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At least 487 records · Page 27

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NASA NTRS2022

Calculating Factors of Safety and Margins of Safety from Interaction Equations for Preloaded Bolts

This report presents the derivation of the factored interaction equations for preloaded bolts in two- or three-dimensional space. This is an extension of the previous work of the first author which covered factored interaction equations consisting of load or stress-ratios which were either solely constant or solely varying quantities. The factored interaction equations for preloaded bolts consist of an axial load-ratio that is a combination of a constant quantity, preload and thermal load at preload, and a varying quantity, tensile and bending loads, and was not covered under the previous work. Two forms of the factored interaction equations for preloaded bolts, arising from two perspectives, are presented and compared. Closed form solutions for the tensile, shear, and bending loads as functions of the other concurrent loads that produces zero margin of safety are presented.

interaction equations↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Examination of Individual Factors and AFTE Training Outcomes

Introduction: Motion sickness is common among military aviators. It describes a specific group of symptoms that include epigastric awareness, nausea, pallor, sweating, salivation, and fatigue. Occurrences of these symptoms can pose a significant risk to safety and adversely impact mission success. Accordingly, researchers have developed specific interventions to act as countermeasures. For example, Autogenic Feedback Training Exercise has been empirically validated as a training method that mitigates the impact of motion sickness. However, it remains unclear the extent to which individual factors moderate (or mediate) the effects of this intervention. The examination of individual factors such as interoceptive accuracy (IA) and specific personality traits might provide insight into whom may benefit most from AFTE. Methods: Participants were administered the Big Five Inventory (BFI) and State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). In addition, they were given an interoceptive accuracy task (i.e., heartbeat counting task). The participants’ reported value was then compared to the actual number of heart beats obtained via ECG. Completion of the IA task was followed by pre- AFTE and Post-AFTE rotating chair tests to evaluate motion sickness and the effects of AFTE training. Results: Participants (n=16) were evaluated on IA, personality factors (i.e., BFI & STAI) and performance on the rotating chair. IA was unrelated to personality traits (p > .05), but inversely related to state anxiety post training (p < .05). Finally, IA did not predict performance (i.e., rotations or minutes tolerated ?) on rotating chair F (1, 14) = 1.18, p> .05). Discussion:(1) IA is unrelated to personality traits as measured by BFI and STAI. (2) Individual factors are unrelated to AFTE training outcome. (3) AFTE training can be beneficial for all.

motion sickness↗

DOE OSTI2017

How systems engineering and human factors can assist SMR vendors with the licensing process - 345

There is growing interest in the development of small modular reactors (SMRs) as a cost-effective renewable source of energy. Most of the current conceptual designs propose advanced and automated control and monitoring technologies which would require complex human system interfaces. The proposals also include a reduction in the number of staff, and partial or full remote control of the facilities. The human factors challenges of such a design philosophy range from identification of information requirements of users to assessing workload to deciding on best information visualization techniques to ensure situation awareness is maintained in a remote control facility. Addressing these challenges will require a systems engineering approach where user requirements are identified through a systematic approach for various contexts, including normal, abnormal, and accident conditions. A systems engineering process will integrate human factors as well as other specialty disciplines such as reliability and design optimization in a coherent fashion that would lead to realization of a successful system that addresses user requirements. The licensing model in Canada is based upon a graded approach and is largely technology neutral. A key factor in ensuring effective licensing effort is identification of regulatory requirements. This paper discusses how adopting a systems engineering approach and early consideration of human factors principles and requirements will not only ensure an efficient design process, but will also help with developing a design that meets the regulatory requirements. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2017

A human factors meta model for U.S. nuclear power plant control room modernization - 350

Over the last several years, the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) has sponsored human factors research and development (R and D) and human factors engineering (HFE) activities through its Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) program to modernize the main control rooms (MCR) of commercial nuclear power plants (NPP). Idaho National Laboratory (INL), in partnership with numerous commercial nuclear utilities, has conducted some of this R and D to enable the life extension of NPPs (i.e., provide the technical basis for the long-term reliability, productivity, safety, and security of U.S. NPPs). From these activities performed to date, a human factors meta model for U.S. NPP control room modernization can now be formulated. This paper discusses this emergent HFE meta model for NPP control room modernization, with the goal of providing an integrated high-level road map and guidance on how to perform human factors R and D and HFE for those in the U.S. nuclear industry engaged in the process of upgrading their MCRs. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Insight into the autoproteolysis mechanism of the RsgI9 anti‐σ factor from Clostridium thermocellum

