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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

The charge reduction rate for multiply charged polymer ions via ion–ion recombination at atmospheric pressure

The charge reduction of multiply charged macromolecular ions via recombination with small ions in the gas phase is commonly employed to modulate the charge on macromolecules prior to mass spectrometric and mobility analyses. We employ a recently developed continuum-Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculation approach to determine the recombination rate coefficient of multiply charged (1 to 7 excess positive charged) polyethylene glycol ions (mass of 4600 Da) with smaller singly charged anions, modeled as NO 2 – ions. The continuum-MD approach accounts explicitly for the influence of the background gas on the recombination process, accounts explicitly for ion translational, vibrational, and rotational motion, and enables recombination rate coefficient calculation in nitrogen near atmospheric pressure, wherein neither low pressure nor high pressure recombination theories are strictly applicable. Continuum-MD simulations yield recombination rate coefficients near 3.9 × 10 –14 m 3 s –1 for singly charged ions, increasing to 3.0 × 10 –11 m 3 s –1 for the +7 ion. Pre-existing collision rate coefficient expressions for rigid ions are found to be within a factor of 2–5 of calculations for all charge states, but their use requires knowledge of an appropriate collision distance, which is not well-defined for flexible polymer ions. Continuum-MD-inferred rate coefficients are incorporated into a model of charge reduction, and the charge state distribution versus anion concentration determined with it is compared to charge reduction measurements made via atmospheric pressure differential mobility analysis. Furthermore, good agreement is observed between simulations and experiments; although results are extremely sensitive to the recombination rate coefficients, experimental results are bound by models utilizing rates within a factor of 2 (0.5–2.0×) of the continuum-MD rates.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electrochemical reduction of europium(iii) using tetra- n -octyl diglycolamide functionalized ordered mesoporous carbon microelectrodes

This work investigates the one-electron reduction of Eu(III) to Eu(II) with ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) in cavity microelectrode (CME) systems. OMC materials with and without tetra-n-octyl diglycolamide (TODGA) functionalization were subjected to voltammetric measurements and compared with commercial carbon black Vulcan® XC-72. The electrochemical reduction of solution Eu(III) with unfunctionalized OMC, XC-72, and TODGA-functionalized OMC—both within the electrode matrix and on the electrode surface—is reported. The complexation of Eu(III) by TODGA-functionalized OMC prior to electrode preparation incorporates Eu(III) as part of the bulk electrode matrix. Under these conditions, the high capacitance obscures the Eu(III)/Eu(II) redox couple. A signal emerges above the background (capacitive) currents when 2-octanol is added to the TODGA-functionalized OMC as a wetting agent. In contrast, surface Eu(III)–TODGA complexation, when Eu(III) contacts the electrode surface exclusively after electrode preparation, provides a strong response. The addition of 2-octanol to TODGA reduces the capacitance of the electrode and narrows the Eu(III)/Eu(II) redox peak widths. In conclusion, the desorption by reductive stripping of Eu(II) was demonstrated using a 2-octanol modified TODGA OMC CME, opening the possibility for selective separation of Eu from adjacent trivalent lanthanides.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Lithium cuprate, a multifunctional material for NO selective catalytic reduction by CO with subsequent carbon oxide capture at moderate temperatures

Li 2 CuO 2 was evaluated as a possible catalyst for the NO selective catalytic reduction (NO SCR) by CO. The initial idea was supported by ab initio thermodynamic analysis. This analysis showed that NO SCR was favored by using Li 2 CuO 2 as a catalyst, based on the calculated heat of reaction and Gibbs free energy. The NO SCR reaction was evaluated under dynamic, isothermal and cyclic conditions using different NO : CO ratios (2 : 1, 1 : 1 and 1 : 2). The dynamic and isothermal experiments showed that Li 2 CuO 2 does reduce NO in the presence of CO to reach higher conversions (>90%) between 400 and 450 °C. However, it must be mentioned that the catalytic process was reduced once some of the produced CO 2 was captured on the ceramic. At that point, Li 2 CuO 2 acts as a bifunctional material, catalyzing the NO SCR reaction and capturing some of the produced CO 2 . Moreover, cyclic experiments evidenced high NO reduction. Finally, a different set of experiments showed that this catalytic reduction performed differently if NO and CO were previously fed. Finally, when lithium cuprate is previously carbonated (initial CO feed), the catalytic reaction does not complete. In contrast, when there was a previous nitrate formation (initial NO feed), the reaction reached 100% efficiency.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Tailoring electron transfer pathway for photocatalytic N 2 -to-NH 3 reduction in a CdS quantum dots-nitrogenase system

