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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 469 records · Page 26
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

A new class of antibodies that overcomes a steric barrier to cross-group neutralization of influenza viruses

Antibody titers that inhibit the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) from engaging its receptor are the accepted correlate of protection from infection. Many potent antibodies with broad, intra-subtype specificity bind HA at the receptor binding site (RBS). One barrier to broad H1-H3 cross-subtype neutralization is an insertion (133a) between positions 133 and 134 on the rim of the H1 HA RBS. We describe here a class of antibodies that overcomes this barrier. These genetically unrestricted antibodies are abundant in the human B cell memory compartment. Analysis of the affinities of selected members of this class for historical H1 and H3 isolates suggest that they were elicited by H3 exposure and broadened or diverted by later exposure(s) to H1 HA. RBS mutations in egg-adapted vaccine strains cause the new H1 specificity of these antibodies to depend on the egg adaptation. The results suggest that suitable immunogens might elicit 133a-independent, H1-H3 cross neutralization by RBS-directed antibodies.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Verrucomicrobia are prevalent in north-temperate freshwater lakes and display class-level preferences between lake habitats

The bacterial phylum Verrucomicrobia was formally described two decades ago and originally believed to be a minor member of many ecosystems; however, it is now recognized as ubiquitous and abundant in both soil and aquatic systems. Nevertheless, knowledge of the drivers of its relative abundance and within-phylum habitat preferences remains sparse, especially in lake systems. Here, we documented the distribution of Verrucomicrobia in 12 inland lakes in Southeastern Michigan, a Laurentian Great Lake (Lake Michigan), and a freshwater estuary, which span a gradient in lake sizes, depths, residence times, and trophic states. A wide range of physical and geochemical parameters was covered by sampling seasonally from the surface and bottom of each lake, and by separating samples into particle-associated and free-living fractions. On average, Verrucomicrobia was the 4 th most abundant phylum (range 1.7–41.7%). Fraction, season, station, and depth explained up to 70% of the variance in Verrucomicrobia community composition and preference for these habitats was phylogenetically conserved at the class-level. When relative abundance was linearly modeled against environmental data, Verrucomicrobia and non-Verrucomicrobia bacterial community composition correlated to similar quantitative environmental parameters, although there were lake system-dependent differences and > 55% of the variance remained unexplained. A majority of the phylum exhibited preference for the particle-associated fraction and two classes (Opitutae and Verrucomicrobiae) were identified to be more abundant during the spring season. This study highlights the high relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia in north temperate lake systems and expands insights into drivers of within-phylum habitat preferences of the Verrucomicrobia.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

On a class of selection rules without group actions in field theory and string theory

We discuss a class of selection rules which i) do not come from group actions on fields, ii) are exact at tree level in perturbation theory, iii) are increasingly violated as the loop order is raised, and iv) eventually reduce to selection rules associated with an ordinary group symmetry. We start from basic field-theoretical examples in which fields are labeled by conjugacy classes rather than representations of a group, and discuss generalizations using fusion algebras or hypergroups. We also discuss how such selection rules arise naturally in string theory, such as for non-Abelian orbifolds or other cases with non-invertible worldsheet symmetries.

Kaidi, Justin (ORCID:0000000161440729)↗
DOE OSTI2012

A class of generalized Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij solutions and associated envelope equations for high-intensity charged particle beams

A class of generalized Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij solutions of the nonlinear Vlasov-Maxwell equations and the associated envelope equations for high-intensity beams in a periodic lattice is derived. It includes the classical Kapchinskij-Vladimirskij solution as a special case. For a given lattice, the distribution functions and the envelope equations are specified by eight free parameters. The class of solutions derived captures a wider range of dynamical envelope behavior for high-intensity beams, and thus provides a new theoretical tool to investigate the dynamics of high-intensity beams.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Safety-Class Uninterruptable Power Supply Integrator for the TA-55 TRP II Project: REQUEST FOR QUALIFICATION No. ADPM-001 - PREQUALIFICATION CRITERIA

LANS is seeking to establish qualified suppliers for the detailed design and installation of a Safety-Class, Class 1E Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) system in accordance with ASME NQA-1 2008 and 2009 addenda and IEEE Std. 344, respectively. This scope includes all activities from detailed design of the UPS through procurement, installation, post installation testing, and dedication (as required) at Technical Area (TA)-55. Design, procurement, installation and testing of all safety-related components must be in accordance with NQA-1 and must be purchased from qualified suppliers that have an NQA-1 program or through Commercial Grade Dedication (CGD) in accordance with NQA-1 a-2009, Subpart 2.14. The SUBCONTRACTOR shall plan, schedule, coordinate, test, inspect and assure effective performance of all aspects of the UPS system as described herein. LANL intends to issue a separate RFP (excluding work specified herein) for work to be performed by a General Contractor supporting the UPS Project including procurement and installation of the new UPS building, pre-stressed concrete, structural steel, HVAC, fire protection, site utilities, and other ancillary equipment and components required for the facility.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2014

