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DOE OSTI2015

Quantifying Stochastic Noise in Cultured Circadian Reporter Cells

We report that stochastic noise at the cellular level has been shown to play a fundamental role in circadian oscillations, influencing how groups of cells entrain to external cues and likely serving as the mechanism by which cell-autonomous rhythms are generated. Despite this importance, few studies have investigated how clock perturbations affect stochastic noise—even as increasing numbers of high-throughput screens categorize how gene knockdowns or small molecules can change clock period and amplitude. This absence is likely due to the difficulty associated with measuring cell-autonomous stochastic noise directly, which currently requires the careful collection and processing of single-cell data. In this study, we show that the damping rate of population-level bioluminescence recordings can serve as an accurate measure of overall stochastic noise, and one that can be applied to future and existing high-throughput circadian screens. Using cell-autonomous fibroblast data, we first show directly that higher noise at the single-cell results in faster damping at the population level. Next, we show that the damping rate of cultured cells can be changed in a dose-dependent fashion by small molecule modulators, and confirm that such a change can be explained by single-cell noise using a mathematical model. We further demonstrate the insights that can be gained by applying our method to a genome-wide siRNA screen, revealing that stochastic noise is altered independently from period, amplitude, and phase. Finally, we hypothesize that the unperturbed clock is highly optimized for robust rhythms, as very few gene perturbations are capable of simultaneously increasing amplitude and lowering stochastic noise. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the importance of considering the effect of circadian perturbations on stochastic noise, particularly with regard to the development of small-molecule circadian therapeutics.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Modeling of Glycolate Destruction in the Recycle Collection Tank

The Savannah River Site’s DWPF is being upgraded with the introduction of the NG flowsheet. Glycolic acid has been shown to be a superior alternative to formic acid for sludge processing. The new flowsheet improves or maintains necessary parameters such as 1) reduction of mercury, 2) adjustment of feed rheology, 3) pH stability, and 4) adjustment of melter oxidation/reduction potential. Further, the use of glycolic acid virtually eliminates the potential for catalytic hydrogen generation in DWPF processing DWPF process condensates are collected and returned to the Savannah River Site (SRS) CSTF. The RCT collects off-gas condensate during chemical processing, vitrification, and other unit operations performed in DWPF and is the singular return vessel delivering recycle effluent back to CSTF. Each batch of recycle will have a small amount of glycolate from chemical processing and melter off-gas condensates. To avoid potential flammability issues due to thermolysis of glycolate in the CSTF, Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) provided to Savannah River Remediation (SRR) at their request a Task Technical and Quality Assurance Plan (TTQAP) to quantify and mitigate glycolate returns via DWPF’s recycle stream. The request included testing of a process to oxidize glycolate and other organic species that are responsible for hydrogen generation from thermolysis. Following that work SRR provided a Task Technical Request (TTR) that requested process modeling. In 2021 a TTQAP was issued to cover the modeling work. Modeling draws data from laboratory scale studies using chemical simulants and radioactive waste samples. Chemical kinetic modeling was performed to evaluate the feasibility of using sodium permanganate to destroy glycolate in the RCT. The results from the laboratory studies were summarized in a series of reports. Reference 9 is a report of lab scale processing of actual DWPF Slurry Mix Evaporate Condensate Tank (SMECT) and Offgas Condensate Tank (OGCT) samples in the SRNL Shielded Cells. Tests at caustic conditions demonstrated sodium permanganate was effective in converting glycolate to oxalate, and permanganate (Mn 7+ ) is reduced to manganate (Mn 6+ ) with no significant formation of carbon dioxide or carbonate. Equation (1) was found to best describe the observed reaction of glycolate with permanganate under nominal (60 to 145 mg/L in RCT) glycolate entrainment conditions.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