Abstract Clostridium thermocellum is a potential microbial platform to convert abundant plant biomass to biofuels and other renewable chemicals. It efficiently degrades lignocellulosic biomass using a surface displayed cellulosome, a megadalton sized multienzyme containing complex. The enzymatic composition and architecture of the cellulosome is controlled by several transmembrane biomass‐sensing RsgI‐type anti‐σ factors. Recent studies suggest that these factors transduce signals from the cell surface via a conserved RsgI extracellular (CRE) domain (also called a periplasmic domain) that undergoes autoproteolysis through an incompletely understood mechanism. Here we report the structure of the autoproteolyzed CRE domain from the C. thermocellum RsgI9 anti‐σ factor, revealing that the cleaved fragments forming this domain associate to form a stable α/β/α sandwich fold. Based on AlphaFold2 modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, and tandem mass spectrometry, we propose that a conserved Asn‐Pro bond in RsgI9 autoproteolyzes via a succinimide intermediate whose formation is promoted by a conserved hydrogen bond network holding the scissile peptide bond in a strained conformation. As other RsgI anti‐σ factors share sequence homology to RsgI9, they likely autoproteolyze through a similar mechanism.

Takayesu, Allen↗

DOE OSTI2018

Assessing robustness of factor ranking for supersaturated designs

Supersaturated designs can potentially be a beneficial tool for efficiently exploring a large number of factors with a moderately sized design. However, because more factors are being considered than there are runs, the stability of the identified factors depends heavily on effect sparsity and the lack of highly influential observations. A helpful tool for the analysis of supersaturated designs is least absolute shrinkage and selection operation (LASSO), which is useful when the effects of many explanatory variables are sparse in a high-dimensional dataset. To understand the impact of individual observations on the selected factors, the LASSO influence plot was created. This work describes an application of this plot and its variants that can be used to identify influential points, increase understanding of the impact of individual observations on model parameters, and the robustness of results in analyses with supersaturated designs. These graphical methods can serve as a complement to other regression diagnostics techniques in the LASSO regression setting.

3-D LASSO influence plots↗

DOE OSTI2023

Acceleration Factors for Combined‐Accelerated Stress Testing of Photovoltaic Modules

Combined‐accelerated stress testing (C‐AST) is developed to establish the durability of photovoltaic (PV) products, including for degradation modes that are not a priori known or examined in standardized tests. C‐AST aims to comprehensively represent the sample, stress factors, and their combinations using levels at the statistical tails of the natural environment. Acceleration factors for relevant climate sequences within the C‐AST cycle with respect to the Florida USA climate are estimated for selected degradation mechanisms. It is found that for degradation of the outer backsheet polymer layer, the acceleration factor of the tropical climate sequence (the longest of the climate sequences) is f ( T , G ) = 17.3 with ultraviolet photodegradation; for polyethylene terephthalate hydrolysis (backsheets), f ( T , RH ) = 426; for electrochemical corrosion (PV cell), f ( I ) = 14.1; and for PbSn solder fatigue f (Δ T , r ( T )) = 17.3. Here, T is the module temperature, G is the broadband spectrum irradiance on the plane of array of the module, RH is the relative humidity on the module surface, I is the leakage current through the module packaging, and r ( T ), the number of temperature reversals. The methods discussed herein are generally applicable for evaluating acceleration factors in other accelerated test methods.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

Factorization at subleading power and endpoint divergences in h → γγ decay. Part II. Renormalization and scale evolution