The combination of abiotic photosensitizers with purified enzymes in a biohybrid system offers a promising pathway to utilizing light to accomplish challenging chemical transformations and provides insights into the rational photocatalytic system design for efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion. In this work, we demonstrate a hybrid photocatalytic system for ammonia production from N2 by combining cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs) and Mo-nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii, composed of the iron protein (FeP) and the molybdenum-iron protein (MoFeP). Photoexcited electrons from the CdS QD are delivered by an electron transfer mediator through the FeP to the catalytic MoFeP. The complete system was optimized for the ligand on the CdS QDs, mediators, and reaction conditions. The best results were achieved with β-mercaptoethanol as a QD ligand. The mediator test revealed that 1,1'-bis(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium (SPr)2V (-0.4 V vs. NHE) supports the reduction of protons and N 2 to H 2 and ammonia catalyzed by nitrogenase. However, in the presence of 1,1'-trimethylene-2,2'-bipyridinium TQ (-0.54 V vs. NHE) as a mediator, nitrogenase catalysis resulted in remarkably more products. The UV-vis and in situ potentiometric studies revealed that better performance with TQ is achieved due to the significantly more negative solution potential allowing for efficient reduction of FeP. As a result, the quantum yield for conversion of absorbed photons to ammonia attains 16%, far exceeding that of previously reported nitrogenase-based systems. This work reveals the importance of tuning the electron transfer pathways in photocatalytic systems and illustrates a potent strategy for efficient electronic coupling of a photosensitizer and an N 2 reduction catalyst.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Pre-equilibrium reactions involving pendent relays improve CO 2 reduction mediated by molecular Cr-based electrocatalysts

Homogeneous earth abundant transition-metal electrocatalysts capable of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) reduction to generate value-added chemical products are a possible strategy to minimize rising anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. Previously, it was determined that Cr-centered bipyridine-based N 2 O 2 complexes for CO 2 reduction are kinetically limited by a proton-transfer step during C–OH bond cleavage. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the inclusion of pendent relay groups in the secondary coordination sphere of these molecular catalysts could increase their catalytic activity. Here, it is shown that the introduction of a pendent methoxy group favorably impacts a pre-equilibrium protonation prior to the catalytic resting state, resulting in a significant increase in catalytic activity without a loss of product selectivity for generating carbon monoxide (CO) from CO 2 . Interestingly, combining the pendent methoxy group with a cationic acid causes a positive shift of the catalytic reduction potential of the system, while maintaining increased activity and quantitative selectivity. This work suggests that tuning the secondary coordination sphere with respect to cationic proton sources can result in activity improvements by modifying the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of proton transfer in the catalytic cycle.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Illuminating the mechanistic impacts of an Fe-quaterpyridine functionalized crystalline poly(triazine imide) semiconductor for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction

The strategy of incorporating earth-abundant catalytic centers into light-absorbing architectures is desirable from the viewpoint of low cost, low toxicity, and versatility for activating small molecules to produce solar-based fuels. Herein, we show that an Fe-quaterpyridine molecular catalyst can be anchored to a light-absorbing, crystalline, carbon nitride (PTI), to yield a molecular-catalyst/material hybrid, Fe-qpy-PTI, capable of facilitating CO 2 reduction to CO selectively (up to ∼97–98%) in aqueous solution under low-intensity light irradiation. This hybrid material leverages the ability of the Fe-qpy catalyst to bind CO 2 upon a one-electron reduction, as achieved by transfer of excited electrons from the carbon-nitride semiconductor. At a low incident power density of only 50 mW cm −2 , the catalytic activity of the hybrid material was measured across a range of catalyst loadings from 0.1–3.8 wt%, yielding CO rates of up to 596 μmol g −1 h −1 for a 3.8 wt% loading during a 3 h experiment. Over the course of 8 h, the hybrid material attained a CO evolution rate of 608 μmol g −1 h −1 and 305 turnovers for a TOF of ∼38 h −1 and an apparent quantum yield of 2.6%. Higher light intensities provided an initial increase in activity but negatively impacted photocatalytic rates with time, with an AQY of 0.6% at 150 mW cm −2 and 0.4% at 250 mW cm −2 . Transient absorption spectroscopy results showed electron survival probabilities consistent with the trends in observed product rates. Computational modeling was also used to evaluate and understand the mechanistic pathway of the high product selectivity for CO versus H 2 . These results thus help unveil key factors for leveraging the mechanistic understanding of molecular catalysts for CO 2 reduction for pairing with light absorbing semiconductors and establishing optimal conditions to attain maximal rates in aqueous solution.

McGuigan, Scott [Baylor University, Waco, TX (Unit↗
DOE OSTI2022

Chirality enhances oxygen reduction

Controlled reduction of oxygen is important for developing clean energy technologies, such as fuel cells, and is vital to the existence of aerobic organisms. The process starts with oxygen in a triplet ground state and ends with products that are all in singlet states. Hence, spin constraints in the oxygen reduction must be considered. Here, we show that the electron transfer efficiency from chiral electrodes to oxygen (oxygen reduction reaction) is enhanced over that from achiral electrodes. We demonstrate lower overpotentials and higher current densities for chiral catalysts versus achiral ones. This finding holds even for electrodes composed of heavy metals with large spin–orbit coupling. The effect results from the spin selectivity conferred on the electron current by the chiral assemblies, the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fusion Fuel Cycle Inventory Reduction Studies Using a Processing-Time–Based Discrete-Time Interval Model

Developing a Fusion Pilot Plant (FPP) design that minimizes risks due to tritium in-process inventory (IPI) is an important concern for the operation of commercial devices. This becomes even more of concern since an FPP will be breeding more tritium than is burned in the reactor for sustainability. The IPI is the tritium moving through the system that is not in the storage and delivery subsystem. Here a process model that solves time-dependent differential equations based on processing times was used to investigate the reduction of the IPI of a potential fuel cycle design. The impact of new and more efficient technologies such as direct internal recycling (DIR), metal foil pumps, continuous pumping, improved isotope separation, and hydrogen separating continuous pumps on IPI was investigated by adjusting subsystem processing times and material flow streams. It was shown that any of the insertions of DIR studied in this paper caused a reduction in the total IPI of the system and proved to be the optimal way to reduce the IPI in the system. Fuel cycle modifications near the torus, such as a coupled DIR and improved pumping systems, produced the largest reductions in tritium inventory.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Performance study of charcoal-based radon reduction systems for ultraclean rare event detectors

The continuous emanation of radon due to trace amounts of uranium and thorium in detector materials introduces radon to the active detection volume of low-background rare event search detectors. 222 Rn produces a particularly problematic background in the physics region of interest by the "naked" beta decay of its 214 Pb daughter nucleus. While charcoal-based adsorption traps are expected to be effective for radon reduction in auxiliary circulation loops that service the warm components of current ton-scale detectors at slow flow rates (0.5-2 SLPM), radon reduction in the entire circulation loop at high flow rates $\mathcal{O}$(100s SLPM) is necessary to reach high sensitivity in future generation experiments. In this article we explore radon dynamics with a charcoal-based radon reduction system in the main circulation loop of time projection chamber detectors. Here, we find that even for perfect radon traps, circulation speeds of 2,000 SLPM are needed to reduce radon concentration in a 10 ton detector by 90%. This is faster by a factor of four than the highest circulation speeds currently achieved in dark matter detectors. We further find that the effectiveness of vacuum swing adsorption systems, which have been employed very successfully at reducing atmospheric radon levels in clean-rooms, is limited by the intrinsic radon activity of the charcoal adsorbent in ultra-low radon environments. Adsorbents with significantly lower intrinsic radon activity than in currently available activated charcoals would be necessary to build effective vacuum swing adsorption systems operated at room temperature for rare event search experiments. If such VSA systems are cooled to about 190 K, this requirement relaxes drastically.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Metrics for quantifying the efficiency of atmospheric CO 2 reduction by marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR)