NASA NTRS1992

A Parametric Numerical Study of Mixing in a Cylindrical Duct

The interaction is described of some of the important parameters affecting the mixing process in a quick mixing region of a rich burn/quick mix/lean burn (RQL) combustor. The performance of the quick mixing region is significantly affected by the geometric designs of both the mixing domain and the jet inlet orifices. Several of the important geometric parameters and operating conditions affecting the mixing process were analytically studied. Parameters such as jet-to-mainstream momentum flux ratio (J), mass flow ratio (MR), orifice geometry, orifice orientation, and number of orifices/row (equally spaced) around the circumferential direction were analyzed. Three different sets of orifice shapes were studied: (1) square, (2) elongated slots, and (3) equilateral triangles. Based on the analytical results, the best mixing configuration depends significantly on the penetration depth of the jet to prevent the hot mainstream flow from being entrained behind the orifice. The structure in a circular mixing section is highly weighted toward the outer wall and any mixing structure affecting this area significantly affects the overall results. The increase in the number of orifices per row increases the mixing at higher J conditions. Higher slot slant angles and aspect ratios are generally the best mixing configurations at higher momentum flux ratio (J) conditions. However, the square and triangular shaped orifices were more effective mixing configurations at lower J conditions.

Oechsle, V. L.↗

NASA NTRS1992

A parametric numerical study of mixing in a cylindrical duct

The interaction is described of some of the important parameters affecting the mixing process in a quick mixing region of a rich burn/quick mix/lean burn (RQL) combustor. The performance of the quick mixing region is significantly affected by the geometric designs of both the mixing domain and the jet inlet orifices. Several of the important geometric parameters and operating conditions affecting the mixing process were analytically studied. Parameters such as jet-to-mainstream momentum flux ratio (J), mass flow ratio (MR), orifice geometry, orifice orientation, and number of orifices/row (equally spaced around the circumferential direction were analyzed. Three different sets of orifice shapes were studied: (1) square, (2) elongated slots, and (3) equilateral triangles. Based on the analytical results, the best mixing configuration depends significantly on the penetration depth of the jet to prevent the hot mainstream flow from being entrained behind the orifice. The structure in a circular mixing section is highly weighted toward the outer wall and any mixing structure affecting this area significantly affects the overall results. The increase in the number of orifices per row increases the mixing at higher J conditions. Higher slot slant angles and aspect ratios are generally the best mixing configurations at higher momentum flux ratio (J) conditions. However, the square and triangular shaped orifices were more effective mixing configurations at lower J conditions.

Oechsle, V. L.↗

DOE OSTI2017

Asymmetric Response of the Equatorial Pacific SST to Climate Warming and Cooling

The response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to heat fluxes of equal amplitude but opposite sign is investigated using the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Results show a strong asymmetry in SST changes. In the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP), the warming responding to the positive forcing exceeds the cooling response to the negative forcing, whereas in the western equatorial Pacific (WEP) it is the other way around and the cooling surpasses the warming. This leads to a zonal dipole asymmetric structure, with positive values in the east and negative values in the west. A surface heat budget analysis suggests that the SST asymmetry mainly results from the oceanic horizontal advection and vertical entrainment, with both of their linear and nonlinear components playing a role. For the linear component, its change appears to be more significant over the EEP (WEP) in the positive (negative) forcing scenario, favoring the seesaw pattern of the SST asymmetry. For the nonlinear component, its change acts to warm (cool) the EEP (WEP) in both scenarios, also favorable for the development of the SST asymmetry. Additional experiments with a slab ocean confirm the dominant role of ocean dynamical processes for this SST asymmetry. The net surface heat flux, in contrast, works to reduce the SST asymmetry through its shortwave radiation and latent heat flux components, with the former being related to the nonlinear relationship between SST and convection, and the latter being attributable to Newtonian damping and air–sea stability effects. FInally, the suppressing effect of shortwave radiation on SST asymmetry is further verified by partially coupled overriding experiments.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS2012

Closing the Seasonal Ocean Surface Temperature Balance in the Eastern Tropical Oceans from Remote Sensing and Model Reanalyses

