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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 469 records · Page 26
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Identifications of RR Lyrae Stars and Quasars from the Simulated Data of Mephisto-W Survey

We have investigated the feasibilities and accuracies of the identifications of RR Lyrae stars and quasars from the simulated data of the Multi-channel Photometric Survey Telescope (Mephisto) W Survey. Based on the variable sources light curve libraries from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe 82 data and the observation history simulation from the Mephisto-W Survey Scheduler, we have simulated the uvgriz multi-band light curves of RR Lyrae stars, quasars and other variable sources for the first-year observation of Mephisto W Survey. We have applied the ensemble machine learning algorithm Random Forest Classifier (RFC) to identify RR Lyrae stars and quasars, respectively. We build training and test samples and extract ~150 features from the simulated light curves and train two RFCs respectively for the RR Lyrae star and quasar classification. We find that, our RFCs are able to select the RR Lyrae stars and quasars with remarkably high precision and completeness, with purity = 95.4% and completeness = 96.9% for the RR Lyrae RFC and purity = 91.4% and completeness = 90.2% for the quasar RFC. In conclusion, we have also derived relative importances of the extracted features utilized to classify RR Lyrae stars and quasars.

(galaxies:) quasars: general↗
DOE OSTI2020

Enhancing Neutrino Event Reconstruction with Pixel-Based 3D Readout for Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers

In this paper we explore the potential improvements in neutrino event reconstruction that a 3D pixelated readout could offer over a 2D projective wire readout for liquid argon time projection chambers. We simulate and study events in two generic, idealized detector configurations for these two designs, classifying events in each sample with deep convolutional neural networks to compare the best 2D results to the best 3D results. In almost all cases we find that the 3D readout provides better reconstruction efficiency and purity than the 2D projective wire readout, with the advantages of 3D being particularly evident in more complex topologies, such as electron neutrino charged current events. We conclude that the use of a 3D pixelated detector could significantly enhance the reach and impact of future liquid argon TPC experiments physics program, such as DUNE.

Adams, C↗
DOE OSTI2021

Identifying heavy-flavor jets using vectors of locally aggregated descriptors

Abstract Jets of collimated particles serve a multitude of purposes in high energy collisions. Recently, studies of jet interaction with the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in high energy heavy ion collisions are of growing interest, particularly towards understanding partonic energy loss in the QGP medium and its related modifications of the jet shower and fragmentation. Since the QGP is a colored medium, the extent of jet quenching and consequently, the transport properties of the medium are expected to be sensitive to fundamental properties of the jets such as the flavor of the parton that initiates the jet. Identifying the jet flavor enables an extraction of the mass dependence in jet-QGP interactions. We present a novel approach to tagging heavy-flavor jets at collider experiments utilizing the information contained within jet constituents via the model architecture. We show the performance of this model in proton-proton collisions at center of mass energy √(s) = 200 GeV as characterized by common metrics and showcase its ability to extract high purity heavy-flavor jet sample at various jet momenta and realistic production cross-sections including a brief discussion on the impact of out-of-time pile-up. Such studies open new opportunities for future high purity heavy-flavor measurements at jet energies accessible at current and future collider experiments.

Instruments & Instrumentation↗
DOE OSTI2021

Optimizing a magnitude-limited spectroscopic training sample for photometric classification of supernovae

ABSTRACT In preparation for photometric classification of transients from the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) we run tests with different training data sets. Using estimates of the depth to which the 4-m Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope (4MOST) Time Domain Extragalactic Survey (TiDES) can classify transients, we simulate a magnitude-limited sample reaching rAB ≈ 22.5 mag. We run our simulations with the software snmachine, a photometric classification pipeline using machine learning. The machine-learning algorithms struggle to classify supernovae when the training sample is magnitude limited, in contrast to representative training samples. Classification performance noticeably improves when we combine the magnitude-limited training sample with a simulated realistic sample of faint high-redshift supernovae observed from larger spectroscopic facilities; the algorithms’ range of average area under receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) scores over 10 runs increases from 0.547–0.628 to 0.946–0.969 and purity of the classified sample reaches 95 per cent in all runs for two of the four algorithms. By creating new, artificial light curves using the augmentation software avocado, we achieve a purity in our classified sample of 95 per cent in all 10 runs performed for all machine-learning algorithms considered. We also reach a highest average AUC score of 0.986 with the artificial neural network algorithm. Having ‘true’ faint supernovae to complement our magnitude-limited sample is a crucial requirement in optimization of a 4MOST spectroscopic sample. However, our results are a proof of concept that augmentation is also necessary to achieve the best classification results.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