Abstract Marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) is gaining interest as a tool to meet global climate goals. Because the response of the ocean–atmosphere system to mCDR takes years to centuries, modeling is required to assess the impact of mCDR on atmospheric CO 2 reduction. Here, we use a coupled ocean–atmosphere model to quantify the atmospheric CO 2 reduction in response to a CDR perturbation. We define two metrics to characterize the atmospheric CO 2 response to both instantaneous ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) and direct air capture (DAC): the cumulative additionality ( α ) measures the reduction in atmospheric CO 2 relative to the magnitude of the CDR perturbation, while the relative efficiency ( ϵ ) quantifies the cumulative additionality of mCDR relative to that of DAC. For DAC, α is 100% immediately following CDR deployment, but declines to roughly 50% by 100 years post-deployment as the ocean degasses CO 2 in response to the removal of carbon from the atmosphere. For instantaneous OAE, α is zero initially and reaches a maximum of 40%–90% several years to decades later, depending on regional CO 2 equilibration rates and ocean circulation processes. The global mean ϵ approaches 100% after 40 years, showing that instantaneous OAE is nearly as effective as DAC after several decades. However, there are significant geographic variations, with ϵ approaching 100% most rapidly in the low latitudes while ϵ stays well under 100% for decades to centuries near deep and intermediate water formation sites. These metrics provide a quantitative framework for evaluating sequestration timescales and carbon market valuation that can be applied to any mCDR strategy.

Yamamoto, Kana (ORCID:0009000731519234)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Reduction in total and major cause-specific mortality from tobacco smoking cessation: a pooled analysis of 16 population-based cohort studies in Asia

Little is known about the time course of mortality reduction following smoking cessation in Asians who have smoking behaviours distinct from their Western counterparts. We evaluated the level of reduction in all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and lung cancer mortality by years since quitting smoking, in Asia. Using Cox regression, we analysed individual participant data (n = 709 151) from 16 prospective cohorts conducted in China, Japan, Korea/Singapore, and India/Bangladesh, separately by cohorts. Cohort-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis. During a mean follow-up of 12.0 years, 108 287 deaths were ascertained—35 658 from CVD and 7546 from lung cancer. Among Asian men, a dose-response relationship of risk reduction in deaths from all causes, CVD and lung cancer was observed with an increase in years after smoking cessation. Compared with never smokers, however, all-cause and CVD mortality among former smokers remained elevated 10–14 years after quitting [multivariable-adjusted HR (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.25 (1.13–1.37) and 1.20 (1.02–1.41), respectively]. Lung cancer mortality stayed almost 2-fold higher than among never smokers 15–19 years after smoking cessation [1.97 (1.41–2.73)], particularly among former heavy smokers [2.62 (1.71–4.00)]. Women who quitted for ≥5 years retained a significantly elevated mortality from all causes, CVD and lung cancer. Overall patterns of the cessation-mortality associations were similar across countries. Our findings suggest that adverse effects of tobacco smoking persist for an extended time period, even for more than two decades, which is beyond the time windows defined in current clinical guidelines for risk assessment of lung cancer and CVD.