The Eastern tropical ocean basins are regions of significant atmosphere-ocean interaction and are important to variability across subseasonal to decadal time scales. The numerous physical processes at play in these areas strain the abilities of coupled general circulation models to accurately reproduce observed upper ocean variability. Furthermore, limitations in the observing system of important terms in the surface temperature balance (e.g., turbulent and radiative heat fluxes, advection) introduce uncertainty into the analyses of processes controlling sea surface temperature variability. This study presents recent efforts to close the surface temperature balance through estimation of the terms in the mixed layer temperature budget using state-of-the-art remotely sensed and model-reanalysis derived products. A set of twelve net heat flux estimates constructed using combinations of radiative and turbulent heat flux products - including GEWEX-SRB, ISCCP-SRF, OAFlux, SeaFlux, among several others - are used with estimates of oceanic advection, entrainment, and mixed layer depth variability to investigate the seasonal variability of ocean surface temperatures. Particular emphasis is placed on how well the upper ocean temperature balance is, or is not, closed on these scales using the current generation of observational and model reanalysis products. That is, the magnitudes and spatial variability of residual imbalances are addressed. These residuals are placed into context within the current uncertainties of the surface net heat fluxes and the role of the mixed layer depth variability in scaling the impact of those uncertainties, particularly in the shallow mixed layers of the Eastern tropical ocean basins.

Roberts, J. Brent↗

DOE OSTI2022

Mesoscale Convective Systems Simulated by a High–Resolution Global Nonhydrostatic Model Over the United States and China

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) contribute a large fraction of warm-season precipitation and generate hazardous weather with substantial socio-economic impacts. Uncertainties in convection parameterizations in climate models limit our understanding of MCS characteristics and reliability of future projection. We examine the MCS simulation from the global 14-km Nonhydrostatic ICosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM) without cumulus parameterization against satellite observation from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) during 2001-2008. We focus on MCSs over the central U.S. and eastern China where MCSs prevail from March to August. A process-oriented tracking method incorporating both cloud and precipitation criteria is used to identify and track MCSs. About 140/100 MCSs initiate in the central U.S./eastern China per warm season and most of them initiate east of high mountains and in coastal regions. The frequency distribution of MCS lifetime is well captured in NICAM. But the simulated MCSs have stronger precipitation, smaller precipitation area, and larger cold cloud system than observed in both regions, which may be caused by weak entrainment as it is not well resolved at 14 km resolution. Here, the simulated MCS number is also underestimated in summer. By examining the climatological and MCS large-scale environments, the significant underestimation of MCS number in summer over the central U.S. may be attributed to the large climatological dry bias in the atmosphere. For China, mean moisture in summer is well simulated but deficiency in capturing the dynamic condition related to the coastal topography for triggering convection may have contributed to underestimation of MCS even in a sufficiently moist environment.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Preliminary Testing of a Continuous Cryopump for Primary Fusion Device Pumping and Direct Internal Recycling

Here, the concept of directly recirculating fusion machine exhaust gas, bypassing the tritium plant, to make fuel pellets was proposed in the 1990s and later termed direct internal recycling (DIR). In the DIR concept, the residual fusion fuel in the machine exhaust stream is separated from impurities locally and diverted directly to the fueling systems, bypassing isotopic separation and other processing equipment, and therefore significantly reducing the required size of the fuel processing plant, reducing plant inventory, and thus increasing the economic viability of fusion as an energy source. One concept for DIR consists of a series of cryogenic pumps to separate the impurities from the machine exhaust gas using different triple point temperatures and saturation curves of exhaust constituents. In this concept, the plasma exhaust is initially passed through an impurity trap operating at ~25–30 K to desublimate impurities such as hydrocarbons, argon, oxygen, and nitrogen. The resulting process stream will consist of DT fuel and helium. The process stream is then pumped by a continuous cryopump known as a “snail pump.” This pump is a steady-state continuous cryopump that desublimates all remaining exhaust gas constituents while allowing helium, a byproduct of the fusion reaction, to pass through. The helium is pumped to the tritium plant for processing while the desublimated material is continuously scraped off, heated up, and transported to the fueling system. This article will present the cryogenic DIR concept and outline the design and operation of the snail pump, along with results from preliminary testing. Tests to assess pumping and separation efficiency found that at D2 flows below 50.7 Pa ⋅ m3/s with 1% helium, the pump is capable of pumping and separating the gas with a resulting DIR fraction of >99%, with no helium entrained in the primary fuel exhaust stream. The main limitation is due to the thermal performance of the cryogenic circuits of the pump, which will be addressed in future testing.

