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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 469 records · Page 26
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Development of small-scale plutonium electrorefining in molten CaCl 2

Molten salt extraction and electrorefining of plutonium were successfully conducted with only a 200-g initial charge. Due to this small scale, the electrorefining cell components were redesigned relative to conventional, multi-kg standards. The efficiency and yield of this small-scale process are comparable to those of larger-scale exemplars. Chemical analysis of the plutonium product and the anode heel is presented. Here, the product was 99.8% pure. The anode heel was able to be depleted beyond the expected freezing point without significant impurity carryover.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Interdependent Water And Power Infrastructure Model

The approach used is the Multi-Agent System (MAS) paradigms, where systems components are represented as agents, interacting both with each other, and with the environment in which they evolved. Agents behaviors correspond to components in the real Integrated Water-Power System. The model simulate actions and interactions of these (autonomous) agents to analyze their effects on the overall system. Agents in the water system capture components of water collection, treatment, transportation, distribution and use (e.g. pipe, canal, pump, water demands for agriculture, etc.). Agents in the power system capture components of power generation, transportation, distribution and use (electricity demands, sources, etc.).

Toba, Danho Ange Lionel [Idaho National Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2021

Utilizing the Dynamic Networks Data Processing and Analysis Experiment (DNE18) to Establish Methodologies for the Comparison of Automatic Infrasonic Signal Detectors

The Dynamic Networks Experiment 2018 (DNE18) was a collaborative effort between Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) designed to evaluate methodologies for multi-modal data ingestion and processing. One component of this virtual experiment was a quantitative assessment of current capabilities for infrasound data processing, beginning with the establishment of a baseline for infrasound signal detection. To produce such baselines, SNL and LANL exploited a common dataset of infrasound data recorded across a regional network in Utah from December 2010 through February 2011. We utilize two automated signal detectors, the Adaptive F-Detector (AFD) and the Multivariate Adaptive Learning Detector (MALD) to produce automated signal detection catalogs and an analyst-produced catalog. Comparisons indicate that automatic detectors may be able to identify small amplitude, low SNR events that cannot be identified by analyst review. We document detector performance in terms of precision and recall, demonstrating that the AFD is more precise, but the MALD has higher recall. We use a synthetic dataset of signals embedded in pink noise in order to highlight shortcomings in assessing detection algorithms for low signal to noise ratio signals which are commonly of interest to the nuclear monitoring community. For comparisons utilizing the synthetic dataset, the AFD has higher recall while precision is equal for both detectors. These results indicate that both detectors perform well across a variety of background noise environments; however, both detectors fail to identify repetitive, short duration signals arriving from similar backazimuths. These failures represent specific scenarios that could be targeted for further detector development.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Universal Converter for DC, Single-phase AC, and Multi-phase AC Systems (Final Report)

The goal of this project was to develop a new class of universal power converters that utilize the unique properties of WBG switches, including high reverse voltage blocking and fast switching, to achieve superior performance in universal converters. Some of the features of the proposed converter are as follows: 1) Significantly longer lifetime, higher power density, lower costs associated with bill of materials, and lower shipping, installation, and repair costs compared to the existing WBG-based solutions, 2) Very flexible operation for transferring power between any type of source (dc, single-phase ac, or multi-phase ac) and any type of load (dc, single-phase ac, or multi-phase ac) without using large passive components or additional stages/components, even when the instantaneous values of input and output power are not the same, and 3) High performance operation at all power levels. Considering its advantages and wide range of applications, the proposed converter has the potential to create a new paradigm in power electronics. Among numerous applications of this converter are electric vehicles, wind energy systems, PV systems, industrial motor drives, residential variable frequency drive systems, and nanogrid applications. This project focused on the application of this converter for residential PV, residential motor drive, and industrial motor drive applications, and evaluated the performance of this converter for these applications.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Coupled SAM/Griffin Model of a Reference Pebble Bed High-Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor for Multi-Physics Simulations

