsstrahlung photon beam of up to 5.5 GeV and a 40 cm long liquid deuterium target. During the experiment the CLAS torus magnet polarity was set to bend negatively charged particles outwards from the beam line. During the run the main trigger was tagger hodoscopes in relevant energy region in coincidence with three prong event in CLAS. The reactions γd→p$\bar{p}$-d, γd→π + π - d, and γd→K + K - d in fully exclusive final states has been analyzed, and the cross sections have been extracted.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Cost of saving natural gas through efficiency programs funded by utility customers: 2012–2017

This study estimates the cost of saving a therm of natural gas from energy efficiency programs funded by utility customers during the period 2012 to 2017. Berkeley Lab researchers compiled and analyzed efficiency program data reported by investor-owned utilities and other program administrators in a dozen states representative of the four U.S. Census regions — Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Rhode Island and Utah. Depending on the year, the dataset accounts for about 50 percent to 70 percent of annual national spending on natural gas efficiency programs. The estimated cost of saving natural gas during the study period is $0.40 per therm. The analysis also includes estimates of the program administrator cost of saved energy for three core sectors for natural gas: commercial and industrial, residential, and low-income households. It aggregates these sectors to provide regional and national values. Our metrics include savings-weighted averages, unweighted medians, and interquartile ranges (25th and 75th percentiles) of the levelized program administrator cost of saving gas, in constant 2017 dollars. In addition, the study analyzes cost trends during the study period, finding that average program costs trended downward. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Building Technologies Office supported this work.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Testing the possibility of magnetic domain imaging based on circular & linear dichroism using photoemission electron microscopy

In recent years, an increasing number of memory and spintronic devices have been developed exploiting the combination of ferromagnetic (FM) and anti-ferromagnetic (aFM) materials. Consequently, magnetic imaging based on continuous-wave (CW) ultraviolet (UV) (λ = 266nm and longer wavelength) photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) is gaining considerable attention due to the possibility of determining magnetizations for FM and aFM materials with 10 nm lateral resolution at video rate image acquisition. This PEEM-based approach exploits the polarization-dependent photoemission yield, which is subject to the polarization vector and the FM or aFM magnetization direction. Because of this unique attribute, magnetic imaging using PEEM when coupled to a laser with multiple illumination geometries allows for characterizing in-plane and out-of-plane magnetizations. This concept, however, has not been tested using a deep-UV laser (λ = 213nm), which has a much broader application space than the longer wavelength excitation used in previous reports. The purpose of this project in FY17 was to show the proof-of-concept of magnetic circular dichroism (MCD)-PEEM imaging using a λ = 210nm pulsed laser. Our results demonstrated the feasibility of in-plane and out-of-plane magnetic imaging with the limitations in the lateral resolution, data acquisition time, and signal-to-noise ratio anticipated for using a pulsed laser of moderate power. The project goal for FY18 is to construct the automated polarization-controlled data acquisition, and to establish the new lab facility in anticipation of acquiring a state-of-the-art high-power 213nm CW laser, planned to be installed in FY19. We successfully demonstrate the former by measuring dielectric stacks with polarization-dependent photoemission yield. Extrapolating from our result, we conclude that the capability of PEEM-based magnetic imaging using a CW deep UV laser could be a potential game-changer for scientific investigations and technological developments of magnetic materials and spintronic devices. In addition, polarization controlled PEEM imaging shows the potential for ellipsometry imaging of embedded nanomaterials exploiting their subtle differences in optical constants with respect to their surrounding dielectrics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2023

Intensified Catalytic Conversion of CO2 into High Value Chemicals

The utilization of CO2 produced from power generation plants as a feedstock for creating new valuable products offers a strategy to reduce GHG emissions, offset carbon capture costs, and facilitate the rebalancing of the carbon cycle. After considering the thermodynamic requirement of potential products from CO2 utilization and their market size, formic acid is a desirable target that offers widespread utility in industrial chemical production and chemical energy storage as a liquid fuel. To effectively utilize CO2 from power generation plants, UK proposes an enhanced bimetallic oxide carbon utilization process (EBOCU) that enables electrochemical CO2 conversion to formic acid. The UK intensified electrocatalytic process combines three main components: 1) a novel bimetallic oxide electrocatalyst; 2) a stable electrochemical reactor using robust electrodes; and 3) a pressurized electrochemical reactor. The output from this project showed the economic viability of producing high-value formic acid from CO2 to both offset the cost associated with post-combustion CCS and reduce GHG emissions. This project developed and screened a series engineered catalysts to selectively reduce CO2 directly to formic acid. The best performing catalyst based on formic acid production, stability, and Faradaic efficiency, was immobilized on carbon electrodes, and tested inside a flow through reactor. After lab-scale testing was completed, the experimental data was used to perform a Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) and conduct an Initial Technical and Economic Feasibility Study. The LCA showed a pathway to a net negative CO2 utilization process with the incorporation of renewable energy, while the TEA showed the potential to produce formic acid below the current commercial price. The UK EBOCU process was successfully demonstrated at the TRL3 level and has a clear pathway to further development and contribution to the nation’s ambitious decarbonization goals.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2012