Gebhart III, Trey E. [Oak Ridge National Laborator↗

NASA NTRS1975

California coastal processes study: Skylab

The author has identified the following significant results. In San Pablo Bay, the patterns of dredged sediment discharges were plotted over a three month period. It was found that lithogenous particles, kept in suspension by the fresh water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin, were transported downstream to the estuarine area at varying rates depending on the river discharge level. Skylab collected California coastal imagery at limited times and not at constant intervals. Resolution, however, helped compensate for lack of coverage. Increased spatial and spectral resolution provided details not possible utilizing Landsat imagery. The S-192 data was reformatted; band by band image density stretching was utilized to enhance sediment discharge patterns entrainment, boundaries, and eddys. The 26 January 1974 Skylab 4 imagery of San Francisco Bay was taken during an exceptionally high fresh water and suspended sediment discharge period. A three pronged surface sediment pattern was visible where the Sacramento-San Joaquin Rivers entered San Pablo Bay through Carquinez Strait.

Pirie, D. M.↗

NASA NTRS2013

Efficient Flowline Simulations of Ice Shelf-Ocean Interactions: Sensitivity Studies with a Fully Coupled Model

Thermodynamic flowline and plume models for the ice shelf-ocean system simplify the ice and ocean dynamics sufficiently to allow extensive exploration of parameters affecting ice-sheet stability while including key physical processes. Comparison between geophysically and laboratory-based treatments of ice-ocean interface thermodynamics shows reasonable agreement between calculated melt rates, except where steep basal slopes and relatively high ocean temperatures are present. Results are especially sensitive to the poorly known drag coefficient, highlighting the need for additional field experiments to constrain its value. These experiments also suggest that if the ice-ocean interface near the grounding line is steeper than some threshold, further steepening of the slope may drive higher entrainment that limits buoyancy, slowing the plume and reducing melting; if confirmed, this will provide a stabilizing feedback on ice sheets under some circumstances.

polar oceanography↗

DOE OSTI2022

Marine Shallow Cloud Adjustments to the Presence of Shortwave-Absorbing Aerosols: Advancing Understanding Through a Combined Analysis of Lasic Datasets and Process Modeling (Final Report)

This is a final report for this award, whose purpose was to support the analysis of data emanating from the LASIC (Layered Atlantic Smoke Interaction with Clouds) campaign. (Layered Atlantic Smoke Interactions with Clouds) is a strategy to improve our understanding of aged carbonaceous aerosol, its seasonal evolution, and the mechanisms by which clouds adjust to the presence of the aerosol. The observational strategy centers on deploying the AMF1 cloud, aerosol, and atmospheric profiling instrumentation to Ascension Island, located within the trade-wind shallow cumulus regime (14.50W, 80S) 3000 km offshore of continental Africa. The location is within the latitude zone of the maximum outflow of aerosol, with the deepening boundary layer known to entrain free-tropospheric smoke. The primary activities for LASIC are: 1) to improve current knowledge on aged biomass burning aerosol and its radiative properties as a function of the seasonal cycle; 2) to use surface-based remote sensing to sensitively interrogate the atmosphere for the relative vertical location of aerosol and clouds; 3) to improve our understanding of the cloud adjustments to the presence of shortwave-absorbing aerosol within the vertical column, both through aerosol-radiation and through aerosol-cloud interactions; 4) to aid low cloud parameterization efforts for climate models. This award serves to further these activities and includes a sub-award to Dr. Pablo Saide at UCLA for activities 3) and 4).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1988

Flow visualization and numerical analysis of a coflowing jet - A three-dimensional approach

The instabilities of an acoustically excited coflowing jet are investigated by using a time series of cross-sections of large-scale structures present in the flow and by a fully three-dimensional numerical simulation via the vortex-element method. These structures are first revealed by a flow-visualization technique based on smoke seeding the inner jet flow and observing the flow cross-sections as the structures are convected past a stationary sheet of laser light. Usage of image-processing techniques along with computer graphics allows the full three-dimensional reconstruction of the structure. The general morphology of the flow is determined from the reconstructed views and shows that the vorticity is mainly concentrated into a single large-scale vortex ring. Hypotheses regarding the nature and origin of the longitudinal instabilities observed in the flow can be drawn from the reconstructed views, and are supported by the numerical simulations. Quantitative values such as the surface-to-volume ratio and the entrainment level are also obtained from the experimental data. The onset of streamwise vorticity and its distribution are derived from the numerical calculations as well. Three-dimensional views and a holographic display of a characteristic eddy are also presented.