The kinematic properties of Milky Way stellar halo populations

ABSTRACT In the Gaia era, stellar kinematics are extensively used to study Galactic halo stellar populations, to search for halo structures, and to characterize the interface between the halo and hot disc populations. We use distribution function-based models of modern data sets with 6D phase space data to qualitatively describe a variety of kinematic spaces commonly used in the study of the Galactic halo. Furthermore, we quantitatively assess how well each kinematic space can separate radially anisotropic from isotropic halo populations. We find that scaled action space (the ‘action diamond’) is superior to other commonly used kinematic spaces at this task. We present a new, easy to implement selection criterion for members of the radially anisotropic Gaia–Enceladus merger remnant. Assuming a 1:1 ratio of Gaia–Enceladus stars to more isotropic halo, we find our selection achieves a sample purity of 86 per cent in our models with respect to contamination from the more isotropic halo. We compare this criterion to literature criteria, finding that it produces the highest purity in the resulting samples, at the expense of a modest reduction in completeness. We also show that selection biases that underlie nearly all contemporary spectroscopic data sets can noticeably impact the E−Lz distribution of samples in a manner that may be confused for real substructure. We conclude by providing recommendations for how authors should use stellar kinematics in the future to study the Galactic stellar halo.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

The PSZ-MCMF catalogue of Planck clusters over the DES region

ABSTRACT We present the first systematic follow-up of Planck Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect (SZE) selected candidates down to signal-to-noise (S/N) of 3 over the 5000 deg2 covered by the Dark Energy Survey. Using the MCMF cluster confirmation algorithm, we identify optical counterparts, determine photometric redshifts, and richnesses and assign a parameter, fcont, that reflects the probability that each SZE-optical pairing represents a random superposition of physically unassociated systems rather than a real cluster. The new PSZ-MCMF cluster catalogue consists of 853 MCMF confirmed clusters and has a purity of 90 per cent. We present the properties of subsamples of the PSZ-MCMF catalogue that have purities ranging from 90 per cent to 97.5 per cent, depending on the adopted fcont threshold. Halo mass estimates M500, redshifts, richnesses, and optical centres are presented for all PSZ-MCMF clusters. The PSZ-MCMF catalogue adds 589 previously unknown Planck identified clusters over the DES footprint and provides redshifts for an additional 50 previously published Planck-selected clusters with S/N>4.5. Using the subsample with spectroscopic redshifts, we demonstrate excellent cluster photo-z performance with an RMS scatter in Δz/(1 + z) of 0.47 per cent. Our MCMF based analysis allows us to infer the contamination fraction of the initial S/N>3 Planck-selected candidate list, which is ∼50 per cent. We present a method of estimating the completeness of the PSZ-MCMF cluster sample. In comparison to the previously published Planck cluster catalogues, this new S/N>3 MCMF confirmed cluster catalogue populates the lower mass regime at all redshifts and includes clusters up to z∼1.3.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

