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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 451 records · Page 25
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Simulations of X-59 Low-Booms Propagated Through Measured Atmospheric Profiles in Galveston, Texas

During NASA’s Quiet Supersonic Flights 2018 (QSF18) test, residents of Galveston, Texas and surrounding communities were exposed to low amplitude sonic booms for a community noise survey. Despite the flight test lasting only 11 days, substantial weather variability occurred including snow and record high temperatures. Similar atmospheric variability could occur in future community noise flight tests with the X-59 Quiet Supersonic Technology aircraft that is currently being constructed. X-59 is designed to have a Stevens Mark VII Perceived Level (PL) of 75 dB in a standard atmosphere. In this work, X-59’s low-boom performance in real atmospheres was tested by using NASA’s PCBoom code to simulate propagation of its nearfield pressure through the atmospheric profiles measured during QSF18. Results indicate undertrack booms would not exceed 75 PLdB in these atmospheres. A range of about 8.5 PLdB between the loudest and quietest undertrack boom was observed indicating adjustments to the X-59 flight condition may be needed to achieve target loudness levels during future sonic boom community noise surveys. Attenuation rate, ray tube area, path length and other quantities throughout propagation of the loudest and quietest booms are presented, which indicate humidity differences below 15kft were a primary driver of the PL differences.

sonic boom↗
NASA NTRS2021

Simulations and case study of X-59 low-booms propagated through measured atmospheric profiles

NASA's X-59 Quiet Supersonic Technology aircraft will soon be used to collect data to support the development of a dose-response relationship between low-boom level and human perception. The X-59's low-boom level will depend on aircraft conditions and trajectory, which can be controlled, and on atmospheric conditions, which cannot be controlled. To assess variability in low-boom levels produced by realistic atmospheres, NASA's PCBoom code was used to simulate propagation of an X-59 nearfield pressure condition through atmospheric profiles measured during NASA's Quiet Supersonic Flights 2018 (QSF18) test. Despite QSF18 lasting only 11 days, substantial weather variability occurred including snow and record high temperatures. A PL range of about 8.5 dB was predicted due to the QSF18 atmospheric variability. These results demonstrate the necessity for X-59's flight condition to be adjusted based on atmospheric conditions in order to achieve desired loudness levels during community surveys. Undertrack booms' Perceived Levels (PL) were predicted not to exceed 75 dB, X-59's target level in a standard atmosphere. Attenuation rate, ray tube area, path length, and other quantities are presented throughout propagation for the atmospheres that produce the loudest and quietest booms. Humidity differences below 15kft were a primary driver of the PL differences.

X-59↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The noise dose range of the X-59 estimated from propagation simulations

NASA’s X-59 aircraft will soon be flown in a series of low-boom community noise surveys across the USA. Community test experimental designs will include noise dose schedules, which require an estimate of the noise dose range that X-59 can produce. To determine the dose range, propagation simulations using NASA’s PCBoom code were completed using CFD-generated X-59 C612A near-field pressure data for an on-design condition (Mach 1.4 at 53,200 feet) and two off-design conditions (Mach 1.4 at 46,000 ft and Mach 1.3 at 43,000 ft). Near-field data at four cardinal aircraft headings were propagated through one year of realistic atmospheric profiles from the Climate Forecast System Version 2 database at several USA locations. Statistics of the mean and range of the Perceived Level (PL) of the booms in the inner 40 km of each carpet as well as the carpet width were computed. Results indicate the typical inner carpet mean PL is approximately 70-87 dB depending on the aircraft condition. The typical PL range across the inner carpet is 6-8 dB (on-design) and 5-13 dB (off-designs). The carpet widths ranged from 32-55 km. Understanding these quantities for various flight and atmospheric conditions is important for planning X-59 community noise surveys.

