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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 451 records · Page 25
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Strain Engineering: Reduction of Microstrain at the Perovskite Surface via Alkali Metal Chloride Treatment Enhances Stability

Degradation of halide perovskites under a humid atmosphere is the major challenge preventing widespread commercial deployment of this material class. Here it is shown that strain engineering via alkali metal chloride treatment at the FAPbI 3 /SnO 2 interface effectively improves moisture-related stability. CsCl and KCl treatments reduce microstrain at the perovskite surface and slow the α- to δ-phase transformation. Alkali metal treatments with LiCl, NaCl, and RbCl led to an increase in microstrain and faster degradation. The compressive strain at the perovskite surface was the smallest for CsCl and was linked to improved stability. First-principles density functional theory calculations confirm the preferential formation of alkali defects at interstitial positions at the perovskite surface. Particularly CsCl and KCl treatments lead to a release of compressive strain at the perovskite surface and local structural distortions that may favor passivation of surface defects. In contrast, the room-temperature dynamics of Li interstitials result in an overall expansion of lattice volume, which may be linked to more facile lattice degradation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

An Interfacial Engineering Approach toward Operation of a Porous Solid Electrolyte CO 2 Electrolyzer

Waste CO 2 can be repurposed as a carbon feedstock for synthesizing valuable chemicals via CO 2 electrolysis. Porous solid electrolyte (PSE) CO 2 electrolysis has been demonstrated as an economically viable method to produce high purity products. This work applies an interfacial engineering approach to determine key factors to improve performance in PSE CO 2 electrolyzers. We standardize the assembly by binding the ionic resin into an ionomer wafer and utilize Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to design gaskets for uniform fluid flow. Here, we employ the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) method to determine that anionic-conducting interfaces are the primary contributor to energy losses. To address this, we demonstrate that enhancing the contact between the cathode and the anion exchange membrane (AEM) and the AEM-ionic resin interface allows for low overpotential in deionized water operation.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Enzymatic Nylon Deconstruction: Enzyme Discovery, Engineering, and Opportunities

Nylons are widely used synthetic polyamides valued for their strength, versatility, and durability across diverse applications. However, their petrochemical origin and energy-intensive production underscore the need for efficient, circular solutions. Conventional recycling methods remain limited by incomplete recovery, material degradation, and costly sorting requirements. Enzymatic depolymerization offers a selective, low-energy alternative capable of processing mixed waste streams under mild conditions. While significant progress has been achieved for polyesters, enzymatic degradation of polyamides is still at an early stage. The discovery of nylon hydrolases demonstrated the potential of biological systems to evolve catalysts for synthetic polyamides, yet reported depolymerization yields remain low. These limitations reflect both the structural complexity of nylons and the need for improved enzyme discovery and engineering. In conclusion, this review highlights recent advances, key challenges, and future directions for enzymatic nylon recycling, outlining its potential role enabling mixed polymer waste to be used as a green feedstock for remanufacturing.

Amides↗
DOE OSTI2024

High Temperature, Isothermal Growth Promotes Close Packing and Thermal Stability in DNA-Engineered Colloidal Crystals

Here, we report a strategy to accelerate the synthesis and increase the crystallinity of colloidal crystals engineered with DNA. Specifically, by holding the DNA-modified Au particle building blocks above the T m of the individual nanoparticle building blocks, but slightly below the T m of the anticipated colloidal crystal during the assembly process, crystallinity is increased, and enthalpically-favored phases with high degrees of facet registration are observed. We studied the utility of this approach with systems for which the commonly adopted slow-cooling approach yielded primarily amorphous aggregates. In particular, we used it to synthesize high-volume fraction colloidal crystals from large (80 nm) anisotropic nanoparticles (cubes and rhombic dodecahedra) with short (<14 nm) DNA designed to restrict the degrees of freedom for the DNA bonds and maintain the anisotropy of the particle building block. Small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy studies show that the crystalline phases synthesized via this method are more thermally stable than their corresponding aggregate phases, likely due to an increased number of DNA-DNA bonds between particles. Crystal size tunability (between 0.5 and 15 µm edge lengths) and epitaxial growth were demonstrated using this strategy by modulating the NaCl concentration in tandem with previously synthesized colloidal crystal nuclei. Taken together, this isothermal strategy provides a route to deliberately crystallize a wide variety of anisotropic colloidal materials and expands the phase space accessible to nanoparticles modified with DNA.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Controlled Spalling of 4H Silicon Carbide with Investigated Spin Coherence for Quantum Engineering Integration

