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DOE OSTI2023

A High Energy–Density, Cobalt–Free, Low–Nickel LiNi 0.7 Mn 0.25 Al 0.05 O 2 Cathode with a High–Voltage Electrolyte for Lithium–Metal Batteries

Cobalt-free cathode materials have garnered increased attention for applications in next-generation batteries for electric vehicles, as cobalt is considered to have at a high supply chain risk. Here, the use of a localized saturated electrolyte (LSE) to enable stable cycling of a cobalt-free, low-nickel layered-oxide cathode LiNi 0.7 Mn 0.25 Al 0.05 O 2 (NMA-70) to higher voltages (4.6 V) in a lithium-metal battery is demonstrated. Compared to the baseline LP57 electrolyte, the LSE extends the cycle life from ≈100 cycles to ≈400 cycles before reaching 80% capacity retention. Visual indicators of cell degradation, such as product deposition, are observed on electrodes cycled in LP57. It is shown that cycling NMA-70 in LSE reduces the overall active material loss and overpotential growth during extended cycling. This is attributed to the formation of a beneficial fluorinated interphase layer, a lower degree of rock-salt phase formation, and a reduction in the gas evolution from the cathode surface. The decrease in gas evolution from the cathode cycled in LSE reflects a lower degree of electrolyte reactivity and an overall improvement in the safety characteristics of the cell. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of a stable electrolyte to enable the high-voltage cycling of alternative, lower nickel, and cobalt-free cathodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2015

Coupling of Independent Electrochemical Reactions and Fluorescence at Closed Bipolar Interdigitated Electrode Arrays

Electrochemical reactions occurring at the opposite ends of bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are necessarily coupled, enabling electron transfer events at one end to be read out optically, for example, by coupling to fluorogenic reactions at the other end. In order to explore the potential of this technique for studying multiple redox events, arrays of parallel BPE interdigitated electrode arrays (IDEAs) were fabricated and integrated with separate analytical and reporter microfluidic channels, respectively, in a closed BPE configuration. The apparatus was initially evaluated employing Fe(CN) 6 3/4- in the analytical channel coupled to weakly emissive resazurin and strongly emissive resorufin as the fluorogenic redox reporter pair. We then used the device to investigate a proton-coupled electron transfer reaction, hydroquinone (QH 2 ) oxidation, in structures with an integrated pH modulation electrode (PME). A pH-sensitive dye, fluorescein, was co-introduced into the analytical channel to monitor PME modulation of solution pH, and its coupling to QH 2 oxidation, thereby permitting changes in solution pH, and consequently QH 2 oxidation rate, to be monitored directly in the analytical channel and compared to the fluorescence in the reporter channel. Additionally, diffusion of OH - generated at the PME produced a spatial pH profile that was visualized via fluorescein emission, and, because the oxidation of QH 2 at each BPE is strongly dependent on the local pH, via the coupled fluorogenic reaction at the opposite pole of the corresponding BPE digit in the reporter channel. Thus, BPE IDEAs support the coupling of independent redox reactions and the use of fluorescence imaging to explore a diverse set of spatially varying electrochemical phenomena realized in a variety of electrochemical geometries.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2017

Structural imaging of nanoscale phonon transport in ferroelectrics excited by metamaterial-enhanced terahertz fields

Nanoscale phonon transport is a key process that governs thermal conduction in a wide range of materials and devices. Creating controlled phonon populations by resonant excitation at terahertz (THz) frequencies can drastically change the characteristics of nanoscale thermal transport and allow a direct real-space characterization of phonon mean-free paths. Using metamaterial-enhanced terahertz excitation, we tailored a phononic excitation by selectively populating low-frequency phonons within a nanoscale volume in a ferroelectric BaTiO 3 thin film. Real-space time-resolved x-ray diffraction microscopy following THz excitation reveals ballistic phonon transport over a distance of hundreds of nm, two orders of magnitude longer than the averaged phonon mean-free path in BaTiO 3 . On longer length scales, diffusive phonon transport dominates the recovery of the transient strain response, largely due to heat conduction into the substrate. The measured real-space phonon transport can be directly compared with the phonon mean-free path as predicted by molecular dynamics modeling. In conclusion, this time-resolved real-space visualization of THz-matter interactions opens up opportunities to engineer and image nanoscale transient structural states with new functionalities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Intubation Containment System for Improved Protection From Aerosolized Particles During Airway Management