The stellar mass of the Gaia -Sausage/Enceladus accretion remnant

The Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GS/E) structure is an accretion remnant that comprises a large fraction of the Milky Way’s stellar halo. We study GS/E using high-purity samples of kinematically selected stars from APOGEE DR16 and Gaia. Employing a novel framework to account for kinematic selection biases using distribution functions, we fit density profiles to these GS/E samples and measure their masses. We find that GS/E has a shallow density profile in the inner Galaxy, with a break between 15 and 25 kpc beyond which the profile steepens. We also find that GS/E is triaxial, with axis ratios 1:0.55:0.45 (nearly prolate), and the major axis is oriented about 80° from the Sun–Galactic centre line and 16° above the plane. We measure a stellar mass for GS/E of $1.45\, ^{+0.92}_{-0.51}\, \mathrm{(stat.)}\, ^{+0.13}_{-0.37} \mathrm{(sys.)}\ \times 10^{8}$ M ⊙ . Our mass estimate is lower than others in the literature, a finding we attribute to the excellent purity of the samples we work with. We also fit a density profile to the entire Milky Way stellar halo, finding a mass in the range of 6.7–8.4 × 10 8 M ⊙ , and implying that GS/E could make up as little as 15–25 per cent of the mass of the Milky Way stellar halo. Our lower stellar mass combined with standard stellar mass-to-halo mass relations implies that GS/E constituted a minor 1:8 mass-ratio merger at the time of its accretion.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Time-Resolved Hanbury Brown–Twiss Interferometry of On-Chip Biphoton Frequency Combs Using Vernier Phase Modulation

Biphoton frequency combs (BFCs) are promising quantum sources for large-scale and high-dimensional quantum information and networking systems. In this context, the spectral purity of individual frequency bins will be critical for realizing quantum networking protocols like teleportation and entanglement swapping. Measurement of the temporal autocorrelation function of the unheralded signal or idler photons comprising the BFC is a key tool for characterizing their spectral purity and in turn verifying the utility of the biphoton state for networking protocols. Yet the experimentally obtainable precision for measuring BFC correlation functions is often severely limited by detector jitter. The fine temporal features in the correlation function—not only of practical value in quantum information, but also of fundamental interest in the study of quantum optics—are lost as a result. We propose a scheme to circumvent this challenge through electro-optic phase modulation, experimentally demonstrating time-resolved Hanbury Brown–Twiss characterization of BFCs generated from an integrated 40.5-GHz Si 3 N 4 microring, up to a 3×3-dimensional two-qutrit Hilbert space. Through slight detuning of the electro-optic drive frequency from the comb’s free spectral range, our approach leverages Vernier principles to magnify temporal features, which would otherwise be averaged out by detector jitter. We demonstrate our approach under both continuous-wave and pulsed-pumping regimes, finding excellent agreement with theory. In conclusion, our method reveals not only the collective statistics of the contributing frequency bins but also their temporal shapes—features lost in standard fully integrated autocorrelation measurements.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Adversarial autoencoder ensemble for fast and probabilistic reconstructions of few-shot photon correlation functions for solid-state quantum emitters

Second-order photon correlation measurements [g (2) (τ) functions] are widely used to classify single-photon emission purity in quantum emitters or to measure the multiexciton quantum yield of emitters that can simultaneously host multiple excitations – such as quantum dots – by evaluating the value of g (2) (τ = 0). Accumulating enough photons to accurately calculate this value is time consuming and could be accelerated by fitting of few-shot photon correlations. Here, we develop an uncertainty-aware, deep adversarial autoencoder ensemble (AAE) that reconstructs noise-free g (2) (τ) functions from noise-dominated, few-shot inputs. The model is trained with simulated g (2) (τ) functions that are facilely generated by Poisson sampling time bins. The AAE reconstructions are performed orders-of-magnitude faster, with reconstruction errors and estimates of g (2) (τ = 0) that are lower in variance and similar in accuracy compared to Maximum likelihood estimation and Levenberg-Marquardt least-squares fitting approaches, for simulated and experimentally measured few-shot g (2) (τ) functions (~100 two-photon events) of InP/ZnS/ZnSe and CdS/CdSe/CdS quantum dots. The deep-ensemble model comprises eight individual autoencoders, allowing for probabilistic reconstructions of noise-free g (2) (τ) functions, and we show that the predicted variance scales inversely with number of shots, with comparable uncertainties to computationally intensive Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the advantage of machine learning models to perform uncertainty-aware, fast, and accurate reconstructions of simple Poisson-distributed photon correlation functions, allowing for on-the-fly reconstructions and accelerated materials characterization of solid-state quantum emitters.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Clustering of electromagnetic showers and particle interactions with graph neural networks in liquid argon time projection chambers

Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) are a class of detectors that produce high resolution images of charged particles within their sensitive volume. In these images, the clustering of distinct particles into superstructures is of central importance to the current and future neutrino physics program. Electromagnetic (EM) activity typically exhibits spatially detached fragments of varying morphology and orientation that are challenging to efficiently assemble using traditional algorithms. Similarly, particles that are spatially removed from each other in the detector may originate from a common interaction. Graph neural networks (GNNs) were developed in recent years to find correlations between objects embedded in an arbitrary space. The graph particle aggregator (GrapPA) first leverages GNNs to predict the adjacency matrix of EM shower fragments and to identify the origin of showers, i.e., primary fragments. On the PILArNet public LArTPC simulation dataset, the algorithm achieves a shower clustering accuracy characterized by a mean purity of 99.4%, a mean efficiency of 99.6% and a primary identification accuracy of 99.8%. It yields a relative shower energy uncertainty of (4.1 + 1.4 / $\sqrt{\text{E(GeV)})}$% and a shower direction uncertainty of (2.1/ $\sqrt{\text{E(GeV)})}$°. Finally, the optimized algorithm is then applied to the related task of clustering particle instances into interactions and yields a mean purity of 99.8% and a mean efficiency of 99.5% for an interaction density of $\mathcal{O}(1)$ m –3 .

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Optimal filtering and generation of entangled photons for quantum applications in the presence of noise

Filtering is commonly used in quantum optics to reject noise photons, and also to enable interference between independent photons. However, filtering the joint spectrum of photon pairs can reduce the inherent coincidence probability or loss-independent heralding efficiency. Here we investigate filtering for multiphoton applications based on entanglement and interference (e.g., quantum teleportation). We multiplex C-band entangled photons and C-band classical communications into the same long-distance fibers, which enables scalable low-loss quantum networking but requires filtering of spontaneous Raman scattering noise from classical light. Using tunable-bandwidth filters, low-jitter detectors, and polarization filters, we distribute wavelength-degenerate time-bin entangled photons in the C band (1536.5 nm) over 25 km/25 km standard fibers (50 km) each carrying 10 Gbit/s C-band classical data signals. Narrow filtering enables milliwatt-level C-band power, which exceeds the power achieved by comparable studies by roughly an order of magnitude and could feasibly support terabit per second classical rates. We evaluate how performance depends on pump and filter bandwidths, multipair emission, filter shapes, loss, phase matching, and how quantum information is measured. We find a trade-off between reducing noise impact and increasing single-mode purity, and discuss mitigation methods toward optimal multiphoton applications. Importantly, these results apply to noise in free space and in quantum devices (sources, frequency converters, switches, detectors, etc.) and provide insight into filter-induced degradation of single-photon purity and rates even in noise-free environments.

Thomas, Jordan M. [Fermilab; Northwestern U.]↗
DOE OSTI2024

Response of Graphite to Dynamic Loading and Hypervelocity Jet Impacts

The compressive strengths of three varieties of high purity graphite, PCEA, NBG-18, and NBG-25, as well as the depth of penetration of small-scale charges into these materials was experimentally determined. These grades are similar in density, ranging from 1.80 – 1.85 g/cc, and nominal apparent porosity, ranging from 18% to 20%, but provide a wide range in maximum grain or particle size from 10s to 1000s of µm. Two very different manufacturing methods are also represented; PCEA is extruded while NBG-18 and NBG-25 are iso-molded. The quasistatic and dynamic strengths of each grade were determined on a load frame and split-Hopkinson pressure bar, respectively. The depth of penetration (DOP) of two small-scale shaped charges, the Teledyne RP-1 and RP-4, was determined against graphite. The global response of the RP-4 impacts was markedly different as the PCEA samples remained intact while all the NBG-25 samples split into 2 or 3 pieces after the jet penetration had completed. However, for all tests, the trusted DOPs fell within 2 cm. Preliminary hydrocode modeling of the penetration events used existing models that were not designed for graphite. The results can be tuned to reasonably reproduce the DOP, but the wound channel geometry is not reproduced well. A model designed for graphite would need to represent graphite’s non-linear and energy dissipation characteristics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Impact of carrier wafer on etch rate, selectivity, morphology, and passivation during GaN plasma etching