Public, Environmental & Occupational Health↗
DOE OSTI2020

Quantum state reduction: Generalized bipartitions from algebras of observables

Reduced density matrices are a powerful tool in the analysis of entanglement structure, approximate or coarse-grained dynamics, decoherence, and the emergence of classicality. It is straightforward to produce a reduced density matrix with the partial-trace map by tracing out part of the quantum state, but in many natural situations this reduction may not be achievable. We investigate the general problem of identifying how the quantum state is reduced given a restriction on the observables. For example, in an experimental setting, the set of observables that can actually be measured is usually modest (compared to the set of all possible observables) and their resolution is limited. In such situations, the appropriate state-reduction map can be defined via a generalized bipartition, which is associated with the structure of irreducible representations of the algebra generated by the restricted set of observables. One of our main technical results is a general, not inherently numeric, algorithm for finding irreducible representations of matrix algebras. In our work, we demonstrate the viability of this approach with two examples of limited-resolution observables. The definition of quantum state reductions can also be extended beyond algebras of observables. To accomplish this task we introduce a more flexible notion of bipartition, the partial bipartition, which describes coarse grainings preserving information about a limited set (not necessarily algebra) of observables. We describe a variational method to choose the coarse grainings most compatible with a specified Hamiltonian, which exhibit emergent classicality in the reduced state space. We apply this construction to the concrete example of the one-dimensional Ising model. Our results have relevance for quantum information, bulk reconstruction in holography, and quantum gravity.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Solid state reduction of nickelate thin films

The square-planar nickelates are a class of superconductors analogous to the cuprates and promise to provide insight into the pairing mechanism in high-temperature superconducting oxides. The parent phase of doped superconducting films is NdNiO 2 , which is prepared by reducing 3 + Ni in NdNiO 3 films. In this paper, we develop an ultrahigh vacuum reduction method using aluminum deposited on top of the 3 + nickelates and monitor the reduction process in real time through in situ crystal truncation rod measurements and diffraction x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy measurements across the Ni K edge. Further, we establish a relation between Ni valence and the lattice constant of NdNiO 3-x and show that the process can precisely control the oxygen content in the films. Finally, we extend the reduction process to quintuple square-planar nickelates.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Efficient Data Management in Neutron Scattering Data Reduction Workflows at ORNL

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) experimental neutron science facilities produce 1.2 TB a day of raw event-based data that is stored using the standard metadata-rich NeXus schema built on top of the HDF5 file format. Performance of several data reduction workflows is largely determined by the amount of time spent on the loading and processing algorithms in Mantid, an open-source data analysis framework used across several neutron sciences facilities around the world. The present work introduces new data management algorithms to address identified input output (I/O) bottlenecks on Mantid. First, we introduce an in-memory binary-tree metadata index that resemble NeXus data access patterns to provide a scalable search and extraction mechanism. Second, data encapsulation in Mantid algorithms is optimally redesigned to reduce the total compute and memory runtime footprint associated with metadata I/O reconstruction tasks. Results from this work show speed ups in wall-clock time on ORNL data reduction workflows, ranging from 11% to 30% depending on the complexity of the targeted instrument-specific data. Nevertheless, we highlight the need for more research to address reduction challenges as experimental data volumes increase.

Godoy, William↗
DOE OSTI2024

Optimization-Based Model Reduction Scheme for Renewable Energy Power Plants Using Standardized Testing Scenarios

This paper presents an optimization-based model reduction scheme for renewable energy (RE) power plants consisting of inverter-based resources (IBRs) operating in grid-following (GFL) or grid-forming (GFM) modes. More importantly, the datasets feeding the optimization-based model reduction scheme are generated and re-used through the standardized grid-interactive testing scenarios. Particularly, the proposed scheme makes use of the power plant point of common coupling (PCC) measurements of various quantities specified by standardized tests (e.g., voltage and frequency ride through) as per IEEE 2800, to estimate the parameters of the reduced-order model such that its dynamic performance aligns with the original detailed power plant model. The proposed model reduction approach does not require the parameters of individual IBRs and using standardized test data as input to the formulated optimization problem simplifies the reduced-order modelling scheme. Extensive case studies following standardized test scenarios verified the remarkable accuracy of the proposed approach.