We detail scientific and engineering advances which enable the controlled spalling and layer transfer of single crystal 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) from bulk substrates. 4HSiC’s properties, including high thermal conductivity and a wide bandgap, make it an ideal semiconductor for power electronics. Moreover, 4H-SiC is an excellent host of solid-state atomic defect qubits for quantum computing and quantum networking. Because 4H-SiC substrates are expensive (due to long growth times and limited yield), techniques for removal and transfer of bulk-quality films are desirable for substrate reuse and integration of the separated films. In this work, we utilize updated approaches for stressor layer thickness control and spalling crack initiation to demonstrate controlled spalling of 4H-SiC, the highest fracture toughness crystal spalled to date. We achieve coherent spin control of neutral divacancy (VV 0 ) qubit ensembles and measure a quasi-bulk spin T 2 of 79.7 μs in the spalled films.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Giant Electrostriction via Nanodomain Engineering in Relaxor Ferroelectric Polymers

Relaxor ferroelectric (RFE) polymers hold great promise for artificial muscles due to their high actuation strain, high loading stress, and fast response. However, the structural origin underlying their large electrostrictive deformation remains elusive. In this study, we investigate poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)]-based RFE terpolymers, incorporating 1,1-chlorofluoroethylene (CFE) or chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) (the terpolymers are denoted as terP-CFE and terP-CTFE, respectively) as termonomers. Although both terpolymers show similar semicrystalline morphology, drastically different electrostrictive properties are observed. Specifically, the terP-CFE annealed at 100 °C achieves a record-high transverse strain of ∼10.6%, whereas 100 °C-annealed terP-CTFE only shows a much lower actuation strain of ∼4.2% at the same poling field of 190 MV/m. To elucidate the origin of this difference, time-resolved wide-angle X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering, and Fourier transform infrared experiments are performed during in situ electric poling. An RFE-to-ferroelectric (FE) crystal phase transition is observed for terP-CFE but is absent for terP-CTFE. Beyond the contribution of the crystalline phase, the oriented amorphous fraction and crystalline defects (e.g., taut-tie molecules) also play significant roles in enhancing electrostriction. In conclusion, this mechanistic insight provides a valuable foundation for the rational design of next-generation RFE polymers with tunable properties through defect engineering of their semicrystalline structures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Intercalation-Engineered Out-of-Plane Polarized van der Waals Ferromagnetic Superlattice with Room-Temperature Néel-Type Skyrmions

Superlattices (SLs) based on two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials, abbreviated as 2D-SLs, have garnered significant attention due to their customizable properties. 2D-SLs can be engineered by mechanical stacking or chemical intercalation to achieve diverse forms of symmetry breaking, resulting in exotic phenomena like the quantum anomalous Hall effect and topological magnetism. Hitherto, broken symmetries in 2D-SLs have been widely produced within lateral planes or three dimensions. However, symmetry breaking along the vertical direction, specifically as an out-of-plane one-dimensional (1D) polarized superlattice, has not yet been achieved. Here, in this paper, we report a so far unseen out-of-plane 1D polarized vdW ferromagnetic superlattice achieved through an approach of two-step intercalation and de-embedding of chromium (Cr)-based 2D vdW magnets. The off-centering polarization of both intrinsic and intercalated Cr atoms in this (1 × 1 × 2) superstructure breaks the mirror symmetry vertically, yielding a Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI). This results in high-density Néel-type magnetic skyrmions over a broad temperature range. Notably, sub-100 nm Néel-type skyrmions at room temperature (RT) can be achieved by tuning the Cr intercalation ratio, marking the first binary compound RT Néel-type skyrmionic vdW magnet. Our work expands the 2D-SL family with a class of out-of-plane 1D polarized ferromagnetic superlattice with tunable topological magnetism.