X-59↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Turbulence Effects on Shaped Booms: Propagation Simulations Using KZKFourier

Upcoming X-59 aircraft flight tests as part of NASA’s Quesst Mission are expected to occur in a range of atmospheric conditions. Sensitivity of ground waveform acoustic metrics to turbulent perturbations during propagation complicates the determination of noise levels. A series of simulations through turbulence was executed using the KZKFourier model of Stout et al. to develop a database of results for expanding the functionality of NASA tools for estimating turbulence effects on shaped-boom ground waveforms. For 45 cases covering a seven-factor design space, multiple realizations of turbulence were generated to characterize statistical turbulence effects on levels of six acoustic metrics. An individual simulation in the study produced over one thousand waveforms across a virtual microphone array. Different measures were used to evaluate refinement of results with increasing number of simulations. Data suggest that mean effects and variability were most strongly influenced by propagation distance and velocity fluctuation intensity. Although local increases in acoustic metrics were common, the overall average result in all cases was a reduction in metric levels. Sensitivity of acoustic metrics varied, with mean reductions of up to 2 dB in Perceived Level occurring across the 45 cases.

turbulence↗
NASA NTRS1971

A 15.3 GHz satellite-to-ground diversity propagation experiment using a terminal separation of 4 kilometers

The performance of a path diversity satellite-to-ground millimeter wave link with two ground terminals separated by 4 km is discussed. At this separation distance the duration of fades below 6 dB was decreased by at least a factor of 10 when using path diversity and the cumulative crosscorrelation between the attenuations observed at the two terminals during rain events was approximately 0.45. Narrow beam radiometers directed along the propagation paths were also utilized to relate the path radiometric temperature to the path attenuation. An analysis of downlink propagation data for generating diversity link performance statistics is included.

Grimm, K. R.↗
NASA NTRS1969

Atmospheric sound propagation

The propagation of sound waves at infrasonic frequencies (oscillation periods 1.0 - 1000 seconds) in the atmosphere is being studied by a network of seven stations separated geographically by distances of the order of thousands of kilometers. The stations measure the following characteristics of infrasonic waves: (1) the amplitude and waveform of the incident sound pressure, (2) the direction of propagation of the wave, (3) the horizontal phase velocity, and (4) the distribution of sound wave energy at various frequencies of oscillation. Some infrasonic sources which were identified and studied include the aurora borealis, tornadoes, volcanos, gravity waves on the oceans, earthquakes, and atmospheric instability waves caused by winds at the tropopause. Waves of unknown origin seem to radiate from several geographical locations, including one in the Argentine.

Cook, R. K.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Review of critical flow rate, propagation of pressure pulse, and sonic velocity in two-phase media

For single-phase media, the critical discharge velocity, the sonic velocity, and the pressure pulse propagation velocity can be expressed in the same form by assuming isentropic, equilibria processes. In two-phase mixtures, the same concept is not valid due to the existence of interfacial transports of momentum, heat, and mass. Thus, the three velocities should be treated differently and separately for each particular condition, taking into account the various transport processes involved under that condition. Various attempts are reviewed to predict the critical discharge rate or the propagation velocities by considering slip ratio (momentum change), evaporation (mass and heat transport), flow pattern, etc. Experimental data were compared with predictions based on various theorems. The importance is stressed of the time required to achieve equilibrium as compared with the time available during the process, for example, of passing a pressure pulse.

Hsu, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Residual strength and crack propagation tests on C-130 airplane center wings with service-imposed fatigue damage

Fourteen C-130 airplane center wings, each containing service-imposed fatigue damage resulting from 4000 to 13,000 accumulated flight hours, were tested to determine their fatigue crack propagation and static residual strength characteristics. Eight wings were subjected to a two-step constant amplitude fatigue test prior to static testing. Cracks up to 30 inches long were generated in these tests. Residual static strengths of these wings ranged from 56 to 87 percent of limit load. The remaining six wings containing cracks up to 4 inches long were statically tested as received from field service. Residual static strengths of these wings ranged from 98 to 117 percent of limit load. Damage-tolerant structural design features such as fastener holes, stringers, doublers around door cutouts, and spanwise panel splices proved to be effective in retarding crack propagation.

