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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1986

Incipient fault detection study for advanced spacecraft systems

A feasibility study to investigate the application of vibration monitoring to the rotating machinery of planned NASA advanced spacecraft components is described. Factors investigated include: (1) special problems associated with small, high RPM machines; (2) application across multiple component types; (3) microgravity; (4) multiple fault types; (5) eight different analysis techniques including signature analysis, high frequency demodulation, cepstrum, clustering, amplitude analysis, and pattern recognition are compared; and (6) small sample statistical analysis is used to compare performance by computation of probability of detection and false alarm for an ensemble of repeated baseline and faulted tests. Both detection and classification performance are quantified. Vibration monitoring is shown to be an effective means of detecting the most important problem types for small, high RPM fans and pumps typical of those planned for the advanced spacecraft. A preliminary monitoring system design and implementation plan is presented.

Milner, G. Martin↗
NASA NTRS2005

Quantitative Analysis of Venus Radar Backscatter Data in ArcGIS

Ongoing mapping of the Ganiki Planitia (V14) quadrangle of Venus and definition of material units has involved an integrated but qualitative analysis of Magellan radar backscatter images and topography using standard geomorphological mapping techniques. However, such analyses do not take full advantage of the quantitative information contained within the images. Analysis of the backscatter coefficient allows a much more rigorous statistical comparison between mapped units, permitting first order selfsimilarity tests of geographically separated materials assigned identical geomorphological labels. Such analyses cannot be performed directly on pixel (DN) values from Magellan backscatter images, because the pixels are scaled to the Muhleman law for radar echoes on Venus and are not corrected for latitudinal variations in incidence angle. Therefore, DN values must be converted based on pixel latitude back to their backscatter coefficient values before accurate statistical analysis can occur. Here we present a method for performing the conversions and analysis of Magellan backscatter data using commonly available ArcGIS software and illustrate the advantages of the process for geological mapping.

Long, S. M.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Using A Guided Interview to Create an Individual Exposure Profile for The Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health (LSAH)

BACKGROUND To support NASA’s Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health (LSAH) project, Individual Exposure Profiles (IEPs) were developed to record an astronaut’s pre-, in-, and post-NASA exposures. NASA astronauts were invited to participate in a one-time guided interview to review known hazard exposures and medical history documented in NASA records and to add new information not otherwise reported. The purpose of the IEP project was to determine if any significant information was gained from these interviews and identify potential trends in long-term health. METHODOLOGY The pre-filled exposure profile data was extracted from several sources including medical records, biographies, and LSAH records. The information that was pre-filled before the interview included occupational exposures prior to selection to the Astronaut Corps, during active astronaut career (e.g., EVA and ground-based training, on-orbit exposures), and after active career. The IEPs also contained relevant medical history (e.g., audiometry, illnesses, injuries) and significant non-occupational exposures. 189 interviews were conducted from 2012-2014. A Microsoft Access database was created to store the information collected in the IEPs before and after the interviews. The database houses the information from the IEPs to track the updates made to the original data. By analyzing which astronauts supplied additional information and which kinds of data were consistently added, potential gaps and trends in missing data may be identified. In designing the database, an efficient structure was implemented for ease of inputting data and to create variables that would generate quantifiable data. Creating standardized variables within the structure helped ease the process of inputting, organizing data, and analyzing data. Additional updates/data were denoted and were categorized by type of update. The categories identified were “Confirmed”, “Confirmed & Supplemented”, “Supplemented”, “Denied”, “Denied & Supplemented”, and “Other”. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS To assess frequency of exposure updates, descriptive statistics will be generated and stratified by relevant factors such as astronaut selection decade, age at selection, and program/era. Hypothesis testing will be performed to understand the associations between updates to exposure information and population characteristics.