Spectroscopy Overview

Present and near-future experiments propose a significant increase in both the quality and scope of data relevant to hadron spectroscopy. The Jefferson Lab 12 GeV experiments GlueX and CLAS12 propose photoproduction of meson systems with mass up to around 3 GeV while the same light hadron systems will be produced through charmonium decays with unprecedented statistics at BES III. States in the charmonium region with a broad set of $J^{PC}$ quantum numbers will be mapped through $\bar{p} p$ annihilation at PANDA, building upon the renaissance in charmonium spectroscopy observed over the past decade. Lattice QCD is increasingly able to suggest phenomenology of direct relevance to these experiments, in particular through exploring quantities that have traditionally been challenging for simple phenomenological models of QCD, such as the presence of gluonic excitations in hadrons and annihilation dynamics in isoscalar mesons. I will present the results of recent calculations of the excited hadron spectrum, which, while currently lacking complete theoretical rigour, do reproduce many of the qualitative features of the observed hadron spectrum while also suggesting novel excited states to be explored experimentally.

Dudek, Jozef↗

DOE OSTI2024

An OVERVIEW of MICROPHONICS in CEBAF and CURRENT MODERATION TECHNIQUES

Superconducting RF (SRF) structures are susceptible to frequency detuning from external vibrations and modal mechanical resonances in the structure. These small disturbances, known as microphonics, require additional RF power in CW accelerating structures since the frequency is constantly shifting. In the Jefferson Lab CEBAF accelerator, time and frequency data of this frequency shift have been recorded for many years, allowing a retrospective analysis of different microphonics-mitigation techniques. Some of these techniques are specific to the design of each CEBAF cryomodule, for example implementing BNNT damping material on the cavity string. Other techniques are universal such as affixing vacuum lines and reinforcing waveguide structures.

Powers, Tom↗

DOE OSTI2025

Queued Up: 2025 Edition – Characteristics of Power Plants Seeking Transmission Interconnection As of the End of 2024 [Slides]

Electric transmission system operators (ISOs, RTOs, or utilities) require proposed power plants seeking to connect to the transmission grid to undergo a series of impact studies before they can be built. This process establishes what new transmission equipment or upgrades may be needed before a project can connect to the system and assigns the costs of that equipment. The lists of projects in this process are known as “interconnection queues”. In collaboration with interconnection.fyi, Berkeley Lab compiled, aggregated, and cleaned interconnection queue data from >50 transmission grid operators (7 ISO/RTOs and 49 non-ISO balancing areas), which collectively represent ~97% of currently installed U.S. electric generating capacity. The dataset includes requests submitted to queues through the end of 2024, and only includes requests seeking to connect to the transmission grid (not distribution-connected or behind-the-meter projects). The files below include both a PDF report and an Excel data file. The PDF report analyzes interconnection data and metrics through the end of 2024. The Excel data file includes (a) the full project-level interconnection queue dataset through 2024, (b) a codebook (data dictionary) describing each data field, and (c) 35 additional tabs featuring tables summarizing a range of interconnection metrics. Key highlights from the Queued Up: 2025 Edition (featuring data through 2024) include: • As of the end of 2024, there were ~10,300 projects actively seeking grid interconnection in the U.S., representing 1,400 GW of generation and approximately 890 GW of storage. • Historic withdrawal rates alongside relatively fewer new requests resulted in a 12% decrease in total active queue volume compared to the prior year. • Active natural gas capacity (136 GW, +72% year-over-year) increased in 2024, while solar (956 GW, -12%), storage (890 GW, -13%), and wind (271 GW, -26%) capacity decreased. • 408 GW of capacity already has a draft or executed interconnection agreement (IA) but has not yet reached commercial operations. • The time projects spend in queues before reaching COD is increasing. For the regions with available data, the median duration from IR to COD has doubled from <2 years for projects built in 2000-2007 to over 4 years for those built in 2018-2024. • Ultimately, most of this proposed capacity will not be built. Only 13% of capacity that submitted interconnection requests from 2000-2019 had reached commercial operations by the end of 2024; 77% of that capacity had been withdrawn and 10% was still active. • FERC Order 2023 and various other reforms are being implemented. These are important measures to reduce interconnection bottlenecks and enhance grid system reliability, but it is too early to measure and assess their full impact. • New additions for the 2025 edition include: (a) additional detail on data processing and gaps; (b) updates on interconnection reforms; (c) new analysis on interconnection agreements, and more.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2026

