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At least 469 records · Page 26

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DOE OSTI2022

Low Noise Frequency-Domain Multiplexing of TES Bolometers Using SQUIDs at Sub-Kelvin Temperature

Digital Frequency-Domain Multiplexing (DfMux) is a technique that uses MHz superconducting resonators and Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) arrays to read out sets of transition edge sensors. DfMux has been used by several Cosmic Microwave Background experiments, including most recently POLARBEAR-2 and SPT-3 G with multiplexing factors as high as 68, and is the baseline readout technology for the planned satellite mission LiteBIRD. Here, we present recent work focused on improving DfMux readout noise, reducing parasitic impedance, and improving sensor operation. We have achieved a substantial reduction in stray impedance by integrating the sensors, resonators, and SQUID array onto a single-carrier board operated at 250 mK. This also drastically simplifies the packaging of the cryogenic components and leads to better-controlled crosstalk. We demonstrate a low readout noise level of 8.6 pA/Hz1 1/2 , which was made possible by operating the SQUID array at a reduced temperature and with a low dynamic impedance. This is a factor of two improvement compared to the achieved readout noise level in currently operating Cosmic Microwave Background experiments using DfMux and represents a critical step toward maturation of the technology for the next generation of instruments.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Correlated characterization of 20 Ne-implanted targets using nuclear reaction analysis, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and ion transport modeling

In this article, we present the preparation and characterization of a large sample of implanted noble gas targets for use in precision nuclear astrophysics measurements with intense proton beams. Tantalum and titanium backings were prepared using wet-acid etching, outgassed via resistive heating, and implanted with 20 Ne + beams from differing ion sources. These experimental targets were investigated using both nuclear reaction analysis techniques on the 1169-keV resonance in 20 Ne(p, $\gamma$) 21 Na and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry analysis with 2-MeV α-particle beams. Results from these analyses reveal small target-to-target variations in stoichiometry, while exhibiting excellent agreement independent of ion-beam analysis method. We also present a self-consistent validation of the nuclear reaction analysis results using ion transport simulations in TRIM-2013 that rely on input parameters from SIMNRA scattering-yield fits to Rutherford backscattering spectra. In addition to a complete description of the implantation profile, this analysis method provides an alternate solution for characterizing a large sample of implanted targets when no suitable resonances are available for nuclear reaction analysis.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2022

Mechanistic Study of Controlled Zinc Electrodeposition Behaviors Facilitated by Nanoscale Electrolyte Additives at the Electrode Interface

Nanoparticle organic hybrid materials (NOHMs) are liquid-like materials composed of an inorganic core to which a polymeric canopy is ionically tethered. NOHMs have unique properties including negligible vapor pressure, high oxidative thermal stability, and the ability to bind to reactive species of interest due to the tunability of their polymeric canopy. This makes them promising multifunctional materials for a wide range of energy and environmental technologies, including electrolyte additives for electrochemical energy storage (e.g., flow batteries) and the electrochemical conversion of CO 2 to chemicals and fuels. Due to their unique transport behaviors in fluid systems, an understanding of the near-electrode surface behavior of NOHMs in electrolyte solutions and their effect on electrochemical reactions is still lacking. In this work, the complexation of zinc (Zn) by NOHMs with an ionically tethered polyetheramine canopy (HPE) (NOHM-I-HPE) was studied using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared and Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, various electrochemical techniques were employed to discern the role of NOHM-I-HPE during zinc electrodeposition, and the results were compared to those of the electrochemical system containing untethered HPE polymers. Our findings confirmed that NOHM-I-HPE and HPE reversibly complex zinc in the aqueous electrolyte. NOHM-I-HPE and HPE were found to block some of the electrode active sites, reducing the overall current density during electrodeposition, while facilitating the formation of smooth zinc deposits, as revealed by surface imaging and diffraction techniques. Observed variations in the current density responses and the degree of passivation created by the NOHM-I-HPE and HPE adsorbed on the electrode surface revealed that their different packing behaviors at the electrode–electrolyte interface influence the zinc deposition mechanism. The presence of the nanoparticle and ordering offered by the NOHMs as well as the structured conformation of the polymeric canopy allowed the formation of void spaces and free volumes for enhanced transport behaviors. Furthermore, these findings provided insights into how structured electrolyte additives such as NOHMs can allow for advancements in electrolyte design for controlled deposition of metal species from energy-dense electrolytes or for other electrochemical reactions.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2025