Astronaut health↗
NASA NTRS2021

The Temporal and Spatial Development of dB/dt for Substorms

Ground induced currents (GICs) due to space weather are a threat to high voltage power transmission systems. However, knowledge of ground conductivity is the largest source of errors in the determination of GICs. A good proxy for GICs is dB/dt obtained from the Bx and By components of the magnetic field fluctuations. It is known that dB/dt values associated with magnetic storms can reach dangerous levels for power transmission systems. On the other hand, it is not uncommon for dB/dt values associated with substorms to exceed prior Pulkkinen and Molinski critical thresholds of 1.5 nT/s and 5 nT/s, respectively, and the temporal and spatial changes of the dB/dt associated with substorms, unlike storms, are not well understood. Using two dimensional maps of dB/dt over North America and Greenland derived from the spherical elementary currents, we investigate the temporal and spatial change of dB/dt for both a single substorm event and a two dimensional superposed epoch analysis of many substorms. Both the single event and the statistical analysis shows a sudden increase of dB/dt at substorm onset followed by an expansion poleward, westward, and eastward after the onset during the expansion phase. The area of dB/dt values exceeding the two critical thresholds from the initial onset dB/dt values showed little to no expansion equatorward. The temporal and spatial development of the dB/dt resembles the temporal and spatial change of the auroral emissions. Substorm values of dB/dt peak shortly after the auroral onset time and in at least one event exceeded 35 nT/s for a non-storm time substorm. In many of our 81 cases the area that exceeds the threshold of 1.5 nT/s is over several million square kilometers and after about 30 minutes the dB/dt values fall below the threshold level. These results address one of goals of the Space Weather Action Plan, which are to establish benchmarks for space weather events and improve modeling and prediction of their impacts on infrastructure. Plain language: The change in the ground magnetic field with respect to time (dB/dt) associated with magnetic storms (a large disturbance of the magnetic field of the earth) can reach dangerous levels for power transmission systems. On the other hand, substorms, which are a smaller more localized disturbance of the Earth’s magnetic field, are more common. It is not uncommon for substorm dB/dt values to also exceed dangerous levels and the temporal and spatial changes of the dB/dt associated with substorms, unlike storms, are not well understood. Our analysis shows a sudden increase of dB/dt at substorm onset, which peaks shortly after the start of the substorm, followed shortly after by an expansion northward, westward, and eastward after the onset.

ionospheric currents↗
NASA NTRS2004

Allowables for Structural Composites

In order to obtain the most benefit from building a structure with composite laminates, the strength of the laminate must be known. Based on the "weakest link" theory, the lower strength numbers obtained from testing are the ones to be used for design and analysis. The strength value to be used is determined by a statistical analysis of the test data, and is known as an allowable. MIL-HDBK- 17 outlines procedures to follow for determining these allowables. There are two types of statistically determined allowables, A- Basis and B-Basis. A-Basis is defined as a strength value at which only 1 in 100 specimens will fail with a 95% confidence level. B-Basis is a strength value at which only 10 in 100 specimens will fail with a 95% confidence level. As more specimens are tested a higher value of strength can be used as a valid allowable. Composites are highly process dependent and show much strength variation with environment, so it is critical to test materials and environments that are representative of hardware. Either using data obtained from a previous test series, or extrapolation to a certain temperature is highly discouraged.

Nettles, Alan T.↗
NASA NTRS1991

A correlational analysis of the effects of changing environmental conditions on the NR atomic hydrogen maser

An extensive statistical analysis has been undertaken to determine if a correlation exists between changes in an NR atomic hydrogen muser's frequency offset and changes in environmental conditions. Data have been acquired over the past 20 months by recording the frequency offset of three NR atomic hydrogen masers along with the relative and absolute humidity, barometric pressure, and ambient temperature of the laboratory in which the masers are maintained. Correlational analyses have been performed comparing barometric pressure, humidity, and temperature with maser frequency offset as functions of time for periods ranging from 5.5 to 17 days. Semi partial correlation coefficients as large as -0.9 have been fond between barometric pressure and maser frequency offset for data covering periods as long as a week. Maser frequency offset and barometric pressure were consistently found to change simultaneously. The correlation between humidity and frequency offset is less predictable, and the resulting semi partial correlation coefficients were usually small when compared with those derived from the relationship between pressure and frequency offset. The time delay between changes in humidity and correlated changes in maser frequency offset was found to vary extensively with no predictable pattern. Analysis of temperature data indicates that, in the most current design, temperature does not significant(y affect maser frequency offset in the laboratory environment. Thus, the results of the analyses disclose a significant statistical correlation between changes in maser frequency offset and changes in barometric pressure. The statistics also reveal some correlation between humidity and frequency offset, bat for reasons to be discussed, the effects of humidity should be considered secondary to the effects of changing barometric pressure.