Techno Economic Analysis for Production of Renewable Natural Gas and Value-Added Chemicals from Forest Biomass Residues (CRADA Final Report)

West Biofuels - in collaboration with the University of California San Diego, the University of California Davis, the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), the Colorado School of Mines’ Center for Hydrate Research, Placer County Air Pollution Control District, the Sierra Business Council, and the Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas)-will demonstrate an innovative pathway to convert forest biomass to renewable gas (RG). The project, Production of Pipeline Grade Renewable Natural Gas and Value-Added Chemicals from Forest Biomass Residues, will utilize an existing pilot-scale gasification system and data and lessons learned from a lab-scale catalytic reactor design, develop, and demonstrate an integrated pilot-scale RG process with a scaled-up catalytic reactor and hydrate-based gas separation process. This robust and simple process uses a commercial proven gasifier, a commercially available catalyst that can tolerate gas contaminants, and a gas separation process that simplifies the downstream processing. Current testing has shown that the process can yield a large amount of methane rich renewable gas in addition to a mixture of propanol, ethanol and other higher alcohols and the relative amounts can be controlled by shifting the process conditions. This process is novel and groundbreaking because the product mixture of RG and valuable alcohols byproducts makes RG production economically feasible at $\$$12 per million British thermal units (MMBtu) or less using forest biomass from high hazard zones.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Queued Up: 2026 Edition, Characteristics of Power Plants Seeking Transmission Interconnection As of the End of 2025 [Slides]

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2021

Can Agricultural Management Induced Changes in Soil Organic Carbon Be Detected Using Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy?

A major limitation to building credible soil carbon sequestration programs is the cost of measuring soil carbon change. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) is considered a viable low-cost alternative to traditional laboratory analysis of soil organic carbon (SOC). While numerous studies have shown that DRS can produce accurate and precise estimates of SOC across landscapes, whether DRS can detect subtle management induced changes in SOC at a given site has not been resolved. Here, we leverage archived soil samples from seven long-term research trials in the U.S. to test this question using mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy coupled with the USDA-NRCS Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory MIR spectral library. Overall, MIR-based estimates of SOC%, with samples scanned on a secondary instrument, were excellent with the root mean square error ranging from 0.10 to 0.33% across the seven sites. In all but two instances, the same statistically significant (p < 0.10) management effect was found using both the lab-based SOC% and MIR estimated SOC% data. Despite some additional uncertainty, primarily in the form of bias, these results suggest that large existing MIR spectral libraries can be operationalized in other laboratories for successful carbon monitoring.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Energy Analysis of Combi Heat Pump System Configurations for Space Conditioning and Domestic Hot Water Heating in Residential Buildings

Combi heat pump systems, also referred to multifunctional variable refrigerant flow heat recovery (MF-VRFHR) systems, are specifically designed for residential applications to manage both space conditioning and domestic hot water (DHW). They have attracted attention due to their potential for energy conservation through heat recovery. The incorporation of a hot water tank introduces various system configurations, each characterized by distinct pros and cons related to energy efficiency, system stability, and maintenance. Despite this, a critical gap exists as the specific energy performance remains unquantified under diverse operational modes (e.g., heating mode and heat recovery mode). This paper aims to bridge this gap by conducting a comprehensive comparative analysis of two prevalent system configurations while considering feasible proposed control logics. Configuration 1 integrates a separate hot water tank and a refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger (HEX), also known as a Hydro Kit while Configuration 2 incorporates a refrigerant-wrapped hot water tank. To facilitate this analysis, we developed high-fidelity system models for both configurations in Modelica, capturing system dynamics and detailed control sequences effectively. These system models were built upon the TIL library for HVAC equipment components and the Buildings library for residential building thermal load calculations. The validation of the simulation testbed utilized data from experiments conducted in the PNNL lab home for Configuration 1. To establish the simulation testbed for Configuration 2, we extended the modeling setup derived from Configuration 1. This extension specifically involved substituting the separate hot water tank and Hydro Kit with a refrigerant-wrapped hot water tank of similar sizing sourced from an actual product. The simulation analysis of heating-only and heat recovery modes reveals that Configuration 2 not only saves energy and maintains warmer tank temperatures but also demonstrates faster water heating capabilities. This is attributed to decreased energy loss and improved heat transfer. The study encompasses a wide range of scenarios, considering diverse thermal loads and water usage patterns across heating and heat recovery modes. Overall, the comprehensive results indicate that Configuration 2 achieves energy savings ranging from 3.5% to 12.2% compared to Configuration 1, depending on factors such as water usage patterns, thermal loads, and operational modes.