The choice of carrier wafer was found to significantly influence etch rates, selectivity, and morphology in GaN micropillar etching in a Cl 2 -Ar high-density inductively coupled plasma. 7 × 7 mm 2 GaN on sapphire chips with a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition SiO 2 hard mask was etched on top of 4-in. fused silica, silicon carbide, silicon, sapphire, aluminum nitride, and high purity aluminum carriers. Silicon and silicon carbide carriers reduced GaN:SiO 2 selectivity because incidental SiCl x and CCl x etch products from the carriers attack the SiO 2 mask. Aluminum nitride and high-purity aluminum carriers yielded the highest GaN:SiO 2 selectivities due to the deposition of Al-based etched by-products, while the highest GaN etch rate was achieved using the sapphire carrier since it was the most inert carrier and did not sink any Cl 2 . Overall, results indicate that SiO 2 and Al may be used as passivation materials during GaN etching, as vertical profiles were achieved when SiO 2 or Al is redeposited from the fused silica and aluminum carriers, respectively. Floor pitting, trenching, sidewall roughness, and faceting were all influenced by carrier wafer type and will be discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Structural and spectral dynamics of single-crystalline Ruddlesden-Popper phase halide perovskite blue light-emitting diodes

Achieving perovskite-based high–color purity blue-emitting light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is still challenging. Here, we report successful synthesis of a series of blue-emissive two-dimensional Ruddlesden-Popper phase single crystals and their high–color purity blue-emitting LED demonstrations. Although this approach successfully achieves a series of bandgap emissions based on the different layer thicknesses, it still suffers from a conventional temperature-induced device degradation mechanism during high-voltage operations. To understand the underlying mechanism, we further elucidate temperature-induced device degradation by investigating the crystal structural and spectral evolution dynamics via in situ temperature-dependent single-crystal x-ray diffraction, photoluminescence (PL) characterization, and density functional theory calculation. The PL peak becomes asymmetrically broadened with a marked intensity decay, as temperature increases owing to [PbBr 6 ] 4- octahedra tilting and the organic chain disordering, which results in bandgap decrease. This study indicates that careful heat management under LED operation is a key factor to maintain the sharp and intense emission.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unveiling phase evolution of complex oxides toward precise solid-state synthesis

The precise synthesis of high-purity materials is crucial in accelerating materials discovery. However, the lack of theoretical understanding and practical guidance poses challenges, particularly for materials with compositional and structural complexity. Here, we propose a feasible principle toward synthesizing complex inorganic solids. This principle involves the introduction of an inducer that induces crucial intermediates, which in turn guide the synthesis pathway toward the target materials through structural templating, named inducer-facilitated assembly through structural templating (i-FAST). We validate this principle with three distinct oxides: garnet Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12, perovskite BaCo0.8Sn0.2O3, and pyrochlore Gd1.5La0.5Zr2O7. This structural templating approach enables synthesis along predesigned pathways, forming intermediates that are thermodynamically favored for prior formation and kinetically preferred for the final product, resulting in precisely synthesizing high-purity target materials. This study not only represents a substantial advancement in comprehending the interplay between thermodynamics/kinetics and phase evolution in complex solid synthesis but also provides an effective strategy for guiding exploratory solid-state synthesis.

Yang, Lin↗
DOE OSTI2025

Editors’ Choice—Molten Salt Electrolysis in Chloride Melts for Energy-Efficient Iron Metal Production

This study explores chloride molten salt electrolysis (CMSE) as a promising route for energy-efficient iron metal (Fe) production. Moderate temperature (500 °C) LiCl-KCl molten salts offer excellent thermodynamic stability, high ionic conductivity and diffusivity, and high solubility for FeCl 3 , thereby enabling efficient Fe metal extraction at high electrowinning rates. Here, we demonstrate the two essential steps for converting taconite ore into Fe metal. First, Fe 2 O 3 from taconite pellets was selectively leached in HCl yielding a high-purity FeCl 3 aqueous solution, while the gangue components settled at the bottom. Then, anhydrous FeCl 3 was electrolyzed in a LiCl-KCl eutectic molten salt at 500 °C at high current density (1 A cm −2 ) and at high Coulombic efficiency (>85%). Analysis of the electrowon Fe deposits revealed dendritic structures with purity of >99 wt%, which could be further improved to nearly 100 wt% through arc re-melting. CMSE offers low specific energy consumption (3.7 kWhr kg −1 ), competitive with H 2 -DRI and other electrolytic approaches being pursued globally. Our findings underscore the potential of CMSE as an energy-efficient route for electrosynthesis of Fe metal.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Establishing Pb-203 production from electrodeposited Tl targets at Brookhaven National Laboratory