R. A. Dragonette↗
DOE OSTI2024

Top-down proteomics

Proteoforms arising from posttranslational modifications, genetic polymorphisms, and RNA splice variants, play a pivotal role as the key drivers in biology. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of proteoforms is essential for unraveling the intricacies of biological systems and bridging the gap between genotype and phenotype. By analyzing whole proteins without digestion, top-down proteomics (TDP) provides a holistic view of the proteome and presents a next-generation approach for deciphering protein function, uncovering disease mechanisms, and advancing precision medicine. This Primer embarks on a journey into the world of TDP by encapsulating its historical context, underlying principles, recent advances, and an outlook on the future of TDP. The experimental section navigates instrumentation, sample preparation, intact protein separation, tandem mass spectrometry techniques, and data collection. Results decipher raw data, visualize intact protein spectra, unravel data analysis, and explain proteoform identification, characterization, and quantitation, as well as statistical analysis. Various applications of TDP spanning the human proteoform project, biomedical, biopharmaceutical, and clinical applications are described. These are complemented by discussions on measurement reproducibility, limitations, and a forward-looking perspective outlining uncharted waters where the field can advance, and potential exciting future applications of TDP.

Roberts, David S.↗
DOE OSTI2025

One Million Open-source Cislunar Orbits

Cislunar space, encompassing the region from geosynchronous orbit to beyond the Moon, is poised to become a cornerstone for future exploration, scientific discovery, and national security. Missions in this region, spanning durations from weeks to decades, require robust infrastructure and reliable transit capabilities. The complex gravitational influences of the Moon, Sun, and planets, along with thermal radiation from Earth and the Sun, lead to significant trajectory deviations, resulting in kilometer-scale errors within days. Leveraging the high-performance computing resources at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), we have simulated one million high-fidelity cislunar trajectories, now publicly available via LLNL’s Green Data Oasis and the Unified Data Library. Generated using the open-source Space Situational Awareness Python package, these trajectories match the precision of commercial tools such as AGI’s Systems Tool Kit and NASA’s General Mission Analysis Tool. This data set is a valuable resource for reference, statistical analysis of cislunar orbit populations, and training machine learning models for rapid orbit classification with minimal observational input. Preliminary analysis reveals stable bands in Keplerian element space, particularly around five geosynchronous radii across a range of inclinations and eccentricities. Beyond this threshold, the Moon’s influence disrupts most unassisted orbits, though co-orbiting L4/L5 Lunar Trojans persist throughout the six-year simulation.

Astronomy and AstroPhysics↗
NASA NTRS1975

Mapping of the wildland fuel characteristics of the Santa Monica mountains of Southern California

LANDSAT digital data was successfully used to map and evaluate the wildland fuels of the Santa Monica Mountains in Southern California. A mixed classification scheme was used where training areas of known vegetation types were entered and the maximum likelihood classifier run, followed by an evaluation of the results and an unsupervised retraining of the classifier using an image of the probability of misclassification. Estimation of maturity class and crown closure percents of the major cover types were assigned to each computer class by associating the photointerpretation of 159 large scale photo samples with the resultant computer classes using analysis of variance and analysis of categorized data. The result of the computer classification and statistical analysis were then transformed from the LANDSAT Coordinate California State Plane Coordinate system for use in a digital format in the FIRESCOPE data retrieval and fire modeling system.

Nichols, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Advanced support systems development and supporting technologies for Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS)

A methyl acetate reactor was developed to perform a subscale kinetic investigation in the design and optimization of a full-scale metabolic simulator for long term testing of life support systems. Other tasks in support of the closed ecological life support system test program included: (1) heating, ventilation and air conditioning analysis of a variable pressure growth chamber, (2) experimental design for statistical analysis of plant crops, (3) resource recovery for closed life support systems, and (4) development of data acquisition software for automating an environmental growth chamber.