Worldwide efforts to protect front line providers performing endotracheal intubation during the COVID-19 pandemic have led to innovative devices. Authors evaluated the aerosol containment effectiveness of a novel intubation aerosol containment system (IACS) compared with a recently promoted intubation box and no protective barrier. In a simulation center at the authors’ university, the IACS was compared to no protective barrier and an intubation box. Aerosolization was simulated using a commercial fog machine and leakage of aerosolize mist was visually assessed. The IACS appeared to contain the aerosolized mist, while the intubation box allowed for mist to contact the laryngoscopist and contaminate the clinical space through arm port holes and the open caudal end. Both devices protected the laryngoscopist better than no protective barrier. The IACS with integrated sleeves and plastic drape appears to offer superior protection for the laryngoscopist and assistant providers from aerosolized particles.

aerosols↗

DOE OSTI2014

TU-F-12A-06: BEST IN PHYSICS (IMAGING) - A Novel Catheter-Based Radionuclide Imaging System to Characterize Atherosclerotic Plaque

Purpose: Atherosclerosis underlies coronary artery diseases, the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. In this study, we developed a novel catheter-based radionuclide imaging (CRI) system to image 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), a radionuclide, a marker of vascular inflammation, in murine carotid arteries and characterized the system for spatial resolution from multiple scintillating materials. Methods: The catheter system includes 35 mm and 8 mm fixed focal length lenses, which are subsequently connected to a CMOS camera and fiber holder. The distal ferrule of an image bundle is terminated with a wide-angle lens. The novelty of this system is a scintillating balloon with a crystal tip in the front of the wide angle lens to image light from the decay of 18F-FDG emission signal. The scintillating balloon is fabricated from 1mL of silicone RTV catalyst mixed with 1 mL base and 50 mg/mL calcium fluoride doped with Europium (CaF2:Eu). To identify the optimal scintillating materials with respect to resolution, we calculated modulation transfer function (MTF) of Yttrium Aluminum Garnet doped with Cerium (YAG:Ce), anthracene, and CaF2:Eu phosphors using a thin line optical phantom (Fig. 1a-1b). Macrophage-rich FVB murine atherosclerotic carotid plaque model (n = 4) was used in ex vivo experiments. Confirmatory imaging was also performed by an external optical imaging system (IVIS-200). Results: Analysis of the different phosphors (Fig 1b) showed that CaF2:Eu enabled the best resolution of 1.2μm. The CRI system visualized 18F-FDG in atherosclerotic plaques (Fig. 1d). The ligated left carotid (LR) artery exhibited 4× higher 18F-FDG signal intensity compared to the non-ligated right carotid (negative control) artery (1.65×10{sup 2} ±4.07×10{sup 1} vs. 4.44×10{sup 1}±2.17×10{sup 0}, A.U., p = 0.005) and confirmed with IVIS-200 (Fig. 1d). Conclusion: This CRI system enables high-resolution and sensitive detection of 18F-FDG uptake by murine atherosclerotic plaques.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2017

ShapeShop: Towards Understanding Deep Learning Representations via Interactive Experimentation

Deep learning is the driving force behind many recent technologies; however, deep neural networks are often viewed as “black-boxes” due to their internal complexity that is hard to understand. Little research focuses on helping people explore and understand the relationship between a user’s data and the learned representations in deep learning models. We present our ongoing work, ShapeShop, an interactive system for visualizing and understanding what semantics a neural network model has learned. Built using standard web technologies, ShapeShop allows users to experiment with and compare deep learning models to help explore the robustness of image classifiers.

Hohman, Frederick M.↗

DOE OSTI2019

Quantitative Parameter Estimation, Model Selection, and Variable Selection in Battery Science

Numerical physics-based models are useful in understanding battery performance and devel- oping optimal battery design architectures. Data science developments have enabled software algorithms to perform data analysis and decision making that traditionally could only be per- formed by technical experts. Traditional workflows of model development - manual parameter estimation through visual comparison of simulations to experimental observations, and model discrimination through expert intuition - are time-consuming, and difficult to justify. This paper compares the conclusions derived from computationally scalable algorithms to conclu- sions developed by expert researchers. This paper illustrates how data science techniques, such as cross-validation and lasso regression, can be used to augment physics-based simulations to perform data analysis such as parameter estimation, model selection, variable selection, and model-guided design of experiment. The validation of these algorithms is that they produce results similar to those of the expert modeler. The algorithms outlined are well-established and the approaches are general, so can be applied to a variety of battery chemistries and architectures. The conclusions reached using these approaches are in agreement with expert analysis (literature results), were reached with minimal human intervention, and provide quantitative justification. By minimizing the amount of expert time, and providing rigorous quantitative justifications, these methods may accelerate battery development.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2019