Snider, H. L.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Reaction propagation test. Evaluation of the behavior of nonmetallic materials in hydrogen

Results of tests conducted to evaluate the behavior of nonmetallic materials in hydrogen are described. The reaction propagation test simulates the conditions resulting from the interaction of an electrical wire in an overload condition in contract with a material in the test medium. The test is designed to evaluate the behavior of a material subjected to an energy input (usually heat) sufficient to cause a reaction which propagates to consume larger quantities of the material. Ten nonmetallic materials were evaluated to establish baseline data on the behavior of nonmetallic materials in hydrogen and to characterize, on an initial basis, one mode of material failure considered to be a factor pertinent to the safe use of a material in hydrogen.

Smith, I. D.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Earth-satellite propagation above GHz: Papers from the 1972 spring URSI session on experiments utilizing the ATS-5 satellite

Papers are reported from the Special Session on Earth-Satellite Propagation Above 10 GHz, presented at The 1972 Spring Meeting of the United States National Committee, International Union of Radio Science, April 1972, Washington, D. C. This session was devoted to propagation measurements associated with the Applications Technology Satellite (ATS-5), which provided the first operational earth-space links at frequencies above 15 GHz. A comprehensive summary is presented of the major results of the ATS-5 experiment measurements and related radiometric, radar and meteorological studies. The papers are organized around seven selected areas of interest, with the results of the various investigators combined into a single paper presented by a principal author for that area. A comprehensive report is provided on the results of the ATS-5 satellite to earth transmissions. A complete list of published reports and presentations related to the ATS-5 Millimeter Wave Experiment is included.

Ippolito, L. J.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Interstellar propagation of galactic cosmic-ray nuclei 2 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 8 in the energy range 10 to 1000 MeV per nucleon.

Analysis of the differential kinetic energy per nucleon spectra of galactic cosmic-ray He, Li, Be, B, C, N, and O with the University of Chicago cosmic-ray telescope on board the IMP-5 satellite in 1969-1970. The ratios He/(C + N + O) and (Li + Be + B)/(C + N + O) obtained from these spectra are found, within errors of about 20%, to be energy-independent over the energy range 10-1000 MeV per nucleon, and equal to about 15 and about 0.25, respectively. These results are compared with discrepancies existing among other measurements of these ratios, and with predictions of a class of steady-state models of cosmic-ray propagation which assume that Li, Be, and B are absent in cosmic-ray sources. The best fits for the present measurements are obtained for models with a source spectrum in the form of a power law in total energy per nucleon, but even these fits are outside the error limits at energies below 100 MeV per nucleon. In the context of the propagation models examined, it is concluded that the observed behavior of these ratios requires an additional mechanism operative at low energies. This mechanism may be adiabatic deceleration of cosmic rays in the solar wind. In order for this mechanism to be adiabatic deceleration, the deceleration in 1969 must have been such that particles observed at 10 to 20 MeV per nucleon had energies greater than 100 to 150 MeV per nucleon in the local interstellar space.

Mason, G. M.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Effects of interplanetary magnetic field on the propagation of flare-generated interplanetary shock waves.

The effects of an interplanetary magnetic field on the propagation of flare-generated interplanetary shock waves are investigated with an approximate analytical method. It is found that the interplanetary magnetic field is relatively unimportant for strong shocks as far as the shock speed and transit time are concerned. It has more significant effects for weak shocks. However, in all the situations examined, the error committed if the magnetic field is neglected is no more than 10%. It is suggested that a model without a magnetic field gives sufficiently accurate numerical results for the propagation of flare-generated shocks.

Tam, C. K. W.↗
NASA NTRS1972

A NASA program to characterize propagation and interference for space applications.

The NASA interference and propagation program was planned by a multiagency committee at the request of the Director of Telecommunications Policy. Initially, emphasis was placed on preparation of the United States position on interference between satellite Earth stations and microwave relay links at frequencies below 10 GHz for the 1971 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-71). The program objective is to acquire, analyze, and disseminate space propagation data for a user community of space systems designers, operators and regulatory agencies. Measurements and analyses are being performed which lead to a centralized data base for characterization of radio frequency phenomena required to design space communications systems.

Eckerman, J.↗