An effort has been dedicated to developing a reference model for multi-physics coupled simulation of the pebble bed high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (PB-HTGR) with SAM and Griffin computer codes for safety analysis and licensing purpose. The reference problem of a prototypical reactor design serves as the foundation for the U.S. NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) to verify the adequacy of computer codes and evaluation models for specific reactor types. In this work, a SAM model of the HTR-PM reactor has been developed based on publicly available design information and the multi-dimensional Pronghorn model developed by Idaho National Laboratory. The SAM HTR-PM model includes a multi-dimensional core region and 0- D/1-D fluid components. Additionally, a simplified air RCCS loop is modeled for decay heat removal. The Griffin model is based on a recent work by Idaho National Laboratory. The coupling between the models is achieved through the MOOSE MultiApp system. Both steady-state and transient scenarios were simulated to demonstrate the coupled model’s capability for multi-physics simulations.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2025

An open-source hybrid unstructured mesh - CAD fusion multiphysics analysis workflow in SALAMANDER

Plasma facing components in fusion devices will endure extreme neutron and heat fluxes. To facilitate their design using simulation tools, the open-source Fusion Module, Fusion ENergy Integrated multiphys-X (FENIX) framework is being developed to model these components with a high-fidelity multi-physics multi-dimensional approach. It can iteratively resolve couplings between all the physics at play, from neutron radiation, to thermomechanics, to near-wall plasma dynamics. This framework is based on the Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE), which is developed by a collaboration of US National Laboratories since 2008, for advanced nuclear, geomechanics simulations and other applications. FENIX couples numerous simulation tools, including OpenMC, the Tritium Migration Analysis Program v8, the NekRS CFD software, and most MOOSE modules. For the coupling of radiation transport and other physics, FENIX supports a hybrid workflow between Computer Assisted Design (CAD) and unstructured mesh geometries. The CAD can be generated from skinning the unstructured mesh, to enable a coarse geometry for efficient particle transport, but still resolving the local material compositions and temperature gradients. Neutron transport is performed using DAGMC on the CAD, and Cardinal, integrated in FENIX, maps tallied quantities, such as the heat deposition or the tritium generation rates, from a tally volumetric mesh to the other physics’ unstructured mesh. This coupling was exercised on a simplified tokamak geometry, coupling neutron transport with the heat conduction equation, and on a monoblock divertor problem, coupling additionally with tritium migration. Mesh convergence studies highlight the importance of the mapping conservativeness. Coupling with thermo-mechanics is further enabled by the generalization of the approach to moving meshes. The presentation will include these coupled analysis as well as an update on status of the FENIX framework.

70 - PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

A System-Level Model for Estimating Residual Strain and Life of Nuclear Reactor Coolant System Components Under Connected-System-Thermal–Mechanical Boundary Conditions

Background: Environmental-assisted fatigue (EAF) is a major issue for the long-term survival of nuclear power plant fleets in the U.S. and worldwide. Multi-material welded regions (e.g., nozzles) and other high-stress regions of reactor coolant system (RCS) components are prone to EAF-related damage. Objective: The discussed work describes a system-level finite element (FE) model of RCS components of a pressurized water reactor (PWR). This is with the goal of predicting the stress hotspots, strain residuals, strain amplitudes and the resulting fatigue lives. Methods: Herein, the FE model was developed considering system-level loading conditions (under connected system thermal-mechanical boundary conditions). Thermal-mechanical stress analysis was performed considering thermal stratification and a design-basis reactor loading cycle. Based on the FE model results, the strain residuals, strain amplitudes and resulting fatigue lives of RCS components were predicted. Results: The results show that some of the RCS components can have significantly different strain amplitudes, residual strain, and fatigue lives, despite having similar geometry and material. Higher residual strain can lead to accelerated cyclic hardening of material and the associated effect of EAF. The simulated component-level strain profile (under realistic multi-axial-multi-physics loading cycle) can guide the selection of appropriate test inputs for conducting laboratory-scale EAF tests, which is a focus of future works. Conclusions: Despite similar geometry and material the RCS component can have significantly different strain profiles and resulting fatigue lives. The discussed approach can help to identify and prioritize the RCS components for conducting expensive nondestructive evaluation (NDE) inspections.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Process Development and Optimization of a Direct Cast U-6Nb 250 mm Hemispherical Component

