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At least 451 records · Page 25

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NASA NTRS1995

Regional scale hydrology with a new land surface processes model

Through the CaPE Hydrometeorology Project, we have developed an understanding of some of the unique data quality issues involved in assimilating data of disparate types for regional-scale hydrologic modeling within a GIS framework. Among others, the issues addressed here include the development of adequate validation of the surface water budget, implementation of the STATSGO soil data set, and implementation of a remote sensing-derived landcover data set to account for surface heterogeneity. A model of land surface processes has been developed and used in studies of the sensitivity of surface fluxes and runoff to soil and landcover characterization. Results of these experiments have raised many questions about how to treat the scale-dependence of land surface-atmosphere interactions on spatial and temporal variability. In light of these questions, additional modifications are being considered for the Marshall Land Surface Processes Model. It is anticipated that these techniques can be tested and applied in conjunction with GCIP activities over regional scales.

Laymon, Charles↗

DOE OSTI2024

Material and Interface Engineering Strategies to Mitigate Decoherence in Superconducting Qubits

While significant strides have been made to increase the coherence time of superconducting qubits, further advancements are essential for realizing scalable quantum computing. Decoherence is often a result of loss and noise stemming from two-level systems and excess quasiparticles, arising due to material defects, fabrication processes, and ambient exposure, particularly at surfaces and interfaces. Our recent efforts to mitigate these decoherence mechanisms have employed a variety of strategies, including low-loss surface encapsulation materials, advanced substrate preparation techniques, modifications to metal film growth, and the development of novel fabrication processes. The structural and chemical properties of materials, surfaces, and interfaces are studied using scanning probe microscopy, electron microscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction, which is correlated to device performance metrics, including superconducting resonator internal quality factor and qubit T1 time. This information is used to identify and understand material sources of loss and their origins in the device fabrication process. Through multi-institution efforts within SQMS we have identified the loss mechanism of interstitial hydrogen in niobium-based devices and shown how standard fabrication processes introduce these hydrides, developing strategies to mitigate their formation.1 Furthermore, we have characterized the metal-substrate interface, including the loss of niobium-silicides formed at that interface, and developed silicon surface treatments that reduce atomic scale roughness and oxygen content at the metal-substrate and Josephson junction interfaces.2-4 By developing the connection between materials properties and the overall performance of superconducting quantum circuitry, we can develop fabrication strategies to mitigate material losses, thus supporting the ongoing efforts to enhance coherence time in superconducting quantum devices. 1. Torres-Castanedo, C. G.*, Goronzy, D. P.*, et al., Adv. Funct. Mater., 2401365 (2024) 2. Lu, X., et al., Phys. Rev. Materials 6, 064402 (2022) 3. Berti, G., Appl. Phys. Lett. 122, 192605 (2023) 4. Kopas, C. J., Goronzy, D. P., et al., arXiv:2408.02863 (2024)

Goronzy, Dominic P.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Factors influencing quantum evaporation of helium from polar semiconductors from first principles

While there is much indirect evidence for the existence of dark matter (DM), to date it has evaded detection. Current efforts focus on DM masses over ~GeV—to push the sensitivity of DM searches to lower masses, new DM targets and detection schemes are needed. In this work, we focus on the latter—a novel detection scheme recently proposed to detect 10–100 meV phonons in polar target materials. Previous work showed that well-motivated models of DM can interact with polar semiconductors to produce an athermal population of phonons. This new sensing scheme proposes that these phonons then facilitate quantum evaporation of 3 He from a van der Waals film deposited on the target material. However, a fundamental understanding of the underlying process is still unclear, with several uncertainties related to the precise rate of evaporation and how it can be controlled. In this work, we use ab initio density functional theory calculations to compare the adsorption energies of helium atoms on a polar target material, sodium iodide, to understand the underlying evaporation physics. We explore the role of surface termination, monolayer coverage, and elemental species on the rate of He evaporation from the target material. Using this, we discuss the optimal target features for He-evaporation experiments and their range of tunability through chemical and physical modifications such as applied field and surface termination.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1992

Floor-fractured crater models for igneous crater modification on Venus

Although crater modification on the Earth, Moon, and Mars results from surface erosion and crater infilling, a significant number of craters on the Moon also exhibit distinctive patterns of crater-centered fracturing and volcanism that can be modeled as the result of igneous crater modification. Here, we consider the possible effects of Venus surface conditions on this model, describe two examples of such crater modification, and then briefly discuss the constraints these craters place on conditions at depth.