Charge state-dependent ion condensation near conjugated polymer backbones

Despite the technological appeal of polymeric organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs) for diverse applications, a deep understanding of the fundamentals of mixed charge transport in these materials, especially regarding the complex interplay between polymer, ion and solvent structure in determining transport, is lacking. Herein, extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a model OMIEC representing various electrochemically gated states are reported that reveal charge state-dependent counterion condensation. X-ray diffraction simulations based on the MD data predict a measurable change in the scattering intensity at the counterion absorption edge, indicative of counterion repositioning with charging. We leverage an operando resonant X-ray scattering technique to experimentally corroborate the simulated scattering and report excellent agreement between predicted and experimental data, confirming that counterions preferentially reside in the lamellar mid-plane of crystallites at low doping, and near the polymer backbone at higher doping. Driving forces for ion type-dependent spatial repositioning and implications thereof are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Cryogenic probe for low-noise, high-frequency electronic measurements

The design and performance of a low-noise, modular cryogenic probe, which is applicable to a wide range of measurements over a broad range of working frequencies, temperatures, and magnetic fields, is presented. The design of the probe facilitates the exchange of sample holders and sample-stage amplifiers, which, combined with its characteristic low transmission and reflection loss, make this design suitable for high precision or low sensitivity measurements. The specific example of measuring the shot noise of magnetic tunnel junctions is discussed. We highlight various design characteristics chosen specifically to expand the applicability of the probe to measurement techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Rapid cooling of the in-plane motion of two-dimensional ion crystals in a Penning trap to millikelvin temperatures

Here, we propose a highly feasible technique with no experimental overhead to rapidly cool the in-plane degrees of freedom of large two-dimensional ion crystals in Penning traps. Through simulations, we demonstrate that our approach enables the in-plane modes to cool down to a temperature of around 1 mK in less than 10 ms. Our technique relies on near-resonant coupling of the poorly cooled in-plane motions and the efficiently cooled out-of-plane motions, and is achieved without introducing additional potentials. The rapid cooling enabled by our approach is in contrast to typical operating conditions, where our simulations of the laser cooling dynamics suggest that the ion crystal's in-plane motion cools very slowly on a timescale of several hundreds of milliseconds, a rate likely slower than experimental heating rates. Our work sets the stage for sub-Doppler laser cooling of the planar motion, and more robust and versatile quantum simulation and quantum sensing experiments with two-dimensional crystals in Penning traps.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Characterization of the Soluble and Insoluble Portions of Solids from the Salt Waste Processing Facility Tank 201 and Tank 202 Samples

The Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF) Tank 201 and Tank 202 samples have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive x-ray (SEM/EDX), particle size analysis (PSA-Microtrac), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopic techniques to characterize and identify organic and inorganic components in Tanks 201 and 202 as part of efforts to understand the problems occurring at SWPF due to the presence of solids in the recovered solvent.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2023

Characterization of the Soluble and Insoluble Portions of Solids from the Salt Waste Processing Facility Tank 201 and Tank 202 Samples

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

NASA NTRS1972

Mass spectrometry.

Review of the current state of mass spectrometry, indicating its unique importance for advanced scientific research. Mass spectrometry applications in computer techniques, gas chromatography, ion cyclotron resonance, molecular fragmentation and ionization, and isotope labeling are covered. Details are given on mass spectrometry applications in bio-organic chemistry and biomedical research. As the subjects of these applications are indicated alkaloids, carbohydrates, lipids, terpenes, quinones, nucleic acid components, peptides, antibiotics, and human and animal metabolisms. Particular attention is given to the mass spectra of organo-inorganic compounds, inorganic mass spectrometry, surface phenomena such as secondary ion and electron emission, and elemental and isotope analysis. Further topics include mass spectrometry in organic geochemistry, applications in geochronology and cosmochemistry, and organic mass spectrometry.

Burlingame, A. L.↗

NASA NTRS1974

ICR study of nonreactive ion-molecule collision rate constants for Cl/-/ and Cr/CO/5/-/

Determination of experimental momentum transfer rate constants for systems of Cl(-) and Cr(CO)5(-) ions by means of an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) line-broadening technique. It is found that in the pure polarization limit of small ion/large neutral collisions the Langevin ion mobility theory gives good agreement with experimental results. A comparison of isotropic and anisotropic neutral systems suggests that a correction for the anisotropic systems is necessary. Beyond the pure polarization limit the Langevin theory gives poor predictions for ion mobilities. The adjustable parameter, gamma, of the Mason-Schamp (12-6-4) potential function permits unique solution of the ion mobility for Cr(CO)5(-) in a wide range of neutral gases. The large values of gamma obtained for most of these systems imply, in terms of the Mason-Schamp theory, that the r to the minus 6th power contribution to the potential function is significant.