Direct Casting is the process of casting a near-net shape part of U-6wt%Nb in a multi-zone VIM furnace for subsequent heat treatment and machining in to a final component. This report describes work to further develop a sound technical basis and best practices for mold design and process parameters for the Direct Casting of U-6Nb components with a hemispherical geometry. Specifically, process parameters and mold design are examined in detail for producing a 250 mm diameter hemisphere component. The goal is to efficiently produce a sound casting with a minimum of microporosity and uniform niobium composition. Prior work had tried unsuccessfully to cast this shape in a large single-coil vacuum induction melting (VIM) furnace. These castings had unacceptable levels microporosity and niobium segregation. In this work, this same part was cast in a multi-zone VIM and a sound casting was obtained. Beyond simply casting a sound part, this work aimed to optimize the hot-top design, metal pouring temperature, and mold pole temperature. Sound castings where produced using both a tapered and step hot-top designs. There were slightly lower porosity levels and about 5% better metal usage with the step hot-top so that design slightly better. With the current mold design, which uses a funnel and filter arrangement, there a large amount of superheat loss in the funnel/filter during mold filling. This temperature loss, and the apparent variability in the filling behavior, lead to casting defects in the pole region of several of the castings. The variability and defects were overcome by moving to a higher mold pole temperature (850°C) and a higher metal pour temperature (1500°C). For future work it is believed that a no-funnel design, with the filter integral to the crucible, will be a better and more robust strategy.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

DarkNESS: Characterization of Space Multi-Chip Module Skipper-CCDs and Readout Electronics

The DarkNESS mission has the goal of deploying a 6U CubeSat fitted with an array of skipper-CCDs in Low Earth Orbit (~400 km). The new instrument will take measurements of diffuse x-rays and look for signatures of dark matter decay in the spectrum. DarkNESS will also perform a direct search for strongly interacting sub-GeV dark matter in regions of the parameter space not accessible to ground based experiments [1]. Skipper-CCDs allow for low-noise astronomical observations which can extend the discovery reach for direct dark matter search experiments. This paper will discuss the laboratory characterization of the two key components of the scientific payload: the space Multi-Chip Module (sMCM), and their readout electronics.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

A versatile pressure-cell design for studying ultrafast molecular-dynamics in supercritical fluids using coherent multi-pulse x-ray scattering

Supercritical fluids (SCFs) can be found in a variety of environmental and industrial processes. They exhibit an anomalous thermodynamic behavior, which originates from their fluctuating heterogeneous micro-structure. Characterizing the dynamics of these fluids at high temperature and high pressure with nanometer spatial and picosecond temporal resolution has been very challenging. The advent of hard x-ray free electron lasers has enabled the development of novel multi-pulse ultrafast x-ray scattering techniques, such as x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) and x-ray pump x-ray probe (XPXP). These techniques offer new opportunities for resolving the ultrafast microscopic behavior in SCFs at unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution, unraveling the dynamics of their micro-structure. However, harnessing these capabilities requires a bespoke high-pressure and high-temperature sample system that is optimized to maximize signal intensity and address instrument-specific challenges, such as drift in beamline components, x-ray scattering background, and multi-x-ray-beam overlap. We present a pressure cell compatible with a wide range of SCFs with built-in optical access for XPCS and XPXP and discuss critical aspects of the pressure cell design, with a particular focus on the design optimization for XPCS.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Stress characterization for friction-stir-welded electric vehicle battery trays with application of neutron diffraction