Configuration, Comparison, Multi-functional, Resid↗

DOE OSTI2019

Solar and Energy Efficiency: Resources to Support Local Initiatives for Low-to-Moderate Income Communities

This SolSmart webinar serves as an educational resource for local governments interested in better understanding market barriers and expanding solar and energy efficiency deployment in low to moderate income (LMI) communities. Viewers will be able to explore and visualize data developed by the National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) focused on how rooftop solar on LMI housing represents an opportunity to help modernize the U.S electric grid and advance energy affordability in LMI communities. NREL and the American Council on an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) also discuss financing options and incentives for solar development and energy efficiency in LMI communities.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2018

New Results from Jlab Experiment

I will present preliminary results from the experiment E12-10-002 that ran at Jefferson Lab in Hall C in Spring 2018. Data were taken to extract inclusive cross sections and the F2 structure function from H(e,e'p) and D(e,e'p) measurements. Our new measurements will provide much needed constraints for parton distribution functions at large x as well as constrains for quark-hadron duality studies and for extractions of moments of the F2 structure function.

Malace, Simona↗

DOE OSTI2018

Highly Selective and Stable Multivariable Gas Sensors for Enhanced Robustness and Reliability of SOFC Operation

GE Global Research, in partnership with SUNY Polytechnic Institute (SUNY Poly) and GE–Fuel Cells LLC, designed, built, and tested multi-gas sensor prototypes for in situ monitoring of gases produced during steam reforming in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems. To be widely adopted and to deliver a lower operating cost for customers, SOFC systems should enhance their operation reliability and improve stack robustness. These needs can be achieved by early diagnostics of potential upsets by using in-situ gas sensors for the real-time monitoring of gas mixture compositions. Thus, this project objective was to achieve selectivity and stability of sensing of gases for SOFC applications by implementing a new generation of gas sensors, known as multivariable sensors. Such sensors are intended to complement the mature traditional analytical instruments based on sensor performance and design characteristics. The key sensor-performance characteristics include accurate detection and quantitation of several gases in their mixtures and stability of operation in unattended applications. The key design characteristics of sensors include their unobtrusive form factor and cost-effectiveness. The duration of the project was 18 months with the project structure that included three technical tasks such as (1) design and laboratory validation of multivariable sensors for selective detection of H 2 and CO gases, (2) laboratory validation of sensor stability over a two-week testing, and (3) field-validation of the developed multivariable sensor system prototype at GE–Fuel Cells factory. Multi-gas detection was achieved with multivariable photonic sensors designed to operate at elevated temperature. The sensor design was based on three-dimensional (3D) bio-inspired photonic nanostructure that was fabricated using materials responsive to gases of interest such as H 2 and CO. The gas discrimination and the rejection of interferences such as CH 4 , H 2 O, and others was performed by optimizing the design parameters of the 3D photonic nanostructures such as their composition and morphology. Planar sol-gel and sputtered sensing films were fabricated as controls. As a result of the fabrication, functionalization, excitation, and performance testing of 3D photonic sensors, we developed initial design rules for high temperature multivariable sensors. These design rules pave the way for the new generation of cost-effective industrial sensors. Stability of sensor operation was tested in the laboratory conditions under variations of the ambient environments. Stability tests were designed in the order of enhanced complexity and realism of sensor operation and included quantitation of a single gas, quantitation of a single gas in the presence of interferences, and quantitation of two and three gases. We have found that conventional machine learning data analysis stools were unable to correct for the sensor drift. Thus, we have developed new methods of machine learning data analysis that provided us with needed performance stability. Such performance improvement in gas sensing was a significant milestone in bringing our multivariable sensors to practical applications. The project culminated with initial field validation of developed multivariable sensor prototypes at GE–Fuel Cells LLC. The in situ data generated by the sensor system in the lab and field conditions provided inputs that advanced our fundamental understanding of gas sensing at high temperatures to enable sensors for SOFC applications and allowed development of the recommendations for further deliverables.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