1D polarized superlattice↗
DOE OSTI2025

Emergent Above-Gap Photoluminescence in Molecularly Engineered Hybrid Bilayer Crystals

Bilayer crystals, built by stacking two-dimensional (2D) covalent monolayers, give rise to coupled excitonic states whose properties are constrained by fixed lattice symmetry and orientation. Replacing one covalent monolayer with a 2D molecular crystal––held together by non-covalent forces––overcomes this limitation, as molecular functional groups afford tunable in-plane lattice geometry, intermolecular spacing, and interlayer coupling, providing a powerful knob for exciton engineering. Here, in this study, we report four-atom-thick hybrid bilayer crystals (HBCs) synthesized by directly growing single-crystalline PDI molecular crystal atop WS 2 monolayers, which exhibit a robust photoluminescence (PL) peak 120 meV above the WS 2 optical band gap alongside a belowgap emission. Both peaks display strong polarization anisotropy—nearing unity for the above-gap emission—and maintain a perfectly linear power-law dependence up to an excitation density of ~10 7 mW/cm 2 , indicative of coexisting localized and delocalized excitonic states. Substituting PDI with a PTCDA monolayer on WS 2 fully quenches PL, demonstrating molecular control over excitonic emission. Lattice scale ab initio GW and GW-BSE calculations reveal a significantly hybridized bilayer band structure in PDI/WS 2 that supports interlayer excitonic species both above and below the WS 2 gap with strong polarization anisotropy, in excellent agreement with experiment. Our work introduces a molecule-based bilayer platform for the bottom-up design and control of excitonic phenomena in atomically thin optoelectronic and quantum materials.

2D materials↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nano-Engineered Interfaces in Dual-Layer Electrodes for Protonic Ceramic Cells with Enhanced Stability and Kinetics

Enhancing interfacial stability and charge transfer in protonic ceramic cells (PCCs) remains a critical challenge, as structural degradation and interfacial resistance often compromise durability and efficiency. Here, we report a nanoengineered dual-layer oxygen electrode architecture designed to address these limitations by introducing a fine-grained nanoparticle interfacial contact layer beneath a porous catalytic backbone. The nanoscale powders, through enhanced sintering activity, densify into a robust interfacial layer that promotes strong chemical bonding, uniform adhesion, and continuous ionic/electronic pathways with the BCZYYb electrolyte. This hierarchical architecture mitigates delamination, redistributes mechanical stress, and establishes efficient charge and mass transport channels without relying on corrosive surface treatments. Electrochemical evaluation demonstrates that the dual-layer design markedly reduces interfacial polarization resistance and accelerates electrode kinetics. Compared to the single-layer counterpart, the architecture achieves a peel strength of 44.53 N/cm 2 , a 40% improvement in peak power density (0.96 W cm –2 at 600 °C), and a 130% enhancement in electrolysis current density (4.78 A cm –2 at 1.57 V). Faradaic efficiency remains as high as 88% under high steam concentrations, underscoring minimal charge loss during practical operation. Notably, the electrode retains stability across 450–600 °C and under transient voltage cycling, with impedance spectra confirming suppressed interfacial resistance growth over prolonged use. These results highlight nanoscale interface engineering as a powerful route to enhance both mechanical robustness and electrochemical kinetics in PCCs. The demonstrated scalability and durability of this architecture provide a versatile platform for advancing solid-state electrochemical systems, including reversible fuel cells and high-efficiency hydrogen production technologies.