Yallamilli, Ram S. [Purdue University]↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effects of Rolling Reduction on Critical Current Density and Microstructure of Bi-2212 Wires

Bi-2212 Rutherford cables have been fabricated into flat racetrack coils and canted-cosine-theta dipole magnets. The performance gap between the magnets made with Rutherford cables and the “short-sample-limit” is about 30%. To better understand the influence of Rutherford cable processing on the strand performance, we studied three Bi-2212 wires with filament architectures of 37 × 18 and 55 × 18 and diameters of 0.8 and 1.0 mm. To simulate the deformation caused by cabling process, the three wires were rolled with thickness reductions ranging from 10% to 30%. The aspect ratios of rolled strands are between 1.29 and 2.05. The low aspect-ratio wire is also an interesting form for fabricating solenoid coils with higher packing density. The round and rolled strands were heat-treated under 50 bar and with maximum heat treatment temperatures of 885.5 °C and 890.5 °C. The rolling deformation reduced filament size uniformity, resulting in filament merging in fully heat-treated wires. It was found that rolling reduction reduced wire critical current density (JE) by 16 to 18%, but the JE decrease saturated at 15 to 20% of the thickness reduction. It is believed that the reduced JE results from the filament merging caused by rolling and non-uniform shrinking during overpressure heat treatment.

Bi-2212 wire↗
DOE OSTI2025

Expanded Diversity of Microbial Groups Capable of Anaerobic Pyrite Reduction and Assimilation of Dissolution Products

Pyrite, the most abundant iron sulfide mineral in the Earth's crust, has traditionally been considered as a sink for iron and sulfur in the absence of oxygen. Recent research, however, has shown that anaerobic methanogenic archaea can reductively dissolve pyrite and assimilate its products as sources of iron and sulfur. This study explores whether other anaerobic bacteria, including fermentative, nitrate-, iron oxide-, fumarate-, and sulfate-respiring bacteria, can also reduce pyrite and use its dissolution products as sources of iron and sulfur. Results indicate that heterotrophic bacteria respiring fumarate or sulfate, or fermenting organic carbon, can reduce pyrite and assimilate released iron and sulfur. In contrast, nitrate- or iron oxide-respiring cells did not reduce pyrite, suggesting that microbial pyrite reduction is metabolism-specific. All strains capable of reducing pyrite could also use mackinawite as an iron and sulfur source. With the exception of fermentative Bacteroides, strains did not require direct contact with pyrite to reduce the mineral, indicating extracellular electron transfer via electron shuttles. These findings expand the known diversity of microbial groups capable of pyrite reduction and highlight the mineral's lability in various anaerobic environments, with potential implications for the biogeochemical cycles of iron, sulfur, carbon, and oxygen.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

A comparison of ceramic and carbon-based reductants for vitrification of low-activity waste

Sucrose is the current baseline additive at the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant in Washington, USA to control foaming during waste feed to glass transitions and the redox state of the glass melt. Alternative reductants are being investigated to alleviate strain on effluent treatment from toxic acetonitrile production from incomplete combustion of sucrose. This study evaluates ceramic additive options including B4C, B6Si, SiC and VB2 in simulated low-activity waste feed, as well as coke dust, probing the feed volume expansion during melting as well as the gas evolution. All alternative reductant options examined significantly reduced acetonitrile production, however there was variability in their effectiveness as foam-reducing agents. VB2 and coke at the appropriate ratios were similarly effective as sucrose in controlling both foam volume and glass redox state, but with considerably less acetonitrile production. B4C, B6Si and SiC showed more promising foam control and very little acetonitrile production, however all of the final glasses were over reduced, i.e., Fe2+/FeT = 0.5. These alternative reductant studies provide operational flexibility to the operation of the vitrification plant, as well as options for alternative raw materials in industrial glass melting.

Rigby, Jessica C. (ORCID:0000000235719977)↗