Agui, Juan C.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Estimating Coastal Turbidity using MODIS 250 m Band Observations

Terra MODIS 250 m observations are being applied to a Suspended Sediment Concentration (SSC) algorithm that is under development for coastal case 2 waters where reflectance is dominated by sediment entrained in major fluvial outflows. An atmospheric correction based on MODIS observations in the 500 m resolution 1.6 and 2.1 micron bands is used to isolate the remote sensing reflectance in the MODIS 25Om resolution 650 and 865 nanometer bands. SSC estimates from remote sensing reflectance are based on accepted inherent optical properties of sediment types known to be prevalent in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico coastal zone. We present our findings for the Atchafalaya Bay region of the Louisiana Coast, in the form of processed imagery over the annual cycle. We also apply our algorithm to selected sites worldwide with a goal of extending the utility of our approach to the global direct broadcast community.

Davies, James E.↗

NASA NTRS2014

Aeroacoustic Duster

The aero-acoustic duster invention disclosed herein provides for high particle removal rate from surfaces with low energy expenditure relative to competing vacuum-based devices. The device removes particulate matter from a surface using a two-step process: 1. Acoustic radiation is used to break the adhesive bonds between dust and the surface, forcing particles into a mode where they continuously bounce up and down on the surface; and, 2. A bounded vortex is generated over the surface, with suction in the vortex center and jets for blowing air along the periphery. The jets are tilted in the tangential direction to induce vortex motion within the suction region. The vortex is said to be bounded because streamlines originating in the downward jets are entrained back into the central vortex.

Marshall, Jeffrey S.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Electrified vapour deposition at ultrahigh temperature and atmospheric pressure for nanomaterials synthesis

Vapour-phase synthesis methods have shown promise for the scalable synthesis of nanomaterials and coatings. However, the vaporization of different precursors for the synthesis of a broad nanomaterial space, particularly at atmospheric pressure, while maintaining compositional and structural control of the final product is challenging. Here we report the generation of an ultrahigh-temperature atomic vapour at atmospheric pressure based on electrified heating, for the growth of multi-elemental nanomaterials and thin films. This process relies on a reactor design whereby solid-state precursors are vaporized within a semi-confined space beneath an electrified heater that can reach ~3,000 K. The proximity of the heater rapidly breaks down the bonds of metal salt precursors and decomposes them into an atomic vapour that expands into a high-temperature (>2,000 K), highly reactive and high-flux vapour (10 21 –10 22 atoms per cm 2 per second) that travels upwards in a directional flow. When mixed with entrained ambient gases, the highly reactive atomic species rapidly nucleate and grow into the desired final products, including alloys, oxides, sulfides and thin films, which can be deposited on a low-temperature substrate. This EVD approach can synthesize a broad range of functional nanomaterials at atmospheric pressure, including single-phase multi-elemental nanomaterials formed under thermodynamically non-equilibrium conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Shock-induced bubble jets: a dual perspective of bubble collapse and interfacial instability theory

Interactions between shock waves and gas bubbles in a liquid can lead to bubble collapse and high-speed liquid jet formation, relevant to biomedical applications such as shock wave lithotripsy and targeted drug delivery. This study reveals a complex interplay between acceleration-induced instabilities that drive jet formation and radial accelerations causing overall bubble collapse under shock wave pressure. Using high-speed synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging, the dynamics of micrometre-sized air bubbles interacting with laser-induced underwater shock waves are visualised. These images offer full optical access to phase discontinuities along the X-ray path, including jet formation, its propagation inside the bubble, and penetration through the distal side. Jet formation from laser-induced shock waves is suggested to be an acceleration-driven process. A model predicting jet speed based on the perturbation growth rate of a single-mode Richtmyer–Meshkov instability shows good agreement with experimental data, despite uncertainties in the jet-driving mechanisms. The jet initially follows a linear growth phase, transitioning into a nonlinear regime as it evolves. To capture this transition, a heuristic model bridging the linear and nonlinear growth phases is introduced, also approximating jet shape as a single-mode instability, again matching experimental observations. Upon piercing the distal bubble surface, jets can entrain gas and form a toroidal secondary bubble. Linear scaling laws are identified for the pinch-off time and volume of the ejected bubble relative to the jet’s Weber number, characterising the balance of inertia and surface tension. At low speeds, jets destabilise due to capillary effects, resulting in ligament pinch-off.