Dymerski, P. P.↗

NASA NTRS1976

A temperature dependence kinetics study of the reactions of Cl/2-P-3/2/ with O3, CH4, and H2O2

The temperature dependence of two chlorine atom reactions of considerable fundamental importance to stratospheric chemistry was studied using the technique of flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence. The reactions of interest were: (1) Cl + O3 yields ClO + O2 studied at 220-350 K, and (2) Cl + CH4 yields CH3 + HCl studied at 218-401 K. In addition, the reaction Cl + H2O2 yields HCl + HO2 was studied at 300 K. The corresponding rate constants are provided for the three reactions. The new rate data implies the need to revise downward by a factor of 2.4-3 the magnitude of the ozone perturbation due to the presence of ClO/x/ species in the stratosphere, predicted by earlier model calculations.

Watson, R.↗

NASA NTRS1977

The use of lidar for stratospheric measurements

Stratospheric measurements possible with ground-based, airborne, and satellite-borne lidar systems are reviewed. The instruments, basic equations, and formats normally used for various scattering and absorption phenomena measurements are presented including a discussion of elastic, resonance, Raman, and fluorescence scattering techniques.

Mccormick, M. P.↗

NASA NTRS1977

The use of lidar for stratospheric measurements

This paper reviews stratospheric measurements possible with ground-based, airborne, and satellite-borne lidar systems. The instruments, basic equations, and formats normally used for various scattering and absorption phenomena measurements are presented including a discussion of elastic, resonance, Raman, and fluorescence scattering techniques.

Mccormick, M. P.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Absolute rate of the reaction of hydrogen atoms with ozone from 219-360 K

Absolute rate constants for the reaction of atomic hydrogen with ozone were obtained over the temperature range 219-360 K by the flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence (FP-RF) technique. The results can be expressed in Arrhenius form by k = (1.33 + or - 0.32) times (10 to the minus tenth power) exp(-449 + or - 58/T) cu cm/molecule per sec (two standard deviations). The present work is compared to two previous determinations and is theoretically discussed.

Lee, J. H.↗

NASA NTRS1978

A kinetics investigation of several reactions involving chlorine containing compounds

The technique of flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence was utilized to study nine reactions of stratospheric importance. The tropospheric degradation reactions of seven halogenated hydrocarbons were studied to assess their possible influx into the stratosphere. There are reactions of either Cl, OH, or O(3P) species with hydrogenated species, O3 or chlorinated compounds. Apart from the kinetic measurements, the quantum yield for the production of O(1D) from O3 in the crucial wavelength region of 293 to 316.5 nm was studied by utilizing a narrow wavelength laser as the photolysis source. The product formation was monitored by measuring the fluorescence of NO2 formed through O(1D) reaction with N2O followed by NO reaction with O3 to give NO2.

Davis, D. D.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Absolute rate of the reaction of atomic hydrogen with ethylene from 198 to 320 K at high pressure

The rate constant for the H+C2H4 reaction has been measured as a function of temperature. Experiments were performed with high pressures of Ar heat bath gas at seven temperatures from 198 to 320 K with the flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence (FP-RF) technique. Pressures were chosen so as to isolate the addition rate constant k1. The results are well represented by an Arrhenius expression. The results are compared with other studies and are theoretically discussed.

Lee, J. H.↗

NASA NTRS1978

FMR and magnetic studies of Luna 24 soils and greater than 1 mm soil particles

Six Luna 24 soils (24077, 24109, 24149, 24174, 24182, 24210), their grain-size separates, and twenty-five greater than 1 mm soil particles were analyzed by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and static magnetic techniques. The values of the FMR maturity index for the soils ranged from 19.0 to 39.0 units; soils 24077 and 24109 are submature and soils 24149, 24174, 24182, and 24210 are immature. The metallic iron contents of the soils ranged from 0.30 to 0.51 wt % and are commensurate with their maturities. The 'best estimate' value for the concentration of metallic iron of Luna 24 mare basalts is 0.038 wt %.

Morris, R. V.↗

NASA NTRS1984

MHD Waves and Turbulence in the Sun and Interplanetary Medium

The existence, nature, and dynamics of magnetohydrodynamic waves and turbulence in the solar atmosphere and interplanetary medium are addressed. Remote sensing observations of global oscillations of the Sun and their possible interpretation in terms of waves or turbulence are considered. The region of solar wind acceleration as described by coronal imaging, resonance-line spectrometry, and radio techniques is discussed. Fluctuations and discontinuities in the interplanetary medium are considered using primary data collected by spaceborne magnetometers and plasma analyzers.

Source record↗