The ThermalDiffusion class

The ThermalDiffusion class was created to simulate one-dimensional thermal diffusion across one or more material layers. Each layer is assumed to have constant conductivity K and diffusivity κ . Interface conductance between layers may be specified. Internal heating as a function of position and time is also supported. The ThermalDiffusion class is included in the SMASH package [1] as part of the PDE (Partial Differential Equation) subpackage.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Request for a Class 1 Permit Modification to the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Hazardous Waste Facility Permit, EPA ID No. NM0890010515

The following submittal has been prepared by the U.S. Department of Energy and Los Alamos National Security, LLC (collectively the Permittees) to request a modification to the November 2010 Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Hazardous Waste Facility Permit (Permit). This modification has been prepared as a Class 1 permit modification requiring prior approval by the New Mexico Environment Department-Hazardous Waste Bureau (NMEDHWB) (also known as a Class 1* permit modification) as described in the New Mexico Administrative Code, Title 20, Chapter 4, Part 1 (20.4.1.900 NMAC) [incorporating Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40 §§ 270.42 (a) ]. LANL’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identification number is EPA ID No. NM0890010515. The permit modification includes revisions to Table K-1, SWMUs (Solid Waste Management Units) and AOCs (Areas of Concern) Requiring Corrective Action, which is included in Permit Attachment K, Listings of SWMUs and AOCs. The following summary describes the proposed modification and rationale behind the modification and contains a revised version of the relevant page of Table K-1 incorporating the modification (Attachment 1). The Permittees request that the revised Table K-1 be included in the Permit by the NMED-HWB upon approval of this permit modification request.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2015

Request for a Class 1 Permit Modification to the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Hazardous Waste Facility Permit, Attachment K EPA ID No. NM0890010515 (Rev. 1)

The following submittal has been prepared by the U.S. Department of Energy and Los Alamos National Security, LLC (collectively the Permittees) to request a modification to the November 2010 Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Hazardous Waste Facility Permit (Permit). This modification has been prepared as a Class 1 permit modification requiring prior approval by the New Mexico Environment Department-Hazardous Waste Bureau (NMEDHWB) (also known as a Class 1 * permit modification) as described in the New Mexico Administrative Code, Title 20, Chapter 4, Part 1 (20.4.1.900 NMAC) [incorporating Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40 §§ 270.42 (a) ]. LANL's Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identification number is EPA ID No. NM0890010515. The permit modification includes revisions to Table K-l , SWMUs (Solid Waste Management Units) and AOCs (Areas of Concern) Requiring Corrective Action, which is included in Permit Attachment K, Listings ofSWMUs and AOCs. The following summary describes the proposed modification and rationale behind the modification and contains a revised version of the relevant page of Table K-l incorporating the modification (Attachment 1). The Permittees request that the revised Table K-I be included in the Permit by the NMED-HWB upon approval of this permit modification request. Pits 38 (AOC 54-023) and 39 (AOC 54-024) were recently designated as areas of concern (AOCs) and shall be included in Table K-l of Attachment K, Listings ofSWMUs and AOCs.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2013

Isolating Weakly and Strongly-Absorbing Classes of Carbonaceous Aerosol: Optical Properties, Abundance and Lifecycle