Iodine Capture and Mechanical Stability of Modified Silver-Functionalized Silica Aerogel

Silver-functionalized silica aerogel (AgAero) is a material proposed for use in the removal of iodine from the off-gas streams arising from nuclear fuel reprocessing. This material was developed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and has been shown to adsorb up to 300 mg of iodine per gram of AgAero. One of the challenges noted for AgAero as an iodine sorbent is its mechanical stability. Its initial particle size is >0.85 mm, but previous testing has shown that extended exposure to heated gas streams results in the degradation of the material such that the sorbent bed is compacted with a substantial amount of fines produced. The observed mechanical degradation prompted an effort to reengineer the silica aerogel to improve the mechanical stability of the material without compromising its iodine capture characteristics. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has modified the material with the intention of strengthening the aerogel backbone and improving mechanical durability. This reengineered material was transferred to Oak Ridge National Laboratory for extended testing to assess its mechanical durability. Modified AgAero was continuously exposed to a CH 3 I-bearing humid gas stream for 84 days. Testing was performed at 150°C with a superficial gas velocity of 10 m/min., a CH 3 I concentration of 554 ppb, and an inlet dew point of 10°C. The density of the AgAero increased by 16% during testing, and the height of the column was observed to decrease by 11%. The fines produced by the material were comparable to that of previously supplied material. Additionally, iodine loading of a thin bed of modified AgAero was performed at 150°C with a superficial gas velocity of 10 m/min. and a CH 3 I concentration of 50 ppm (balance dry air) with a total test duration of 1 week. The CH 3 I capture capacity of the reengineered material was 225 mg iodine per gram AgAero, as compared to a CH 3 I capacity of 250 mg iodine per gram AgAero for the original material. The primary data collected were visual observations, density measurements before and after testing, and the extent of column compaction during testing. Additionally, the material was tested to ensure that the iodine capacity of the material was not adversely impacted by the alternative methods used in the production of the reengineered material. Based on these criteria, no distinguishable improvements were observed between the material produced in fiscal years 2017 and 2019 and the mechanical stability of the aerogel in prototypic off-gas conditions remains a challenge to large-scale deployment.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2025

Toward Drilling the Perfect Geothermal Well: An International Research Coordination Network for Geothermal Drilling Optimization Supported by Deep Machine Learning and Cloud Based Data Aggregation

The EDGE project, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Geothermal Technologies Office under award DE-EE0008793, established a data-driven framework for improving the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability of geothermal well drilling. The project focused on developing scalable data infrastructure, advanced machine learning and probabilistic models, and integrated analytics tools to support continuous drilling optimization. A central objective was to reduce geothermal drilling costs by up to seventy percent while minimizing the risk of well failure through predictive diagnostics and adaptive planning. Over the project period, a comprehensive data repository was designed and deployed, incorporating records from over one hundred geothermal wells across varied geological settings. This repository supported both structured and unstructured data and adhered to FAIR data principles, enabling provenance tracking, quality control, and standardized metadata. The project introduced automated ingestion pipelines and a cloud-hosted platform that facilitated access to raw, processed, and derived datasets. This infrastructure served as the foundation for model development and analysis. Machine learning workflows were developed to predict key drilling metrics including rate of penetration, non-productive time, and total drilling costs. Self-organizing maps and dimensionality reduction methods were used to uncover operational patterns and outliers, while supervised learning algorithms such as random forests and deep neural networks were applied to forecast performance outcomes. The models were validated on heterogeneous datasets from both U.S. and Icelandic fields, demonstrating variable but significant predictive accuracy. The results indicated that finer temporal resolution, inclusion of lithological data, and consistency in operational annotations could substantially improve model performance. The project also implemented process mining techniques to reconstruct state-transition models from drilling event logs. These models enabled the identification of deviations from optimal workflows and provided insights into recurring failure modes. Analysis of non-productive time highlighted the impact of equipment failures, geological challenges, and human factors, offering opportunities for targeted mitigation strategies. The EDGE Dashboard was developed as a web-based expert system integrating data visualization, model outputs, and user-driven queries. It provided an accessible interface for operators to explore historical data, evaluate predicted outcomes, and compare drilling scenarios. Initial feedback from project partners suggested that the dashboard could serve as a foundation for more advanced advisory and optimization tools. Overall, the EDGE project demonstrated the feasibility and value of applying modern data science techniques to geothermal drilling. It delivered a set of interoperable tools and models that can support more efficient, lower-risk well development. The findings point toward a viable path for transitioning from advisory analytics to semi-autonomous drilling systems, contingent on continued collaboration, expanded datasets, and field validation. The project results have immediate relevance for drilling operations, data management practices, and future geothermal R&D efforts aimed at achieving reliable, cost-competitive geothermal energy at scale.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2019