Simon, William E.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Ozone data and mission sampling analysis

A methodology was developed to analyze discrete data obtained from the global distribution of ozone. Statistical analysis techniques were applied to describe the distribution of data variance in terms of empirical orthogonal functions and components of spherical harmonic models. The effects of uneven data distribution and missing data were considered. Data fill based on the autocorrelation structure of the data is described. Computer coding of the analysis techniques is included.

Robbins, J. L.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Nearfield Summary and Analysis of the Third AIAA Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop C608 Low Boom Demonstrator

A summary and statistical analysis of the nearfield Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)submissions for the Third AIAA Sonic Boom Prediction Workshop is provided with a focus onthe C608 Low Boom Flight Test Demonstrator. The C608 is more complex in terms of geometryand propulsion boundary conditions than previous workshop cases and is more representativeof vehicles with lower ground loudness and the potential for lower annoyance. The nearfieldsignatures submitted by the participants are propagated to the ground to compute statisticsof loudness measures over the vehicle sonic boom carpet. Principle component analysis isused to extract the primary variation modes. Context from previous sonic boom workshopsindicates that this workshop has the lowest variation even though the case is more challengingbecause it is quieter and more complex. The results documented in this summary indicate thatthe international state-of-the-art for nearfield CFD has a variation that is small enough formeaningful low-boom design and analysis. Low-boom configuration analysis methods with lowvariation are important tools to develop certification processes for addressing the prohibitionon overland supersonic commercial flight.

sonic boom CFD workshop c608↗
NASA NTRS1976

Efficient detection, analysis and classification of lightning radiation fields

Modeling the large scale lightning flash structure is considered. Large scale flash data has been measured from strip charts of storms of August 5, August 26, and September 12, 1975. The data is being processed by a computer program called SASEV to estimate the large scale flash statistics. The program, experimental results, and conclusions for the large scale flash structure are described. The progress made in examining the internal flash structure consists mainly of developing the software required to process the NASA digital tape data. A FORTRAN program has been written for the statistical analysis of series of events. The statistics computed and tests performed are found to be particularly useful in the analysis of lightning data.

Harger, R. O.↗
NASA NTRS2001

GRCop-84 Developed for Rocket Engines

GRCop-84 (Cu-8 at.% Cr-4 at.% Nb) was developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center for use in regeneratively cooled rocket engines. This alloy possesses an excellent combination of conductivity, thermal expansion, strength, creep resistance, ductility, and low-cycle fatigue (LCF) life. In comparison to the currently used alloy, NARloy-Z (Cu-3 wt % Ag-0.5 wt % Zr), GRCop-84's significantly better properties give it the potential for significant gains in engine performance and reliability. For GRCop-84 to be safely used in a rocket engine, it is critical to develop a detailed data base of the important thermophysical and mechanical properties. Work has focused on five major properties: thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, tensile strength, creep resistance, and LCF life. The analysis went beyond simply measuring the data and reporting averages. A detailed statistical analysis was conducted that allowed regression of the data over the entire temperature range tested and establishment of design minimums. The design values were expressed as simple mathematical formulas that are highly amenable to use in computer codes such as in finite element analysis and related computer modeling work.

Ellis, David L.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Solar Wind Drivers for Steady Magnetospheric Convection

Steady magnetospheric convection (SMC) also known as convection bays, is a particular mode of response of the magnetosphere to solar wind coupling. It is characterized by convection lasting for times longer than a typical substorm recovery during which no substorms expansions can be identified. It is generally believed that the solar wind must be unusually steady for the magnetosphere to enter this state. However, most previous studies have assumed this is true and have used such conditions to identify events. In a preliminary investigation using only the AE and AL indices to select events we have shown that these expectations are generally correct. SMC events seem to be associated with slow speed solar wind and moderate, stable IMF Bz. In this report we extend our previous study including additional parameters and the time variations in various statistical quantities. For the intervals identified as SMCs we perform a detailed statistical analysis of the properties of different solar wind variables. We compare these statistics to those determined from all data, and from intervals in which substorms but not SMCs are present. We also consider the question of whether substorms are required to initiate and terminate an SMC. We conclude that the intervals we have identified as SMC are likely to be examples of the original Dungey concept of balanced reconnection at a pair of x-lines on the day and night side of the Earth.

McPherron, Robert L.↗