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Sound absorption data from tests of four candidate low-temperature reusable surface insulation materials are presented. Limitations on the use of the data are discussed, conclusions concerning the effective absorption of the materials are drawn, and the relative significance to Vibration and Acoustic Test Facility test planning of the absorption of each material is assessed.
Data were obtained which will provide a test of the accuracy of the differential absorption method for trace contaminant detection in many-component gas mixtures. The necessary accurate absorption coefficient determinations were carried out for several gases; acetonitrile, 1,2-dichloroethane, Freon-113, furan, methyl ethyl ketone, and t-butyl alcohol. The absorption coefficients are displayed graphically. An opto-acoustic method was tested for measuring absorbance, similar to the system described by Dewey.
A laser absorption spectrometer, using an IR laser transmitter and a heterodyne radiometer, can be used from an aircraft or spacecraft to measure altitude profiles of air pollutants and other atmospheric constituents. The technique involves measurement of differential absorption at several wavelengths, using the diffusely reflecting earth's surface to provide a return signal. The pressure broadening of absorption lines allows one to discriminate between high and low altitude absorbers. Application of the technique to measurements of ozone, nitric oxide, and water vapor are presented. CO2 and CO lasers are considered as transmitters. The discussion includes altitude resolution limitations, atmospheric temperature dependence, and frequency stability requirements of the instrument.
Six high-dispersion spectra of the quasar PHL 957 are analyzed which were obtained with an integrating television system at the Coude focus of the 200-inch Hale telescope. One hundred seventy-nine absorption lines are found, and seven absorption-line redshift systems are identified. The system at z equals 2.3099 is shown to be most prominent, with 26 lines including a very strong L-alpha line. A system close to the emission redshift is found to be double, and many lines in all the systems are identified as Lyman alpha-beta pairs. Column densities and velocity dispersions are obtained from curves of growth for the major systems and the Lyman pairs. The system at z equals 2.3099 is found to resemble interstellar material in ionization and abundance ratios and constitutes strong evidence for absorption originating in a galaxy along the line of sight to the quasar. The double system is found to have higher ion states and is probably associated with the quasar.
It is noted that the general intrinsic interpretation of QSO absorption redshifts predicts a high probability of clustering for the expulsion velocities of clouds ejected from a QSO core and that a correlation function has been defined which depends on the probability of clustering of three or more expulsion velocities. A test of this correlation is formulated which utilizes data on pairs of QSOs with similar emission redshifts and at least three well established absorption redshifts with corresponding expulsion velocities greater than 0.02c. It is shown that the correlation should be positive (maximum value +100%) if the absorption systems are intrinsic and correlated, zero if there is no physical connection among these systems, and negative if a strong anticorrelation exists or QSOs tend to eject one or two clouds at well separated characteristic velocities. Data on five QSOs are analyzed, and large positive values are obtained for the correlations.
Various mathematical models for infrared radiation absorption spectra for atmospheric gases are reviewed, and continuous correlations for the total absorptance of a wide band are presented. Different band absorptance correlations were employed in two physically realistic problems (radiative transfer in gases with internal heat source, and heat transfer in laminar flow of absorbing-emitting gases between parallel plates) to study their influence on final radiative transfer results. This information will be applied to the study of atmospheric pollutants by infrared radiation measurement.
A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation as a function of the amount of water vapor in the earth's atmosphere is obtained. Absorption computations are based on the Goody band model and the near-infrared absorption band data of Ludwig et al. A two-parameter Curtis-Godson approximation is used to treat the inhomogeneous atmosphere. Heating rates based on a frequently used one-parameter pressure-scaling approximation are also discussed and compared with the present parameterization.
The paper reports an investigation of the capabilities of a UV differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system for remote measurements of sulfur dioxide emissions. Two features of the present DIAL system are an absorption cell permitting the determination of the difference in SO2 absorption coefficients for the two transmitted wavelengths and a calibration cell permitting the linearity and performance of the system to be evaluated. The DIAL technique is described along with the transmitter, receiver, data-adquisition, and data-processing components of the investigated system. Quantitative measurements of the average SO2 concentration in a region surrounding the exhaust stack of a steam-generating plant are discussed which show that the present system has measurement sensitivities of 10 ppb at a range of 0.8 km and 20 ppb at 1.9 km. Based on performance characteristics obtained during a calibration of this system, it is predicted that a measurement sensitivity of less than 4 ppb over a 1-km path will be attained.
An optoacoustic detector or spectrophone has been used to perform detailed measurements of the absorptivity of mixtures of water vapor in air. A (C-12) (O-16)2 laser was used as the source, and measurements were made at forty-nine different wavelengths from 9.2 to 10.7 microns. The details of the optoacoustic detector and its calibration are presented, along with a discussion of its performance characteristics. The results of the measurements of water vapor absorption show that the continuum absorption in the wavelength range covered is 5-10% lower than previous measurements.
The various mechanisms which contribute to sound absorption in the atmosphere are identified and a technique for computing the contribution from each is presented. The similarities between sound absorption, laser fluorescence measurements, and the opto-acoustic effect are discussed. Finally, experimental sound absorption results are compared to predictions to test the microscopic energy transfer approach.