The goal of this project was to evaluate climate-relevant properties of carbonaceous particles and the transformations of those particles in the atmosphere, with the purpose of developing lumped classes of carbonaceous particles suitable for use in large-scale models. These climate-relevant properties included light absorption and hygroscopicity. Hygroscopicity is a measure of water affinity, which governs particle growth at humid conditions and absorption and scattering under those conditions. It also controls particles’ activation into cloud droplets, which in turn affects cloud albedo and particle removal. This project used laboratory measurements of fresh and aged carbonaceous aerosol, and predictions of properties using a particle-resolved model, to identify sensitivities. The focus in this project was on aerosol from biomass pyrolysis, abbreviated BrC (“brown carbon”). We measured absorption by aerosol from biomass pyrolysis from two sources with very different composition: wood and corn stalk. For both sources, the greatest light absorption occurred at the highest generation temperature, and this maximum absorption was very similar to that of wood-generated aerosol. We suggest that pyrolysis products can be considered surrogates for a wide range of biomass aerosol. We captured aerosol emitted from biomass pyrolysis on filters and exposed it to ultraviolet radiation, to the atmospheric trace gases ozone, ammonia (NH 3 ) and nitrogen oxide; and to aqueous saturated salt solutions of ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. Absorption increased, but by only small amounts for all of these treatments, with one exception: after aging with ammonia, absorption increased by almost a factor of four. Absorption increased more at visible wavelengths. We confirmed that a significant change occurred in the aerosol phase, by measuring absorption by suspended particles after aging with NH 3 and finding doubled aerosol absorption. Aging by NH 3 produces a mild increase in the hygroscopicity of BrC, and a greater increase in cloud condensation nucleus activity. Therefore, reactions with NH 3 form compounds that absorb more light than the original aerosol and act as surfactants, increasing the likelihood that these particles will participate in cloud formation. The particle-resolved model PartMC was enhanced to include additional physical processes. It was calibrated against chamber results, and we needed to account for the non-spherical structure of particle agglomerates, even for ammonium sulfate. We implemented the “volatility basis set” (VBS) framework in the model. The updated PartMC-MOSAIC model was able to simulate gas and aerosol concentrations from the CARES campaign at levels similar to observations. The PartMC model was used to evaluate plume dynamics affecting CCN activity of biomass burning aerosols early in a plume. Coagulation limits emission of CCN to about 1016 per kg of fuel. Co-emitted, semi-volatile organic compounds or emission at small particle sizes can homogenize composition before plume exit, and SVOC co-emission can be the main factor determining plume-exit CCN for hydrophobic or small particles. When externally-mixed, accumulation-mode particles are emitted in the absence of SVOCs, CCN can be overestimated by up to a factor of two. This means that measurements made on aerosol from all phases of combustion gathered into a single chamber may incorrectly estimate CCN properties. Based on the findings here, we make some recommendations for use in large-scale models: (1) inventories should represent “internally” versus “externally” mixed under certain combustion conditions; (2) consideration of non-spherical particles when coagulation is important for climate-relevant properties near sources; (3) designating organic biomass particles as weakly absorbing; (4) “inherent absorption” and hygroscopicity are not altered with aging by ozone or ultraviolet light, and inherent absorption is not altered with salt addition, but both cloud activity and absorption are altered by aging with ammonia and could require a separate class in large-scale models.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Rules and Tools Crosswalk: A Compendium of Computational Tools to Support Geologic Carbon Storage Environmentally Protective UIC Class VI Permitting

This report identifies computational tools useful for addressing aspects of the dedicated carbon storage (Class VI) well permit application under the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program. The survey was conducted by researchers of the National Energy Technology Laboratory’s (NETL) Research and Innovation Center in collaboration with representatives of the U.S. EPA, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and the four Regional Initiatives to Accelerate Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage: Carbon Utilization and Storage Partnership of the Western United States (CUSP), Plains CO 2 Reduction Partnership Initiative to Accelerate Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Deployment (PCOR Partnership), Midwest Regional Carbon Initiative (MRCI), and the Southeast Regional Carbon Utilization and Storage Partnership (SECARB-USA). A total of 59 tools were identified through the elicitation for this report. It is intended to serve as a reference that can be used by geologic carbon storage stakeholders to identify computational tools that may be used to develop Class VI permit applications.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

L-BFGS Class Implementation in C++

This report presents a header-only C++ class implementation of the Limited-memory BroydenFletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS) algorithm. The L-BFGS method is a general purpose quasi-Netwon optimization method that builds an approximation of the descent direction from consecutive iterate and gradient vectors. The limited-memory aspect stems from the replacement of the N × N approximation matrix of the original BFGS method with M vectors of length N. An example usage of the class is included along with the reference source code.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Z Line VISAR Analysis with the LineVISAR SMASH Class

The Z line VISAR system (ZLV) is a spatially-resolved velocimeter that measures surface velocities in high-energy density experiments on the Z Pulsed Power Facility to facilitate the investigation of fusion, power flow, and dynamic material physics. The data measured in these experiments are analyzed with the LineVISAR SMASH class, a MATLAB software suite that provides tools for data importation, streak image correction, spatiotemporal registration, wrapped phase computation, phase unwrapping, shock handling, and velocity calculation. This report overviews the LineVISAR class, discusses its use, provides example implementations, and supplies analysis specifics not typically recorded in journal publications.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