Background: Promising developments in Pb-212 radiopharmaceutical therapies have increased demand for Pb-203 diagnostic agents. Building on previous work from various isotope production facilities, this study optimized Pb-203 production from electrodeposited Tl targets at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The additional supply of Pb-203 may help meet growing preclinical and clinical demands. Results: Two Tl targets were irradiated at the Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer facility with 30 ± 1 MeV protons, measured using previously published cross section data. Distribution coefficients for Pb Resin in acetate media were investigated for both Na + and K + cations, where potassium acetate was ~ 4 times more effective at stripping Pb from the Pb Resin. The Tl electrodeposition was optimized to deposit 350 mg of Tl (~ 60 mg/cm 2 ) on Au backing in under 6 h. The proposed separation process was completed in < 1.5 h and achieved > 98% and 92 ± 3% recovery of Tl and Pb, respectively, with an overall Tl-Pb separation factor of 6 × 10 5 . The experimentally measured half-life of Pb-203 was 52.4 ± 0.7 h, agreeing with 51.93 ± 0.02 h reported by the National Nuclear Data Center. The radioisotopic purity of the Pb fraction at 24 h post end of bombardment (EOB) from a 24 h irradiation was 66% Pb-203, 28% Pb-201, and 6% Pb-200. Following chemical separation, the Pb-203 produced in this work (21 MBq Pb-203 EOB) achieved apparent molar activities of 10 ± 5 and 0.9 ± 0.5 GBq/µmol for [ 203 Pb]Pb-DOTAM and [ 203 Pb]Pb-DO3A, respectively, decay corrected to EOB. Data derived from this work suggests BNL can produce > 10’s GBq Pb-203 with > 99% radiochemical and radioisotopic purity from Tl-205 for worldwide distribution. Conclusions: The production and separation of Pb-203 from natural Tl target material was successfully demonstrated at BNL. Existing methods were adapted and optimized for the facilities at BNL. Results from this work will guide future large-scale Pb-203 production opportunities at BNL for clinical applications.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2025

Data for "Integrated Green Biorefinery for the Production of Anthocyanins, Fermentable Sugars, and High Pure Lignin from Miscanthus × giganteus "

Miscanthus x giganteus (Mxg) is a promising perennial crop for producing natural colorants, renewable fuels, and bioproducts. However, natural recalcitrance and high pretreatment cost are major barriers to their complete conversion. In this study, a green processing method has been investigated for efficient recovery of natural pigments (anthocyanins), fermentable sugars, and pure lignin from Mxg genotypes using choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) systems. Interestingly, choline chloride: lactic acid (ChCl: LA) NADES-processed biomass resulted in 67.8 ± 2.1 μg g−1 of anthocyanins from dry biomass. A maximum of 87.4%–94.1% glucose yield was achieved after enzymatic saccharification. The effective extraction of lignin with high purity with higher β-aryl ether (βO4) bonds from advanced crops is crucial for lignin valorization. Notably, highly pure lignin (≈93.4% ± 1.4%) is achieved after low-temperature NADES pretreatment while retaining lignin’s native structure. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance demonstrated that total phenolics for ChCl: LA-lignin resulted in 1.20 mmol g−1 hydroxyls. The relative monolignol composition of syringyl (S), guaiacyl (G), and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) is 19.0, 65.7, and 14.3%, respectively, as evidenced by heteronuclear single quantum coherence analysis. This study provides a novel approach for obtaining high-purity lignin for catalytic depolymerization for oligomers and bifunctional monoaromatics production and leverages current cellulosic biorefinery technologies.

biomass analytics↗