The spectral absorption of C3 has been measured in a shock tube using a test gas mixture of acetylene diluted with argon. The absorption of a pulsed xenon light source was measured by means of eight photomultiplier channels to a spectrograph and an accompanying drum camera. The postshock test gas temperature and pressure were varied over the range 3300-4300 K and 0.36 to 2.13 atmospheres, respectively. The results showed appreciable absorption from C3 for the wavelength range 300 to 540 nanometers. The computed electronic oscillator strength varied from 0.12 to 0.06 as a function of temperature.
The electrostatic field associated with the rotation of Jupiter, relative to the rest frame of Io, would be distorted if the satellite were an electrical conductor. An idealized two-dimensional model of the distorted electric-field configuration, in the limit of a perfectly conducting satellite or satellite ionosphere, has been constructed and used to trace the adiabatic guiding-center trajectories of energetic protons and electrons across Jupiter's magnetic field lines, which are taken as rectilinear. The adiabatic trajectories of very low-energy particles (cold plasma) are found to avoid the satellite and escape absorption. In the limit of very high particle energies, the adiabatic trajectories are undistorted, and absorption proceeds as if Io were an insulator. The interpolation between these limits is monotonic for protons, such that Io sweeps out a drift shell half as wide as the satellite for first invariants of the order of 1 GeV per gauss. The situation for electrons is more complicated, and no absorption from adiabatic trajectories is found at first invariants not exceeding 46 GeV per gauss. Electrons having first invariants of at least 50 GeV per gauss are typically swept out of drift shells wider than the satellite itself. However, electrons can impact only a portion of Io's exposed hemisphere for first invariants of 50-200 GeV per gauss. Thus, the particle-absorbing characteristics of an electrically conducting Jovian satellite are found to depend on both the species and the energy of the incident particle, and the satellite's particle-absorbing cross section differs systematically from its geometric cross section.
Temperature and wind profiles between 60 and 90 km were obtained during an anomalous wintertime absorption event. Data were collected by passive inflatable falling spheres deployed from meteorological rockets. The enhanced radio wave absorption is apparently associated with a well-defined mesopause near 84 km and a large inversion near 68 km; these readings suggest that both phenomena have been displaced to a level about 5 km lower than normal. In addition, colder than normal temperatures are recorded in the 55 to 72 km range during the anomalous conditions. The possible relationship between this change in the mesospheric temperature structure and the anomalous absorption and atmospheric radiative characteristics is discussed.
A theoretical and experimental investigation is presented of inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption of CW CO2 laser radiation in flowing gases seeded with alkali metals. In order to motivate this development, some simple models are described of several space missions which could use laser powered rocket vehicles. Design considerations are given for a test call to be used with a welding laser, using a diamond window for admission of laser radiation at power levels in excess of 10 kW. A detailed analysis of absorption conditions in the test cell is included. The experimental apparatus and test setup are described and the results of experiments presented. Injection of alkali seedant and steady state absorption of the laser radiation were successfully demonstrated, but problems with the durability of the diamond windows at higher powers prevented operation of the test cell as an effective laser powered thruster.
A new method is described for obtaining the temperature profile in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere from observations of the absorption spectrum of the high J lines of carbon dioxide at 4.3 microns. This concept is based upon the measurement of the integrated absorption of individual CO2 lines whose strengths depend strongly on temperature and that the absorption of these lines are obtained from measurements of the solar or stellar spectrum through an atmospheric path. The technique involves a rapidly converging iterative process in which the equivalent widths of the individual vibration-rotation lines of CO2 are used. Theoretical calculations are presented for balloon and satellite observations using a model atmosphere. Experimental results are given from spectra obtained with a balloon-borne Fourier interferometer spectrometer in which the sun was observed at low zenith angles. The experimental results are compared to rocketsonde data.
A procedure has been developed which can be used to determine the economic feasibility of solar powered absorption cooling systems. This procedure has been used in a study to investigate the influence of the site-dependent parameters on the economic feasibility of solar absorption cooling. The purpose of this study was to make preliminary site selections for solar powered absorption cooling systems. This paper summarizes the results of that study.
Important in the atmospheric heat balance are the reflection, transmission, and absorption of visible and infrared radiation by clouds and polluted atmospheres. Integral equations are derived to evaluate the scattering and absorption of electromagnetic radiation from thin cylindrical dielectric shells of arbitrary cross section when irradiated by a plane wave of any polarization incident in a plane perpendicular to the generators. Application of the method to infinitely long hexagonal cylinders has yielded numerical scattering and absorption data which simulate columnar sheath ice crystals. It is found that the numerical procedures are economical for cylinders having perimeters less than approximately fifteen free-space wavelengths.
Total absorption of O2 induced by collisions with N2 has been measured at room temperature in the Hersberg continuum using a one meter normal incidence grating monochromator. The enhanced absorption is ascribed to the formation of O2-O2 and O2-N2 dimers. The interaction constants for these dimers are determined and utilized to investigate their effect on the absorption of solar radiation in the stratosphere.