Evaluation of Low-cost, Full HD, CMOS Cameras for Use in the Calcine Retrieval Project - 19530

This paper describes results from radiation testing conducted on low-cost, commercial off-the-shelf, full high-definition (HD) resolution (1920 x 1080 p), complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera sensors. The purpose of the testing was to evaluate the sensors' suitability for use in the Calcine Retrieval Project by determining their image quality and life expectancy while operating in an ionizing radiation field of 20.0 Gy/h. The two camera sensors tested were the Axis FA1105 and Axis FA1125. These commercial camera sensors were designed for retail security surveillance and have no radiation-hardened (rad-hard) components. In addition to radiation testing, the sensors' field-of-view, resolution, and low-light image quality were tested at several target distances to ensure they meet project requirements. Testing was divided into two phases. During Phase 1, four FA1105 sensors and four FA1125 sensors were tested simultaneously without any shielding in radiation fields of 25.5 Gy/h and 49.3 Gy/h. In Phase 2, three FA1105 and five FA1125 sensors were shielded by 22.2 mm of lead and tested simultaneously in radiation fields of 26.8 Gy/h, 52.3 Gy/h, 143.0 Gy/h, 200.7 Gy/h, 404.6 Gy/h, and 2,317.5 Gy/h. Dose rate values were established using film dosimetry readings. Apertures in the shielding allowed for a 40-degree field of view while shielding all parts of the sensor except for directly in front of the CMOS sensor array. All testing was conducted at the Idaho Accelerator Center in Pocatello, Idaho, using a 450 keV X-ray generator. Sensor images were automatically captured at regular intervals throughout the testing for qualitative evaluation by the test team. Film dosimetry was placed near the sensors to record actual dose totals. The 450 keV setting generates X-ray radiation with an energy level close to the primary gamma energy level produced by the Cesium-137 isotope in the calcine, which is 662 keV. Results from Phase 1 indicate the sensors failed at an average cumulative dose of 226.3 Gy. For a given 20.0 Gy/h field this results in a mean time to failure (MTTF) of 11.3 hours. Recorded images from all sensors showed minimal image degradation due to radiation-induced noise. When the sensors finally failed, the failure mode was an abrupt loss of video. The image went black suggesting some other component in the sensor head besides the CMOS sensor array was responsible for the failure. During a portion of Phase 1 testing, a commercial, rad-hard camera was irradiated in the 25.5 Gy/h field along with the eight Axis FA series sensors. Image quality from the FA series sensors significantly outperformed the image quality of the rad-hard camera in radiation-induced noise tolerance, image resolution, and dynamic range. During Phase 2 testing, all sensors produced excellent images in radiation fields as high as 404.6 Gy/h. One FA1125 sensor was tested at the highest dose rate of 2,317.5 Gy/h. At this dose rate, the image was color shifted towards red and contained a significant amount radiation-induced noise. The sensor did not fail and was producing usable imagery after one hour, at which time the test was ended due to allotted beam-time at the test facility. Eighteen hours after X-rays were shut off, the sensor image returned to normal color and all eight sensors continued to operate without any visible, permanent image degradation. For Phase 2 testing, it was not possible to establish a MTTF since none of the shielded sensors failed during the allotted test time. However, given the highest cumulative dose of 4,142.1 Gy received by a shielded FA1125 sensor, a minimum life expectancy of 207 hours (8.6 days) is predicted while operating in a 20.0 Gy/h field. Test results indicate the radiation tolerance of the FA series sensor's CMOS array, along with the small form factor, full HD image quality, wide dynamic range, and Ethernet standard makes it suitable for short-term use in monitoring and visually documenting waste remediation efforts for the Calcine Retrieval Project at the INL. The sensor's low-cost of about $140 US, compared to commercial rad-hard cameras costing between $5,000 and $7,000 US each, allow them to be used as an affordable, disposable resource for many short-duration, radioactive waste remediation efforts where decontamination of an expensive, commercial rad-hard camera is undesirable or not possible. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2026