Building on the recent derivation of a bare factorization theorem for the b-quark induced contribution to the h → γγ decay amplitude based on soft-collinear effective theory, we derive the first renormalized factorization theorem for a process described at subleading power in scale ratios, where λ = m b /M h « 1 in our case. We prove two refactorization conditions for a matching coefficient and an operator matrix element in the endpoint region, where they exhibit singularities giving rise to divergent convolution integrals. The refactorization conditions ensure that the dependence of the decay amplitude on the rapidity regulator, which regularizes the endpoint singularities, cancels out to all orders of perturbation theory. We establish the renormalized form of the factorization formula, proving that extra contributions arising from the fact that “endpoint regularization” does not commute with renormalization can be absorbed, to all orders, by a redefinition of one of the matching coefficients. We derive the renormalization-group evolution equation satisfied by all quantities in the factorization formula and use them to predict the large logarithms of order $αα^2_sL^k$ in the three-loop decay amplitude, where $L=ln(-M^2_h/m^2_b)$ and k = 6, 5, 4, 3. We find perfect agreement with existing numerical results for the amplitude and analytical results for the three-loop contributions involving a massless quark loop. On the other hand, we disagree with the results of previous attempts to predict the series of subleading logarithms $~αα^n_sL^{2n+1}$

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Renormalization group improved photon impact factors and the high energy virtual photon scattering

We perform the renormalization group improved collinear resummation of the photon-gluon impact factors. We construct the resummed cross section for virtual photon-photon (γ ∗ γ ∗ ) scattering which incorporates the impact factors and BFKL gluon Green’s function up to the next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy in energy. The impact factors include important kinematical effects which are responsible for the most singular poles in Mellin space at next-to-leading order. Further conditions on the resummed cross section are obtained by requiring the consistency with the collinear limits. Our analysis is consistent with previous impact factor calculations at NLO, apart from a new term proportional to C F that we find for the longitudinal polarization. Finally, we use the resummed cross section to compare with the LEP data on the γ ∗ γ ∗ cross section and with previous calculations. The resummed result is lower than the leading logarithmic approximation but higher than the pure next-to-leading one, and is consistent with the experimental data.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

A two-loop four-point form factor at function level

Recently, the maximally-helicity-violating four-point form factor for the chiral stress-energy tensor in planar $\mathcal{N}$ = 4 super Yang-Mills was computed to three loops at the level of the symbol associated with multiple polylogarithms. It exhibits antipodal self-duality, or invariance under the combined action of a kinematic map and reversing the ordering of letters in the symbol. Here we lift the two-loop form factor from symbol level to function level. We provide an iterated representation of the function’s derivatives (coproducts). In order to do so, we find a three-parameter limit of the five-parameter phase space where the symbol’s letters are all rational. We also use function-level information about dihedral symmetries and the soft, collinear, and factorization limits, as well as limits governed by the form-factor operator product expansion (FFOPE). We provide plots of the remainder function on several kinematic slices, and show that the result is compatible with the FFOPE data. We further verify that antipodal self-duality is valid at two loops beyond the level of the symbol.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Factorization and resummation for groomed multi-prong jet shapes

Observables which distinguish boosted topologies from QCD jets are playing an increasingly important role at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These observables are often used in conjunction with jet grooming algorithms, which reduce contamination from both theoretical and experimental sources. In this paper we derive factorization formulae for groomed multi-prong substructure observables, focusing in particular on the groomed D 2 observable, which is used to identify boosted hadronic decays of electroweak bosons at the LHC. Our factorization formulae allow systematically improvable calculations of the perturbative D 2 distribution and the resummation of logarithmically enhanced terms in all regions of phase space using renormalization group evolution. They include a novel factorization for the production of a soft subjet in the presence of a grooming algorithm, in which clustering effects enter directly into the hard matching. We use these factorization formulae to draw robust conclusions of experimental relevance regarding the universality of the D 2 distribution in both e+e- and pp collisions. In particular, we show that the only process dependence is carried by the relative quark vs. gluon jet fraction in the sample, no non-global logarithms from event-wide correlations are present in the distribution, hadronization corrections are controlled by the perturbative mass of the jet, and all global color correlations are completely removed by grooming, making groomed D 2 a theoretically clean QCD observable even in the LHC environment. Lastly, we compute all ingredients to one-loop accuracy, and present numerical results at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy for e + e - collisions, comparing with parton shower Monte Carlo simulations. Results for pp collisions, as relevant for phenomenology at the LHC, are presented in a companion paper.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Quarkonium semiclassical transport in quark-gluon plasma: factorization and quantum correction