Wichman, R. W.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Affinity Electrophoresis Using Ligands Attached To Polymers

In new technique, reduction of electrophoretic mobilities by addition of polyethylene glycol to ligands increases electrophoretic separabilities. In immuno-affinity electrophoresis, modification of ligands extends specificity of electrophoretic separation to particles having surface electric-charge structures otherwise making them electrophoretically inseparable. Modification of antibodies by polyethylene glycol greatly reduces ability to aggregate while enhancing ability to affect electrophoretic mobilities of cells. In hydrophobic-affinity electrophoresis, addition of polyethylene glycol reduces tendency toward aggregation of cells or macromolecules.

Van Alstine, James M.↗

NASA NTRS2010

Copoly(imide siloxane) Abhesive Materials with Varied Siloxane Oligomer Length

In this work, low surface energy copoly(imide siloxane)s were synthesized with various siloxane segment lengths. Characterization of these materials revealed that domain formation of the low surface energy component within the matrix was more prevalent for longer siloxane segments as indicated by increased opacity, decreased mechanical properties, and variation of the Tg. Incorporation of siloxanes lowered the polymer s surface energy as indicated by water contact angle values. Topographical modification of these materials by laser ablation patterning further reduced the surface energy, even generating superhydrophobic surfaces. Combined, the contact angle data and particle adhesion testing indicated that copoly(imide siloxane) materials may provide greater mitigation to particulate adhesion than polyimide materials alone. These enhanced surface properties for abhesive applications did result in a reduction of the tensile moduli of the copolymers. It is possible that lower siloxane loading levels would result in retention of the mechanical properties of the polyimide while still affording abhesive surface properties. This hypothesis is currently being investigated. Laser ablation patterning offers further reduction in particle retention as the available surface area for particle adhesion is reduced. Pattern variation and size dependencies are currently being evaluated. For the purposes of lunar dust adhesion mitigation, it is likely that this approach, termed passive due to the lack of input from an external energy source, would not be sufficient to mitigate surface contamination or clean contaminated surfaces for some lunar applications. It is feasible to combine these materials with active mitigation strategies - methods that utilize input from external energy sources - would broaden the applicability of such materials for abhesive purposes. Collaborative efforts along these lines have been initiated with researchers at NASA Kennedy Space Center where experiments are being conducted involving a series of embedded electrodes within polymeric matrices.

Wohl, Christoper J.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Universal salt-assisted assembly of MXene from suspension on polymer substrates

Abstract Two-dimensional carbides and nitrides, known as MXenes, are promising for water-processable coatings due to their excellent electrical, thermal, and optical properties. However, depositing hydrophilic MXene nanosheets onto inert or hydrophobic polymer surfaces requires plasma treatment or chemical modification. This study demonstrates a universal salt-assisted assembly method that produces ultra-thin, uniform MXene coatings with exceptional mechanical stability and washability on various polymers, including high-performance polymers for extreme temperatures. The salt in the Ti 3 C 2 T x colloidal suspension reduces surface charges, enabling electrostatically hydrophobized MXene deposition on polymers. A library of salts was used to optimize assembly kinetics and coating morphology. A 170 nm MXene coating can reduce radiation temperature by ~200 °C on a 300 °C PEEK substrate, while the coating on Kevlar fabric provides comfort in extreme conditions, including outer space and polar regions.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