MW-Class SOFC Pilot System Development

The overall objective of this project is to develop a low-cost, efficient, and reliable MWe-class Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) power system towards commercial deployment in natural-gas fueled distributed generation applications. This report details the successful completion of all project objectives. The main goals of the project were to develop the conceptual design of a MWe-class SOFC power system, and to complete a techno-economic analysis (TEA) to determine system costs at low-volume production levels of >100MW per year. The combination of the BoP equipment cost and SOFC stack module factory cost provided the net fabrication cost of the selected 1MW SOFC system configuration. The results of the study showed that the cost target of less than $6000/kW is achievable for a FOAK 1MW SOFC system, exclusive of the first-time engineering cost. Also, the project included an exploratory analysis of the factory cost of next generation stack technology based on the Compact Solid-oxide Architecture (CSA) design at a high annual manufacturing rate of one-GW produced in a giga-factory. The BoP capital cost for one giga-watt power production was estimated using learning-curve analysis based on the historical manufacturing cost data related to similar high temperature Molten Carbonate fuel cell systems built by FuelCell Energy (FCE). The giga-factory manufactured SOFC cost estimate combined with the BoP cost at high production rates led to the estimation of entire system capital cost. Ultimately, a Cost of Electricity (COE) analysis was performed including natural gas fuel prices, installation and O&M costs, and stack replacement cost. The results of the techno-economic analysis were summarized by parametric estimation of COE for 1MW SOFC NOAK (Nth-of-a-Kind) system with natural gas prices as a variable parameter.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Illinois Storage Corridor, CarbonSAFE Phase III: UIC Class VI Permitting Plan

The Illinois Storage Corridor (ISC) project evaluated two distinct sites to determine the feasibility of commercial-scale CO₂ storage at each. The project leveraged the region's exceptional geological characteristics, particularly the well-characterized Cambro-Ordovician Storage Complex, to enable permanent geological storage of more than 50 million tonnes of CO₂ over 30 years. The two storage sites are located at One Earth Energy (OEE) facility in northcentral Illinois and Prairie State Generating Company (PSGC) in southcentral Illinois. Once operational, these facilities will combine to capture and store more than 6.5 million tonnes of CO₂ per year, positioning the ISC among the largest carbon storage regions globally. Preliminary homogeneous dynamic modeling based on regional and site-specific reservoir characteristics indicates promising injection capabilities at both locations. For the OEE site, modeling predicts a maximum allowable injection rate of 3.7 MTPA, with a baseline scenario of 1.7 MTPA over 30 years producing a CO₂ plume radius of 1.4 miles at end of injection. For the PSGC site, incorporating recent well data, modeling indicates a single-well maximum injection rate of 2.1 MTPA, with a plume radius of 4.2 miles at end of injection for the 60 MT over 30 years scenario. The primary objective of this CarbonSAFE Phase III project is to develop and submit Class VI Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit applications to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5. The permitting plan outlines comprehensive site characterization, Area of Review delineation, monitoring programs, well construction designs, financial responsibility provisions, and post-injection site care procedures necessary to demonstrate safe, permanent CO₂ storage protective of underground sources of drinking water. Three UIC Class VI permit applications for the OEE site were submitted to EPA in October 2022 and are progressing through technical review, with final permit decision projected by June 2026. Through five rounds of Requests for Additional Information and responses, the applications have been refined to address computational modeling, area of review delineation, well integrity, monitoring protocols, and financial assurance requirements. For the PSGC site, finalized characterization and permitting documentation was delivered directly to the facility in July 2023 due to business constraints precluding formal federal regulatory submission. This comprehensive permitting effort builds upon extensive prior subsurface evaluations and demonstration projects that have confirmed the feasibility of widespread commercial-scale carbon storage in the region.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2014

Development of a Short-Duration Drive Cycle to Represent Long-Term Measured Drive Cycle Data: Evaluation of Truck Efficiency Technologies in Class 8 Tractor Trailers

Quantifying the fuel savings and emissions reductions that can be achieved from truck fuel efficiency technologies for a fleet's specific usage allows the fleet to select a combination of technologies that will yield the greatest operational efficiency and profitability. An accurate characterization of usage for the fleet is critical for such an evaluation; however, short-term measured drive cycle data do not generally reflect overall usage very effectively. This study presents a detailed analysis of vehicle usage in a commercial vehicle fleet and demonstrates the development of a short-duration synthetic drive cycle with measured drive cycle data collected over an extended period of time. The approach matched statistical measures of the vehicle speed with acceleration history and integrated measured grade data to develop a compressed drive cycle that accurately represents total usage. Drive cycle measurements obtained during a full year from six tractor trailers in normal operations in a less-than-truckload carrier were analyzed to develop a synthetic drive cycle. The vehicle mass was also estimated to account for the variation of loads that the fleet experienced. These drive cycle and mass data were analyzed with a tractive energy analysis to quantify the benefits in terms of fuel efficiency and reduced carbon dioxide emissions that can be achieved on Class 8 tractor trailers by using advanced efficiency technologies, either individually or in combination. Although differences exist between Class 8 tractor trailer fleets, this study provides valuable insight into the energy and emissions reduction potential that various technologies can bring in this important trucking application. Finally, the methodology employed for generating the synthetic drive cycle serves as a rigorous approach to develop an accurate usage characterization that can be used to effectively compress large quantities of drive cycle data.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2012