Drops and Bubbles: Bubble dynamics↗

DOE OSTI2016

Fragmentation Prediction for a Brittle Ceramic: a Two-Scale Model Approach

Glass and oxide-ceramic radioactive material forms (e.g., PuO{sub 2}) are susceptible to brittle fracture during handling and transportation. Fracture of these materials may result in the generation of fragments small enough to become airborne, and thus easily dispersed and inhaled. Entrainment and dispersal of particles with dimensions less than 10 μm is generally anticipated under normal aerodynamic conditions. The assessment of the risk to the public and the environment from these materials due to events resulting in their fracture is based on the determination of the source term for environmental release. This source term is typically quantified by an airborne release fraction (ARF) and a respirable fraction (RF) of material generated by a given event. While the recommended empirical bounding values prove satisfactory to comply with the regulatory process for handling and transportation of these materials, they are based on test data for only a few materials subjected to a limited range of loading conditions. Because the final state of fragmentation (in terms of the size and distribution of fragments) is strongly dependent not only on the properties of the material and the energetic loading conditions that lead to breakup, but also on the many intrinsic length scales associated with fragmentation, it is difficult to precisely predict fragmentation characteristics for other brittle solid wastes forms subjected to a wider range of loading conditions based on the test data alone. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a two-scale modeling approach that may be used to simulate the dynamic fragmentation of brittle solid radioactive material forms subjected to general loading and boundary conditions. The method provides the resulting fragment characteristics (average size and size distribution) across the entire fragment range of interest. At the macro-scale, the approach uses a gradient damage elastic continuum mechanics material model within a finite element framework to simulate dynamic fracture under general loading and boundary conditions. Results from the macroscopic calculations are passed to a one-dimensional (1-D) lower length scale model that incorporates the relevant fine scale effects to determine the micro-scale fragmentation. This 1-D micro-scale fragmentation model simulates the internal crack nucleation and opening processes to predict the average fragment size and the fragment size distribution as a function of the material properties, loading conditions, and microscopic characteristic length scale of the material. Results from the lower length scale model are then combined with the macro-scale model fragmentation information to determine the resulting fragment size distribution spanning both length scales. This two-scale model has been exercised on a representative problem drawn from experimental studies, consisting of an impact of a falling weight onto a brittle ceramic. (authors)

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

DOE OSTI2019

Prediction of Gibbsite Precipitation for LAWPS and TSCR Processes at Hanford (U)

Determining the risk of precipitation of feed streams that could potentially lead to plugging ion exchange columns resulting in potential safety concerns and inefficient operation. Characterizing the feed to the filter at the Hanford site and compare it to the feed stream at SRS in ARP-MCU. Different precipitation distribution was observed for Hanford and SRS sites. Gibbsite precipitation is strongly affected by hydroxide concentration and temperature. High degrees of uncertainty of prediction of the exact amount of precipitate due to the extreme sensitivity of the waste solution to hydroxide fluctuations. Overall TSCR system consists of transferring supernate into an existing tank farm tank. Upon sampling and feed qualification, the supernate is sent into a dead-end filter to remove entrained solids, then is passed through an ion exchange column. The treated supernate will then be sent into another tank farm tank which will be used as the feed to the LAW vitrification facility. 250 + projected feed batches provided by Hanford: Reduced down to 65 batches; Projecting the feed vector from 2021-2054. Differences in Hanford and Savannah River waste feed stream compositions leading to dissimilar ionic interactions thus different precipitation distributions. Gibbsite: Dominating precipitate in Hanford waste (89 %). Sodium Oxalate: Predominant precipitate in SRS Waste (84 %). Based on the results, gibbsite precipitation is inversely affected by hydroxide concentration and temperature. Risk of precipitation is highly sensitive to hydroxide concentration and can vary significantly with slight fluctuations. All 65 batches showed distinct results with the range of [0.14, 1.25] Vol % and [0.28, 1.92] Mass % PPT.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