Faradaic efficiency↗
DOE OSTI2026

Direct Observation of Ultrafast Defect-Bound and Free Exciton Dynamics in Defect-Engineered WS 2 Monolayers

Defects in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) broadly affect their optical and electronic properties. Directly capturing the ultrafast processes of exciton trapping and defect-bound exciton formation is crucial for understanding and advancing defect-mediated optoelectronics and quantum technologies. However, the weak transient optical absorption of defect-bound excitons has limited their experimental observation to date. Here, we report the direct observation of the ultrafast dynamics of defect-bound excitons in monolayer WS 2 crystals with a high density of monosulfur vacancies (V S ) and W-site defect complexes (S W V S ) resulting from synthesis by alkali metal halide-assisted chemical vapor deposition. The dynamics of excitons bound to these defects, along with their coherent interactions with free excitons, are elucidated using ultrafast optical spectroscopy. Using above band-edge photoexcitation, we find that both free and defect-bound excitons simultaneously form within 300 fs from hot carrier relaxation. The defect-bound excitons exhibit shorter lifetimes than free excitons, leading to a population difference of the corresponding excitonic states and free exciton trapping within a 1–100 ps window. Band-edge photoexcitation of free and defect-bound exciton states reveals ultrafast interconversion within ∼150 fs (comparable to our temporal resolution), indicating possible coherent coupling between these states. We further demonstrate efficient up-conversion of defect-bound excitons to free excitons with photon energies up to ∼300 meV below the free exciton resonance. In conclusion, these findings provide insights into the ultrafast dynamics of defect-bound excitons in TMDCs and their coupling with free excitons, which are relevant to defect-engineered optoelectronic, quantum photonic, and valleytronic applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unlocking the Dynamics of Ion Migration and Voltage Bias Stress Effects through Crystallite Engineering in Metal Halide Perovskites

Understanding the interplay between crystal engineering and the coupled electronic-ionic charge transport properties of metal halide perovskites remains a critical issue in the field. In this work, we developed an experimental approach to tune the crystallite orientation of methylammonium lead iodide (CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ) while maintaining their overall crystal structure. This approach allows us to selectively manipulate crystallite orientations to control out-ofplane ion migration and mitigate voltage bias stress effects in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 thin films. By employing advanced diffraction and spectroscopic techniques, we achieved a comprehensive characterization of the anisotropic crystallite properties in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 thin films with distinct preferred orientations. Our findings reveal that specific crystallite orientations, particularly those that limit halide ion migration pathways along the (200) crystallographic plane, significantly suppress out-of-plane ion migration. This suppression reduces hysteresis and alleviates voltage bias stress effects in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 solar cells, ultimately enhancing device stability and performance. These insights not only deepen our understanding of the relationship between crystallite orientation and device functionality but also highlight a promising strategy for regulating ion migration in MHP-based devices. This approach holds significant potential for advancing the stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells and extending its applicability to other optoelectronic devices.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electrochemical Phase Engineering of γ′-V 2 O 5 Thin Films for Sodium-Ion Storage Electrodes

V 2 O 5 is a promising sodium-ion cathode material due to its high theoretical capacity (147 mAh/g) and working voltage (3.3 V vs Na/Na + ). Among its various crystal phases, γ′-V 2 O 5 has a large interlayer spacing, ensuring the reversible insertion–extraction of sodium ions. However, current synthesis methods for γ′-V2O5 require high temperatures (>600 °C) and toxic chemicals (NO 2 BF 4 ), which make the preparation demanding. Herein, we put forward an electrochemical phase engineering method combining thermal annealing and electrochemistry to easily prepare thin-film γ′-V 2 O 5 . Electrochemical characterization shows near-ideal performance as a thin-film cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. It shows a measured initial capacity of 152 mAh/g, a high working voltage (3.3 V vs Na + /Na), and an exceptional Coulombic efficiency of 98%, significantly surpassing previously reported values (∼50% CE). Cyclic voltammogram and galvanostatic capacity curves confirm the sodium insertion–deinsertion, which remains stable at 2 C. The γ′-V 2 O 5 thin film has electrochemical performance similar to γ′-V 2 O 5 powder, indicating another workable morphology of γ′-V 2 O 5 for sodium-ion batteries.