IncP-1ε Plasmids are Important Vectors of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Agricultural Systems: Diversification Driven by Class 1 Integron Gene Cassettes

The role of broad-host range IncP-1ε plasmids in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in agricultural systems has not yet been investigated. These plasmids were detected in total DNA from all of 16 manure samples and in arable soil based on a novel 5 -nuclease assay for real-time PCR. A correlation between IncP-1ε plasmid abundance and antibiotic usage was revealed. In a soil microcosm experiment the abundance of IncP-1ε plasmids was significantly increased even 127 days after application of manure containing the antibiotic compound sulfadiazine, compared to soil receiving only manure, only sulfadiazine, or water. Fifty IncP-1ε plasmids that were captured in E. coli CV601gfp from bacterial communities of manure and arable soil were characterized by PCR and hybridization. All plasmids carried class 1 integrons with highly varying sizes of the gene cassette region and the sul1 gene. Three IncP-1ε plasmids captured from soil bacteria and one from manure were completely sequenced. The backbones were nearly identical to that of the previously described IncP-1ε plasmid pKJK5.The plasmids differed mainly in the composition of aTn402-like transposon carrying a class 1 integron with varying gene cassettes, IS1326, and in three of the plasmids the tetracycline resistance transposonTn1721 with various truncations. Diverse Betaand Gammaproteobacteria were revealed as hosts of one of the IncP-1ε plasmids in soil microcosms. Our data suggest that IncP-1ε plasmids are important vectors for horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance in agricultural systems.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Diversity in the Common Fold: Structural Insights into Class D β-Lactamases from Gram-Negative Pathogens

Class D β-lactamases (DBLs) represent a major threat to antibiotic efficacy by hydrolyzing β-lactam drugs, including last-resort carbapenems, thereby driving antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. The enzymes share a structurally conserved two-domain α/β architecture with seven active-site motifs and three flexible extended loops (the P-loop, Ω-loop, and newly designated B-loop) that surround the active site. While each of these loops is known to influence enzyme function, their coordinated roles have not been fully elucidated. To investigate the significance of their interplay, we compared the sequences and crystal structures of 40 DBLs from clinically relevant Gram-negative pathogens and performed molecular dynamics simulations on selected representatives. Combined structural and dynamical analyses revealed a strong correlation between B-loop architecture and carbapenemase activity in the pathogens Klebsiella and Acinetobacter, particularly regarding loop length and spatial organization. These findings emphasize the B-loop’s critical contribution, in concert with the P- and Ω-loops, in tuning active site versatility, substrate recognition, catalytic activity, and structural stability. A deeper understanding of how these motifs and loops govern DBL function may inform the development of novel antibiotics and inhibitors targeting this class of enzymes.

antibiotic resistance↗
DOE OSTI2017

The Eruption of a Small-scale Emerging Flux Rope as the Driver of an M-class Flare and of a Coronal Mass Ejection

Solar flares and coronal mass ejections are the most powerful explosions in the Sun. They are major sources of potentially destructive space weather conditions. However, the possible causes of their initiation remain controversial. Using high-resolution data observed by the New Solar Telescope of Big Bear Solar Observatory, supplemented by Solar Dynamics Observatory observations, we present unusual observations of a small-scale emerging flux rope near a large sunspot, whose eruption produced an M-class flare and a coronal mass ejection. The presence of the small-scale flux rope was indicated by static nonlinear force-free field extrapolation as well as data-driven magnetohydrodynamics modeling of the dynamic evolution of the coronal three-dimensional magnetic field. During the emergence of the flux rope, rotation of satellite sunspots at the footpoints of the flux rope was observed. Meanwhile, the Lorentz force, magnetic energy, vertical current, and transverse fields were increasing during this phase. The free energy from the magnetic flux emergence and twisting magnetic fields is sufficient to power the M-class flare. These observations present, for the first time, the complete process, from the emergence of the small-scale flux rope, to the production of solar eruptions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