We study quarkonium transport in the quark-gluon plasma by using the potential nonrelativistic QCD (pNRQCD) effective field theory and the framework of open quantum systems. We argue that the coupling between quarkonium and the thermal bath is weak using separation of scales, so the initial density matrix of the total system factorizes and the time evolution of the subsystem is Markovian. We derive the semiclassical Boltzmann equation for quarkonium by applying a Wigner transform to the Lindblad equation and carrying out a semiclassical expansion. We resum relevant interactions to all orders in the coupling constant at leading power of the nonrelativistic and multipole expansions. The derivation is valid for both weakly coupled and strongly coupled quark-gluon plasmas. We find reaction rates in the transport equation factorize into a quarkonium dipole transition function and a chromoelectric gluon distribution function. For the differential reaction rate, the definition of the momentum dependent chromoelectric gluon distribution function involves staple-shaped Wilson lines. For the inclusive reaction rate, the Wilson lines collapse into a straight line along the real time axis and the distribution becomes momentum independent. The relation between the two Wilson lines is analogous to the relation between the Wilson lines appearing in the gluon parton distribution function (PDF) and the gluon transverse momentum dependent parton distribution function (TMDPDF). The centrality dependence of the quarkonium nuclear modification factor measured by experiments probes the momentum independent distribution while the transverse momentum dependence and measurements of the azimuthal angular anisotropy may be able to probe the momentum dependent one. We discuss one way to indirectly constrain the quarkonium in-medium real potential by using the factorization formula and lattice calculations. The leading quantum correction to the semiclassical transport equation of quarkonium is also worked out. The study can be easily generalized to quarkonium transport in cold nuclear matter, which is relevant for quarkonium production in eA collisions in the future Electron-Ion Collider.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Rapidity-only TMD factorization at one loop

Typically, a production of a particle with a small transverse momentum in hadron-hadron collisions is described by CSS-based TMD factorization at moderate Bjorken x B ~ 1 and by k T -factorization at small x B . A uniform description valid for all x B is provided by rapidity-only TMD factorization developed in a series of recent papers at the tree level. In this paper the rapidity-only TMD factorization for particle production by gluon fusion is extended to the one-loop level.

deep inelastic scattering↗

DOE OSTI2022

Form factors and spectral densities from Lightcone Conformal Truncation

We use the method of Lightcone Conformal Truncation (LCT) to obtain form factors and spectral densities of local operators $\mathcal{O}$ in $\phi^4$ theory in two dimensions. We show how to use the Hamiltonian eigenstates from LCT to obtain form factors that are matrix elements of a local operator $\mathcal{O}$ between single-particle bra and ket states, and we develop methods that significantly reduce errors resulting from the finite truncation of the Hilbert space. We extrapolate these form factors as a function of momentum to the regime where, by crossing symmetry, they are form factors of $\mathcal{O}$ between the vacuum and a two-particle asymptotic scattering state. We also compute the momentum-space time-ordered two-point functions of local operators in LCT. These converge quickly at momenta away from branch cuts, allowing us to indirectly obtain the time-ordered correlator and the spectral density at the branch cuts. We focus on the case where the local operator $\mathcal{O}$ is the trace Θ of the stress tensor.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2016

An effective field theory for forward scattering and factorization violation

Starting with QCD, we derive an effective field theory description for forward scattering and factorization violation as part of the soft-collinear effective field theory (SCET) for high energy scattering. These phenomena are mediated by long distance Glauber gluon exchanges, which are static in time, localized in the longitudinal distance, and act as a kernel for forward scattering where |t| << s. In hard scattering, Glauber gluons can induce corrections which invalidate factorization. With SCET, Glauber exchange graphs can be calculated explicitly, and are distinct from graphs involving soft, collinear, or ultrasoft gluons. We derive a complete basis of operators which describe the leading power effects of Glauber exchange. Key ingredients include regulating light-cone rapidity singularities and subtractions which prevent double counting. Our results include a novel all orders gauge invariant pure glue soft operator which appears between two collinear rapidity sectors. The 1-gluon Feynman rule for the soft operator coincides with the Lipatov vertex, but it also contributes to emissions with ≥ 2 soft gluons. Our Glauber operator basis is derived using tree level and one-loop matching calculations from full QCD to both SCET II and SCET I . The one-loop amplitude’s rapidity renormalization involves mixing of color octet operators and yields gluon Reggeization at the amplitude level. The rapidity renormalization group equation for the leading soft and collinear functions in the forward scattering cross section are each given by the BFKL equation. Various properties of Glauber gluon exchange in the context of both forward scattering and hard scattering factorization are described. For example, we derive an explicit rule for when eikonalization is valid, and provide a direct connection to the picture of multiple Wilson lines crossing a shockwave. In hard scattering operators Glauber subtractions for soft and collinear loop diagrams ensure that we are not sensitive to the directions for soft and collinear Wilson lines. Conversely, certain Glauber interactions can be absorbed into these soft and collinear Wilson lines by taking them to be in specific directions. Finally, we also discuss criteria for factorization violation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2021