The battery tray is an essential component that protects and controls battery-cell temperatures in electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. The functional stress limit of the battery tray heavily depends on the residual stress acquired from the manufacturing process. Consequently, exceeding the stress limit of the battery tray during operation could compromise the battery-cell banks and may risk the vehicle's safety. Hence, understanding residual stress formation is vital for design and safety concerns. Here, in the current study, AA 6061-plates were friction stir welded to an A365 high-pressure die-cast battery tray to create sealed coolant channels in the battery tray. However, this multi-material lap friction stir weld introduces residual stress into the battery tray, resulting in distortion. This distortion was mitigated using burnishing or coining operations, though straightening the battery tray had initially unknown effects on the residual stress. Therefore, neutron diffraction was utilized to characterize residual stresses after straightening. The results indicate that the friction stir welding (FSW) operation generated residual stresses exceeding the yield strength of the material, consequently deforming the battery tray by ±3 mm from the pre-weld geometry. The burnishing operation reduced the residual stresses below the material's yield strength while restoring the tray to within ±0.75 mm of the pre-weld geometry. Similarly, the coining operation restored the battery tray to within ±0.75 mm of the pre-weld geometry, however, increasing the number of locations where the residual stress exceeds the yield strength of the material.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Multi-Axis Resonant Plate Shock Testing Evaluation and Test Specification Development

Resonant plate testing is a shock test method that is frequently used to simulate pyroshock events in the laboratory. Recently, it was discovered that if the unit under test is installed at an off-center location, a tri-axial accelerometer would record a shock response in three directions and the resulting shock response spectra implied that the test may have qualified the component in three directions simultaneously. The purpose of this research project was to evaluate this idea of multi-axis shock testing to determine if it was truly a multi-axis shock environment and if such a test could be used as an equivalent component qualification test. A study was conducted using generic, additively manufactured components tested on a resonant plate, along with an investigation of plate motion to evaluate the component response to off- center plate excitation. The data obtained here along with the analytical simulations performed indicate that off-center resonant plate tests are actually not three-axis shock tests, but rather single axis shocks at an arbitrary angle dictated by the location of the unit under test on the plate. This conclusion is supported by the fact that only one vectored shock input is provided to the component in a resonant plate test. Thus, the output response is a coupled response of the transverse plate vibration and the rotational motion of the component on the plate. Additionally, a multi-axis shock test defined by three single axis test environments always results in a significant component over-test in one direction.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Robustness of cement-based materials: From dosage variations to yield stress fluctuations

The idea behind the present work is to assess robustness of fresh cement-based materials (i.e. their ability to display the same properties when submitted to variations in the way they are produced) from a generic and analytical point of view. First, analytical models from literature relating components proportions and yield stress are combined into a multi-scale and physical approach and compared to our experimental yield stress measurements. In the second part, the derivation of these analytical relationships is used to assess robustness as a function of components proportions, which allows for the most sensitive variations to be mapped onto component dosage from a yield stress point of view. In the case of fluid concretes, this approach showcases the interest of working at slightly higher water content and slightly lower aggregates fraction along with benefits of viscosity modifying agents / plasticizers combination.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Multi-View Convolutional Neural Network for Data Spoofing Cyber-Attack Detection in Distribution Synchrophasors

Security of Distribution Synchrophasors Data (DSD) is of paramount importance as the data is used for critical smart grid applications including situational awareness, advanced protection, and dynamic control. Unfortunately, the DSD are attractive targets for malicious attackers aiming to damage grid. Data spoofing is a new class of deceiving attack, where the DSD of one Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) is tampered by other PMUs thereby spoiling measurement based applications. In order to address this issue, a source authentication based data spoofing attack detection method is proposed using Multi-view Convolutional Neural Network (MCNN). First, common components embedded in raw frequency measurements from DSD are removed by Savitzky-Golay (SG) filter. Second, fast S transform (FST) is utilized to extract representative spatial fingerprints via time frequency analysis. Third, the spatial fingerprint is fed to MCNN, which combines dilated and standard convolutions for automatic feather extraction and source identification. Finally, according to the output of MCNN, spoofing attack detection is performed via threshold criterion. Extensive experiments with actual DSD from multiple locations in FNET/Grideye are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Science Uses Deployment Operations-Advanced Wireless: Exploring Open Radio Access Network Technologies for Energy Science