NASA NTRS2005

Modifying Silicates for Better Dispersion in Nanocomposites

An improved chemical modification has been developed to enhance the dispersion of layered silicate particles in the formulation of a polymer/silicate nanocomposite material. The modification involves, among other things, the co-exchange of an alkyl ammonium ion and a monoprotonated diamine with interlayer cations of the silicate. The net overall effects of the improved chemical modification are to improve processability of the nanocomposite and maximize the benefits of dispersing the silicate particles into the polymer. Some background discussion is necessary to give meaning to a description of this development. Polymer/silicate nanocomposites are also denoted polymer/clay composites because the silicate particles in them are typically derived from clay particles. Particles of clay comprise layers of silicate platelets separated by gaps called "galleries." The platelet thickness is 1 nm. The length varies from 30 nm to 1 m, depending on the silicate. In order to fully realize the benefits of polymer/silicate nanocomposites, it is necessary to ensure that the platelets become dispersed in the polymer matrices. Proper dispersion can impart physical and chemical properties that make nanocomposites attractive for a variety of applications. In order to achieve nanometer-level dispersion of a layered silicate into a polymer matrix, it is typically necessary to modify the interlayer silicate surfaces by attaching organic functional groups. This modification can be achieved easily by ion exchange between the interlayer metal cations found naturally in the silicate and protonated organic cations - typically protonated amines. Long-chain alkyl ammonium ions are commonly chosen as the ion-exchange materials because they effectively lower the surface energies of the silicates and ease the incorporation of organic monomers or polymers into the silicate galleries. This completes the background discussion. In the present improved modification of the interlayer silicate surfaces, the co-ion exchange strengthens the polymer/silicate interface and ensures irreversible separation of the silicate layers. One way in which it does this is to essentially tether one amine of each diamine molecule to a silicate surface, leaving the second amine free for reaction with monomers during the synthesis of a polymer. In addition, the incorporation of alkyl ammonium ions into the galleries at low concentration helps to keep low the melt viscosity of the oligomer formed during synthesis of the polymer and associated processing - a consideration that is particularly important in the case of a highly cross-linked, thermosetting polymer. Because of the chemical bonding between the surface-modifying amines and the monomers, even when the alkyl ammonium ions become degraded at high processing temperature, the silicate layers do not aggregate and, hence, nanometer-level dispersion is maintained.

Campbell, Sandi↗

NASA NTRS1994

Effect of nonzero surface admittance on receptivity and stability of compressible boundary layer

The effect of small-amplitude short-scale variations in surface admittance on the acoustic receptivity and stability of two-dimensional compressible boundary layers is examined. In the linearized limit, the two problems are shown to be related both physically and mathematically. This connection between the two problems is used, in conjunction with some previously reported receptivity results, to infer the modification of stability properties due to surface permeability. Numerical calculations are carried out for a self-similar flat-plate boundary layer at subsonic and low supersonic speeds. Variations in mean suction velocity at the perforated admittance surface can also induce receptivity to an acoustic wave. For a subsonic boundary layer, the dependence of admittance-induced receptivity on the acoustic-wave orientation is significantly different from that of the receptivity produced via mean suction variation. The admittance-induced receptivity is generally independent of the angle of acoustic incidence, except in a relatively narrow range of upstream-traveling waves for which the receptivity becomes weaker. However, this range of angles is precisely that for which the suction-induced receptivity tends to be large. At supersonic Mach numbers, the admittance-induced receptivity to slow acoustic models is relatively weaker than that in the case of the fast acoustic modes. We also find that purely real values for the surface admittance tend to have a destabilizing effect on the evolution of an instability wave over a slightly permeable surface. The limits on the validity of the linearized approximation are also assessed in one specific case.

Choudhari, Meelan↗

NASA NTRS2024

Investigating Space Weathering of Ryugu Grains Using Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Computed Tomography

The effects of micrometeorite bombardment and solar wind ion irradiation – collectively known as space weathering – alter the microstructural, chemical, and spectral properties of airless surfaces. Characteristics of space weathering include vesiculated textures, amorphous grain rims (upper ~100 nm), and the production of Fe-bearing nanoparticles (npFe). The resulting modifications in the optical properties of the surface regolith include changes in spectral slope and overall reflectance of the surfaces as well as the attenuation of their characteristic absorption bands across VIS-NIR wavelengths. As the surface is continuously exposed to interplanetary space over time, the accrual of these features complicates the interpretation of remote sensing spectral data and the characterization of returned samples. Laboratory experiments that simulate solar wind irradiation and micrometeoroid impacts using carbonaceous analogs have revealed novel and complex microstructural and chemical changes, including the decrease in organic species concentrations and the reduction of Fe 3+ . In 2020, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)’s Hayabusa2 mission returned over 5 g of regolith particles from near- Earth C-type asteroid (162173) Ryugu – a unique opportunity to study space weathering on carbonaceous materials. Initial studies have established that the surface morphology and chemical signatures of space weathering in returned samples share characteristics with laser irradiation experiments simulating micrometeoroid bombardment, indicating that impacts are a significant space weathering mechanism operating on Ryugu. Here, we seek to improve our understanding of space weathering of carbonaceous asteroidal regolith grains by characterizing its effects directly on returned samples to determine the nature of space weathering on Ryugu. To do so, we performed coordinated analyses using electron beam techniques and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) to examine the effects of space weathering on grains returned from the surface of Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 mission.