Factorized class $\mathrm{S}$ theories and surface defects

It is known that some theories of class S are actually factorized into multiple decoupled nontrivial four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}$ = 2 It is known that some theories of class S are actually factorized into multiple decoupled nontrivial four-dimensional $\mathcal{N}$ = 2 superconformal SU(2) QCD, describing this factorized theory as a class S theory of type A 3 on a five-punctured sphere with a twist line. Separately, we also present explicit checks that the Coulomb branch of a putative factorized class S theory has the expected product structure, in two examples.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2019

Hemobilia after CT-guided radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors: frequency, risk factors, and clinical significance

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the frequency, risk factors, and clinical significance of hemobilia after percutaneous computed tomography (CT)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of liver tumors. Materials and methods: From January 2013 to September 2016, 195 patients received 267 sessions of CT-guided RFA for liver tumors at our institution. The CT images during and immediately after the RFA were retrospectively reviewed. The frequency of hemobilia development and clinical outcome of patients with hemobilia were studied. Risk factors were identified by comparison between the hemobilia and non-hemobilia groups using univariate and multivariate analysis. The clinical courses of patients with hemobilia were also reviewed. Results: The frequency of CT detected hemobilia after RFA was 8.2% (22/267). The majority of the clinical courses were self-limited. Univariate analysis showed that the tumor numbers (p = 0.015), the central type puncture track (p < 0.001), the length of the puncture track (p = 0.033), and the platelet count (p = 0.026) were significantly associated with the development of hemobilia. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the central type puncture track (p < 0.024) and the platelet count (p = 0.023) were significant independent risk factors. Conclusion: Detection of hemobilia on CT images immediately after percutaneous RFA for liver tumors was not rare. Low platelet count and central type puncture track are independent risk factors. In most cases, hemobilia presented as a minor complication with favorable prognosis.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

DOE OSTI2017

Low-Cloud Feedbacks from Cloud-Controlling Factors: A Review

Abstract The response to warming of tropical low-level clouds including both marine stratocumulus and trade cumulus is a major source of uncertainty in projections of future climate. Climate model simulations of the response vary widely, reflecting the difficulty the models have in simulating these clouds. These inadequacies have led to alternative approaches to predict low-cloud feedbacks. Here, we review an observational approach that relies on the assumption that observed relationships between low clouds and the “cloud-controlling factors” of the large-scale environment are invariant across time-scales. With this assumption, and given predictions of how the cloud-controlling factors change with climate warming, one can predict low-cloud feedbacks without using any model simulation of low clouds. We discuss both fundamental and implementation issues with this approach and suggest steps that could reduce uncertainty in the predicted low-cloud feedback. Recent studies using this approach predict that the tropical low-cloud feedback is positive mainly due to the observation that reflection of solar radiation by low clouds decreases as temperature increases, holding all other cloud-controlling factors fixed. The positive feedback from temperature is partially offset by a negative feedback from the tendency for the inversion strength to increase in a warming world, with other cloud-controlling factors playing a smaller role. A consensus estimate from these studies for the contribution of tropical low clouds to the global mean cloud feedback is 0.25 ± 0.18 W m −2 K −1 (90% confidence interval), suggesting it is very unlikely that tropical low clouds reduce total global cloud feedback. Because the prediction of positive tropical low-cloud feedback with this approach is consistent with independent evidence from low-cloud feedback studies using high-resolution cloud models, progress is being made in reducing this key climate uncertainty.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