Open Radio Access Network is emerging as a solution to the increasing demand for more flexible, cost-effective, and advanced mobile network infrastructures. This evolution is driven by advancements in wireless technologies and the growing complexity of deploying and managing these networks. O-RAN represents a significant shift in wireless technology, building upon the 3rd Generation Partnership Project framework to foster openness, flexibility, and interoperability. By decoupling hardware and software components, Open Radio Access Network enables a multi-vendor ecosystem that encourages innovation and diverse solutions. Open Radio Access Network's potential extends beyond traditional wireless applications, with growing interest in its role in advancing energy systems, particularly in the context of smart grids, microgrids, and the integration of renewable energy sources. While the role of open-wireless technologies in driving energy transformation is increasingly recognized, further exploration is needed. Vendors and utilities are investigating how Open Radio Access Network technologies can optimize energy use cases and improve the performance of 5G and beyond applications. This report outlines efforts under the Science Uses Deployment Operations Advance Wireless project, a collaboration between the National Laboratory of the Rockies' Cybersecurity Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and the Department of Energy's Energy Science Network research and operations staff. The focus of this project is on due diligence, through testing and evaluation, preparing for the deployment of advanced wireless infrastructure for scientific use cases, with an emphasis on Open Radio Access Network technology, its components, integrations, and its ability to support vertical stack application across the energy sector. Additionally, the report highlights the value cases for utilities, underscoring how adopting open wireless standards can accelerate the evolution of energy systems, foster innovation, and improve the integration of critical energy technologies.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Probabilistic Data-Driven Sampling via Multi-Criteria Importance Analysis

Although supercomputers are becoming increasingly powerful, their components have thus far not scaled proportionately. Compute power is growing enormously and is enabling finely resolved simulations that produce never-before-seen features. However, I/O capabilities lag by orders of magnitude, which means only a fraction of the simulation data can be stored for post hoc analysis. Prespecified plans for saving features and quantities of interest do not work for features that have not been seen before. Data-driven intelligent sampling schemes are needed to detect and save important parts of the simulation while it is running. Here, we propose a novel sampling scheme that reduces the size of the data by orders-of-magnitude while still preserving important regions. The approach we develop selects points with unusual data values and high gradients. Finally, we demonstrate that our approach outperforms traditional sampling schemes on a number of tasks.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Multi-phasic explosive fracturing system

Disclosed herein are embodiments of precursor components (or compositions thereof) that can be combined with one or more additional components (or compositions thereof) to form an explosive composition. The disclosed precursor components (or compositions thereof) can be handled and transported safely to a particular location where they can be mixed with liquid fuel to form an explosive composition. In particular disclosed embodiments, the precursor components (or compositions thereof) can comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of an oxidizer component, a metal component, or combinations thereof.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2019

LDRD 19A42-015, Multi-Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques can efficiently and cost-effectively fabricate components with both geometrical and compositional complexities, where functionally-graded compositions in a component allow multiple service requirements to be simultaneously addressed, such as corrosion and high temperature structural requirements. High cost alloy compositions need only be deposited in local areas where they are needed. A multi-wire arc additive manufacturing (m-WAAM) system was developed to enable functionally-graded, additively manufactured complex structures. The m-WAAM system utilizes multiple filler wire alloys, allowing control of composition and composition gradients in the component during additive fabrication. Ultimately, this project successfully developed a high deposition rate, arc-based, additive manufacturing process with the truly novel capability of enabling spatial composition tailoring during the build of the component. System capabilities and process science will be studied in a follow-on LDRD starting next year.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