L. E. Melendez↗

NASA NTRS1980

Airframe Noise Reduction Studies and Clean-Airframe Noise Investigation

Acoustic wind tunnel tests were conducted of a wing model with modified leading edge slat and trailing edge flap. The modifications were intended to reduce the surface pressure response to convected turbulence and thereby reduce the airframe noise without changing the lift at constant incidence. Tests were conducted at 70.7 and 100 m/sec airspeeds, with Reynolds numbers 1.5 x 10 to the 6th power and 2.1 x 10 to the 6th power. Considerable reduction of noise radiation from the side edges of a 40 deflection single slotted flap was achieved by modification to the side edge regions or the leading edge region of the flap panel. Total far field noise was reduced 2 to 3 dB over several octaves of frequency. When these panels were installed as the aft panel of a 40 deg deflection double slotted flap, 2 dB noise reduction was achieved.

Fink, M. R.↗

NASA NTRS2015

Global Soil Moisture from the Aquarius/SAC-D Satellite: Description and Initial Assessment

Aquarius satellite observations over land offer a new resource for measuring soil moisture from space. Although Aquarius was designed for ocean salinity mapping, our objective in this investigation is to exploit the large amount of land observations that Aquarius acquires and extend the mission scope to include the retrieval of surface soil moisture. The soil moisture retrieval algorithm development focused on using only the radiometer data because of the extensive heritage of passive microwave retrieval of soil moisture. The single channel algorithm (SCA) was implemented using the Aquarius observations to estimate surface soil moisture. Aquarius radiometer observations from three beams (after bias/gain modification) along with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction model forecast surface temperatures were then used to retrieve soil moisture. Ancillary data inputs required for using the SCA are vegetation water content, land surface temperature, and several soil and vegetation parameters based on land cover classes. The resulting global spatial patterns of soil moisture were consistent with the precipitation climatology and with soil moisture from other satellite missions (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System and Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity). Initial assessments were performed using in situ observations from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Little Washita and Little River watershed soil moisture networks. Results showed good performance by the algorithm for these land surface conditions for the period of August 2011-June 2013 (rmse = 0.031 m(exp 3)/m(exp 3), Bias = −0.007 m(exp 3)/m(exp 3), and R = 0.855). This radiometer-only soil moisture product will serve as a baseline for continuing research on both active and combined passive-active soil moisture algorithms. The products are routinely available through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration data archive at the National Snow and Ice Data Center.

Soil MOisture↗

NASA NTRS1998

Extended X-Ray Emission around Quasars at Intermediate Redshift

We compare the optical to soft X-ray spectral energy distribution (SED) of a sample of bright low-redshift (0.048 less than z less than 0.155), radio-quiet quasars, with a range of thermal models which have been proposed to explain the optical/UV/soft X-ray quasar emission: (a) optically thin emission from an ionized plasma, (b) optically thick emission from the innermost regions of an accretion disk in Schwarzschild and Kerr geometries. We presented ROSAT PSPC observations of these quasars in an earlier paper. Here our goals are to search for the signature of thermal emission in the quasar SED, and to investigate whether a single component is dominating at different frequencies. We find that isothermal optically thin plasma models can explain the observed soft X-ray color and the mean OUV color. However, they predict an ultraviolet (1325 Angstrom) luminosity a factor of 3 to 10 times lower than observed. Pure disk models, even in a Kerr geometry, do not have the necessary flexibility to account for the observed OUV and soft X-ray luminosities. Additional components are needed both in the optical and in the soft X-rays (e.g. a hot corona can explain the soft X-ray color). The most constrained modification of pure disk models, is the assumption of an underlying power law component extending from the infrared (3 micrometers) to the X-ray. This can explain both the OUV and soft X-ray colors and luminosities and does not exceed the 3 micrometers luminosity, where a contribution from hot dust is likely to be important. We also discuss the possibility that the observed soft X-ray color and luminosity are dominated by reflection from the ionized surface of the accretion disk. While modifications of both optically thin plasma models and pure disk models might account for the observed SED, we do not find any strong evidence that the OUV bump and soft X-ray emission are one and the same component. Likewise, we do not find any strong argument which definitely argues in favor of thermal models.