batteries↗
DOE OSTI2026

Controlled Deuteration of Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthetically Produced from Engineered Escherichia coli for SANS Studies

Deuterated phosphatidylcholine (PC) was produced from engineered Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 cells grown in deuterated media. The levels of deuteration could be controlled by growing cells in different combinations of deuterated and nondeuterated water, glycerol, and choline, which were analyzed by NMR, mass spectrometric analysis, and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). By growing cells in deuterium oxide (D2O) in the presence of fully deuterated glycerol and choline, perdeuterated PC (PC-DDD) was produced via this method. The average neutron contrast match points of isolated PC were experimentally determined using SANS. For partially deuterated PC lipids, SANS showed match points of 92 ± 8% D2O for lipids with deuterated fatty acyl chains and glycerol (PC-DDH) and 81 ± 2% D2O for lipids with only deuterated fatty acyl chains (PC-DHH). Our results will benefit SANS studies that utilize deuterated PC lipids as mimetics of lipid bilayers or membrane-like models for structural studies of biomolecular systems.

Zhang, Qiu [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000255064955)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Stable Metal–Organic Electrocatalysts for Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers by Defect Engineering

Developing efficient and durable catalysts for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is vital to achieving practical anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWE) for green hydrogen production. In this work, we break the activity-stability trade-off of electrocatalysis by defect engineering of Ni-based metal-organic electrocatalysts (Ni-benzene dicarboxylate; Ni-BDC) through coordinating ferrocenecarboxylates (Fc) to the metal sites. Experimental results collectively reveal that the defect MOF (Ni-BDC:Fc_5:1) exhibits a high OER turnover frequency of 0.75 O 2 s -1 at 300 mV overpotential. Operando Raman spectroscopy and isotope-labelling electrochemical mass spectrometry measurements indicate the structure of Ni-BDC:Fc_5:1 is also more stable in service than that of pure Ni-BDC. The high activity and stability could be attributed to the moderate defects (i.e., unsaturated Ni sites) in the structure that not only increase the intrinsic activity and stability of the local active environment by inhibiting lattice oxygen exchange, but also electrochemically activates the bulk of the catalysts by creating a porous network that facilitates internal H 2 O/OH - conduction with enhanced electronic conduction. Accordingly, an AEMWE employing Ni-BDC:Fc_5:1 as the OER catalyst delivers an industrial-level current density of 1 A cm -2 at 1.73 V cell and can be steadily operated for more than 120 hours.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Engineering Structural Transitions in a Multilevel Molecular Switch via Intermolecular Coupling

Controlling molecular conformations with atomic precision is essential for advancing molecular functional electronics, as well as our understanding of molecular dynamics. While switching between bistable molecular conformers is common in nature, creating systems with multiple, addressable states remains synthetically challenging. Here, we demonstrate a bottom-up strategy in which intermolecular interactions give rise to multilevel functionality within a simple two-molecule assembly. Using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, we show that a pyrrolidine dimer on Cu(100) exhibits six distinct adsorption conformations, exceeding the four expected from two independent bistable units. This unusual complexity arises from the interplay between intermolecular van der Waals attraction and steric repulsion, which reshapes the potential energy landscape and changes a single high-energy transition into a sequential two-step pathway. Each step is driven by low-energy inelastic electron excitations, achieving a switching efficiency an order of magnitude higher than that of the monomer. Here, by tuning the bias voltage and tip–molecule distance, we achieve deterministic control over multiple stable states, establishing a general design principle for on-demand engineering of collective molecular behavior and energy-efficient multilevel molecular devices.