A Real2Sim Digital Twin Pipeline for Photorealistic Robot Simulation: Evaluating VLA Policy Deployment on a Bimanual Mobile Robot

Digital twins that are automatically constructed from robot sensor data offer a promising pathway for scalable Real2Sim and Sim2Real transfer. However, it remains an open question whether photorealistic reconstruction alone is sufficient to support reliable deployment of vision-language-action (VLA) policies. We present a generative-AI-assisted Real2Sim pipeline that generates simulation-ready digital twins from real-world RGB observations with minimal manual intervention. The pipeline uses prompted segmentation to isolate scene components and a generative 3D model to directly produce simulation assets, eliminating the need for traditional multi-view reconstruction or manual 3D modeling.\r\nTo evaluate simulation fidelity, we deploy and compare policies from two VLA models in both the real robot and the reconstructed\r\nsimulation under identical tasks and initial conditions. We compare joint-level action trajectories and analyze how divergence evolves over time in closed-loop execution. Although the reconstructed environments are visually accurate, we observe increasing trajectory divergence during closedloop operation. These results indicate that photorealistic reconstruction alone is insufficient to preserve closed-loop control behavior\r\nin VLA policies, particularly in contact-rich manipulation settings where small perceptual errors compound over time.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2015

Verification of RESRAD-RDD. (Version 2.01)

In this report, the results generated by RESRAD-RDD version 2.01 are compared with those produced by RESRAD-RDD version 1.7 for different scenarios with different sets of input parameters. RESRAD-RDD version 1.7 is spreadsheet-driven, performing calculations with Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. RESRAD-RDD version 2.01 revamped version 1.7 by using command-driven programs designed with Visual Basic.NET to direct calculations with data saved in Microsoft Access database, and re-facing the graphical user interface (GUI) to provide more flexibility and choices in guideline derivation. Because version 1.7 and version 2.01 perform the same calculations, the comparison of their results serves as verification of both versions. The verification covered calculation results for 11 radionuclides included in both versions: Am-241, Cf-252, Cm-244, Co-60, Cs-137, Ir-192, Po-210, Pu-238, Pu-239, Ra-226, and Sr-90. At first, all nuclide-specific data used in both versions were compared to ensure that they are identical. Then generic operational guidelines and measurement-based radiation doses or stay times associated with a specific operational guideline group were calculated with both versions using different sets of input parameters, and the results obtained with the same set of input parameters were compared. A total of 12 sets of input parameters were used for the verification, and the comparison was performed for each operational guideline group, from A to G, sequentially. The verification shows that RESRAD-RDD version 1.7 and RESRAD-RDD version 2.01 generate almost identical results; the slight differences could be attributed to differences in numerical precision with Microsoft Excel and Visual Basic.NET. RESRAD-RDD version 2.01 allows the selection of different units for use in reporting calculation results. The results of SI units were obtained and compared with the base results (in traditional units) used for comparison with version 1.7. The comparison shows that RESRAD-RDD version 2.01 correctly reports calculation results in the unit specified in the GUI.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2015

Experimental and numerical validation of an ultrasonic visualization system for nuclear reactor application