Fiore, Fabrizio↗

NASA NTRS1986

Structural behavior of the space shuttle SRM Tang-Clevis joint

The space shuttle Challenger accident investigation focused on the failure of a tang-clevis joint on the right solid rocket motor. The existence of relative motion between the inner arm of the clevis and the O-ring sealing surface on the tang has been identified as a potential contributor to this failure. This motion can cause the O-rings to become unseated and therefore lose their sealing capability. Finite element structural analyses have been performed to predict both deflections and stresses in the joint under the primary, pressure loading condition. These analyses have demonstrated the difficulty of accurately predicting the structural behavior of the tang-clevis joint. Stresses in the vicinity of the connecting pins, obtained from elastic analyses, considerably exceed the material yield allowables indicating that inelastic analyses are probably necessary. Two modifications have been proposed to control the relative motion between the inner clevis arm and the tang at the O-ring sealing surface. One modification, referred to as the capture feature, uses additional material on the inside of the tang to restrict motion of the inner clevis arm. The other modification uses external stiffening rings above and below the joint to control the local bending in the shell near the joint. Both of these modifications are shown to be effective in controlling the relative motion in the joint.

Greene, W. H.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Structural behavior of the space shuttle SRM tang-clevis joint

Greene, William H.↗

NASA NTRS1997

Land Surface Temperature Measurements from EOS MODIS Data

We made modifications to the linear kernel bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) models from Roujean et al. and Wanner et al. that extend the spectral range into the thermal infrared (TIR). With these TIR BRDF models and the IGBP land-cover product, we developed a classification-based emissivity database for the EOS/MODIS land-surface temperature (LST) algorithm and used it in version V2.0 of the MODIS LST code. Two V2.0 LST codes have been delivered to the MODIS SDST, one for the daily L2 and L3 LST products, and another for the 8-day 1km L3 LST product. New TIR thermometers (broadband radiometer with a filter in the 10-13 micron window) and an IR camera have been purchased in order to reduce the uncertainty in LST field measurements due to the temporal and spatial variations in LST. New improvements have been made to the existing TIR spectrometer in order to increase its accuracy to 0.2 C that will be required in the vicarious calibration of the MODIS TIR bands.

Wan, Zhengming↗

NASA NTRS1979

An experimental study of USB flap noise reduction through mean flow modification

The effect of mean flow modification on the noise production of upper surface blown flaps has been studied experimentally. Mean velocity profile at the nozzle exit was modified from the usual 'top-hat' shape to 'Gamma' and 'L'-shaped profiles. The 'L'-modification caused noise reduction around and above the peak frequency of the 'top-hat' spectrum when compared on an equal thrust per exit area basis. Modification to 'Gamma'-shaped profile resulted in a shift of the spectrum to lower frequencies and a lower overall noise reduction. These modifications alter the development of the large scale disturbances in the upper shear layer and trailing edge wake of the wall jet geometry.

Joshi, M. C.↗

NASA NTRS1959

Some Aspects of the Modified Newtonian and Prandtl-Meyer-Expansion Method for Axisymmetric Blunt Bodies at Zero Angle of Attack

In a recent article on hypersonic flow, Lees and Kubota suggested a modification of the local-expansion method to predict the surface pressures in the region of a nose-cylinder junction where Newtonian theory fails. The modification consists of matching the Newtonian pressure distribution and the Prandtl-Meyer relation at the point on the nose surface where both the pressure and the pressure gradient, predicted by these two solution, are equal. With this approximation, the pressure distribution can be predicted quite accurately up to the nose-cylinder junction for blunt-nosed bodies of continuous curvature, provided centrifugal-force effects are negligible. The purpose of this note is to facilitate the application of Lees' suggestion and to draw attention to some of its consequences.

Wagner, Richard D., Jr.↗