Molecular interactions↗
DOE OSTI2025

Conformational Dynamics and Catalytic Backups in a Hyper-thermostable Engineered Archaeal Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are a family of enzymes that play important roles in regulating cellular signaling pathways. The activity of these enzymes is regulated by the motion of a catalytic loop that places a critical conserved aspartic acid side chain into the active site for acid–base catalysis upon loop closure. These enzymes also have a conserved phosphate-binding loop that is typically highly rigid and forms a well-defined anion-binding nest. The intimate links between loop dynamics and chemistry in these enzymes make PTPs an excellent model system for understanding the role of loop dynamics in protein function and evolution. In this context, archaeal PTPs, which have often evolved in extremophilic organisms, are highly understudied, despite their unusual biophysical properties. We present here an engineered chimeric PTP (ShufPTP) generated by shuffling the amino acid sequence of five extant hyperthermophilic archaeal PTPs. Despite ShufPTP’s high sequence similarity to its natural counterparts, it presents a suite of unique properties, including high flexibility of the phosphate binding P-loop, facile oxidation of the active-site cysteine, mechanistic promiscuity, and, most notably, hyperthermostability, with a denaturation temperature likely >130 °C (>8 °C higher than the highest recorded growth temperature of any archaeal strain). Our combined structural, biochemical, biophysical, and computational analysis provides insight both into how small steps in evolutionary space can radically modulate the biophysical properties of an enzyme and showcases the tremendous potential of archaeal enzymes for biotechnology, to generate novel enzymes capable of operating under extreme conditions.

archaea↗
DOE OSTI2026

N 2 O Formation Mechanism and Suppression Strategy on Pt Catalysts for NO x Removal from Hydrogen-Internal Combustion Engines

Pt-based catalysts exhibit excellent low-temperature activity in the selective catalytic reduction of NO x with H 2 (H 2 -SCR), but their tendency to form N 2 O poses a significant challenge for practical use. This issue is further complicated by unclear formation mechanisms, hindering the development of more efficient catalysts. This study explored the N 2 O generation mechanisms on Pt catalysts supported by MgO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , and TiO 2 , aiming to achieve a deep understanding that could advance the Pt catalysts with high NO x conversion and minimized N 2 O emissions. Through systematic kinetics and characterization analyses, the direct influence of the support acidity and reactant dynamics (O 2 and NO) on N 2 O formation was clearly revealed. Notably, the Pt catalysts with strong NO adsorption capacity showed reduced N 2 O generation, highlighting the critical role of NO adsorption sites in the H 2 -SCR process. By incorporation of NO adsorption sites (i.e., MgO, BaO, CeO 2 ) onto Pt/SiO 2 , both the H 2 -SCR efficiency and N 2 selectivity (reduced N 2 O selectivity) were significantly enhanced, effectively reducing the N 2 O emissions through optimized surface NO adsorption. These findings provide a design framework for more selective Pt-based catalysts, advancing H 2 -SCR systems for effective NO x abatement from hydrogen-internal combustion engines, which is a promising carbon-free transportation technology.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Design and Characterization of the Engineering Model of the Spectrometer Onboard LuSEE‐Night

Abstract The Lunar Surface Electromagnetics Explorer—Night, LuSEE‐Night, is a low‐frequency radio astronomy experiment that will explore the cosmic Dark Ages signal on the radio‐quiet farside of the Moon. The LuSEE‐Night carries a radio frequency spectrometer consisting of a set of antennas, analog and digital processing electronics, and will be launched by NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services in 2025. The spectrometer is designed to observe the spectrum of the radio sky in the 0.5−50 MHz band. The engineering model (EM) of the four‐channel spectrometer has been developed. The EM has been characterized for linearity, gain, noise, and their temperature dependence, confirming that the EM meets all the requirements for LuSEE‐Night. Three mitigation techniques have been implemented and verified to suppress self‐induced electromagnetic interference. The flight model of the spectrometer is currently being developed and is scheduled to be shipped to the integration site in early 2024.

Tamura, Emi↗