This paper deals with the design of ultrasonic imaging systems for the next generation of nuclear reactors cooled by liquid metal. Indeed, a generation IV research nuclear reactor is being developed by the Belgian Nuclear Research Center (SCK-CEN) in the frame of the MYRRHA project (for Multipurpose hYbrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications). This sub-critical/critical reactor is cooled by Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE). The opacity of this liquid metal requires the development of an ultrasonic visualization system for internal inspection and object detection. But due to the peculiar conditions met in the core of the reactor, velocity as well as temperature gradients are expected and are likely to affect directly the ultrasonic propagation. The objective of this work is to validate the ultrasonic imaging strategy by tests performed in a dedicated test rig and by numerical simulations using a ray-tracing method. The experimental investigations have been performed on a specific water facility reproducing conditions similar to those encountered in the core of the MYRRHA reactor. These conditions include the propagation over large distance, and the presence of temperature and velocity gradients. In the MYRRHA reactor application, the distance to be travelled by the acoustic waves of the visualization system is about 5 m, including a reflection. The acoustic absorption, the scattering losses, the beam divergence and the transmitted energy during reflection have been determined as a function of the travelled distance. The experimental values are compared with the literature for validation. The presence of temperature and velocity gradients in the core of the reactor is due to the coolant circulation. These gradients are about 5 K over 0.1 m and 1 m/s over 0.2 m, respectively, and are reproduced in the facility for investigating their influence on the propagation of ultrasounds. The experimental data are used for improving and validating a ray-tracing algorithm. This algorithm is then applied to the full scale application for validating the ultrasonic visualization system for nuclear reactor application. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Thixotropic spectra and Ashby-style charts for thixotropy

There is no universal model for thixotropy, and comparing thixotropic effects between different fluids is a subtle yet challenging problem. We introduce a generalized (model-insensitive) framework for comparing thixotropic properties based on thixotropic spectra. A superposition of exponential stress modes distributed over thixotropic time scales is used to quantify buildup and breakdown times and mode strengths in response to step-change input. This mathematical framework is tested with several experimental step-shear rate data on colloidal suspensions. Low-dimensional metrics based on moments of the distribution reveal characteristic average thixotropic properties, which are visualized on Ashby-style diagrams. This method outlines a framework for describing thixotropy across a diverse range of microstructures, supporting scientific studies as well as material selection for engineering design applications.

Mechanics↗

DOE OSTI2015

Airborne Single Particle Mass Spectrometers (SPLAT II & miniSPLAT) and New Software for Data Visualization and Analysis in a Geo-Spatial Context

Understanding the effect of aerosols on climate requires knowledge of the size and chemical composition of individual aerosol particles - two fundamental properties that determine an aerosol’s optical properties and ability to serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei. Here we present miniSPLAT, our new aircraft compatible single particle mass spectrometer, that measures in-situ and in real-time size and chemical composition of individual aerosol particles with extremely high sensitivity, temporal resolution, and sizing precision on the order of a monolayer. miniSPLAT operates in dual data acquisition mode to measure, in addition to single particle size and composition, particle number concentrations, size distributions, density, and asphericity with high temporal resolution. When compared to our previous instrument, SPLAT II, miniSPLAT has been significantly reduced in size, weight, and power consumption without loss in performance. We also present ND-Scope, our newly developed interactive visual analytics software package. ND-Scope is designed to explore and visualize the vast amount of complex, multidimensional data acquired by our single particle mass spectrometers, along with other aerosol and cloud characterization instruments on-board aircraft. We demonstrate that ND-Scope makes it possible to visualize the relationships between different observables and to view the data in a geo-spatial context, using the interactive and fully coupled Google Earth and Parallel Coordinates displays. Here we illustrate the utility of ND-Scope to visualize the spatial distribution of atmospheric particles of different compositions, and explore the relationship between individual particle composition and their activity as cloud condensation nuclei.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2016

SU-F-T-91: Development of Real Time Abdominal Compression Force (ACF) Monitoring System

Purpose: Hard-plate based abdominal compression is known to be effective, but no explicit method exists to quantify abdominal compression force (ACF) and maintain the proper ACF through the whole procedure. In addition, even with compression, it is necessary to do 4D CT to manage residual motion but, 4D CT is often not possible due to reduced surrogating sensitivity. In this study, we developed and evaluated a system that both monitors ACF in real time and provides surrogating signal even under compression. The system can also provide visual-biofeedback. Methods: The system developed consists of a compression plate, an ACF monitoring unit and a visual-biofeedback device. The ACF monitoring unit contains a thin air balloon in the size of compression plate and a gas pressure sensor. The unit is attached to the bottom of the plate thus, placed between the plate and the patient when compression is applied, and detects compression pressure. For reliability test, 3 volunteers were directed to take several different breathing patterns and the ACF variation was compared with the respiratory flow and external respiratory signal to assure that the system provides corresponding behavior. In addition, guiding waveform were generated based on free breathing, and then applied for evaluating the effectiveness of visual-biofeedback. Results: We could monitor ACF variation in real time and confirmed that the data was correlated with both respiratory flow data and external respiratory signal. Even under abdominal compression, in addition, it was possible to make the subjects successfully follow the guide patterns using the visual biofeedback system. Conclusion: The developed real time ACF monitoring system was found to be functional as intended and consistent. With the capability of both providing real time surrogating signal under compression and enabling visual-biofeedback, it is considered that the system would improve the quality of respiratory motion management in radiation therapy. This research was supported by the Mid-career Researcher Program through NRF funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning of Korea (NRF-2014R1A2A1A10050270) and by the Radiation Technology R&D program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (No. 2013M2A2A7038291)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2014

TU-C-17A-01: A Data-Based Development for Pratical Pareto Optimality Assessment and Identification

Purpose: To develop an efficient Pareto optimality assessment scheme to support plan comparison and practical determination of best-achievable practical treatment plan goals. Methods: Pareto efficiency reflects the tradeoffs among competing target coverage and normal tissue sparing in multi-criterion optimization (MCO) based treatment planning. Assessing and understanding Pareto optimality provides insightful guidance for future planning. However, current MCO-driven Pareto estimation makes relaxed assumptions about the Pareto structure and insufficiently account for practical limitations in beam complexity, leading to performance upper bounds that may be unachievable. This work proposed an alternative data-driven approach that implicitly incorporates the practical limitations, and identifies the Pareto frontier subset by eliminating dominated plans incrementally using the Edgeworth Pareto hull (EPH). The exactness of this elimination process also permits the development of a hierarchical procedure for speedup when the plan cohort size is large, by partitioning the cohort and performing elimination in each subset before a final aggregated elimination. The developed algorithm was first tested on 2D and 3D where accuracy can be reliably assessed. As a specific application, the algorithm was applied to compare systematic plan quality for lower head-and-neck, amongst 4 competing treatment modalities. Results: The algorithm agrees exactly with brute-force pairwise comparison and visual inspection in low dimensions. The hierarchical algorithm shows sqrt(k) folds speedup with k being the number of data points in the plan cohort, demonstrating good efficiency enhancement for heavy testing tasks. Application to plan performance comparison showed superiority of tomotherapy plans for the lower head-and-neck, and revealed a potential nonconvex Pareto frontier structure. Conclusion: An accurate and efficient scheme to identify Pareto frontier from a plan cohort has been developed. This implementation would guide generating good yet practically achievable plan quality goals for further planning. The observation of a systematic performance bias and a nonconvex Pareto frontier warrants further investigation.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2026

Three-Dimensional Grid Visualization for Planning Activities: A Dubai Case Study

National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), in collaboration with the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) and Infra-X, has undertaken the Energy Visualization Analysis Project. The aim of this project is to enhance analytical and 3D visualization capabilities for distribution network planning and renewable energy integration. As modern grid continues to evolve with large-scale solar PV deployment and emerging distributed energy resources (DERs), the ability to effectively analyze, visualize, and communicate complex grid behaviors has become increasingly critical. The project focuses on developing empirical use cases based on real distribution feeder data and engineering workflows, ensuring the outcomes are directly aligned with operational environment. Through time-series power flow simulations and nodal hosting capacity analysis, the study quantifies the impacts of high PV penetration on voltage and thermal limits within representative 11 kV feeders. These analyses identify specific nodes and conditions where DER integration challenges arise. Furthermore, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) optimization algorithm was applied to determine the optimal size and placement of storage systems that can mitigate network constraints and enhance hosting capacity. The comparative results between base-case and BESS-augmented scenarios clearly demonstrate improvements in network stability and load management efficiency. In parallel, the NLR team developed an immersive 3D visualization framework, enabling interactive exploration of grid simulations using commodity head-mounted display (HMD) systems. This framework transforms conventional 2D simulation data into spatially intuitive visual environments - allowing engineers to analyze feeder conditions, PV hosting potential, and BESS effects in real time. This report represents the first foundational phase in establishing a visualization-driven analytical ecosystem. It provides a methodological foundation for data integration, visualization architecture, and simulation-based decision support, paving the way for large-scale adoption of immersive visualization across DEWA's Smart Grid Initiative, R&D activities, and future network resilience studies.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