Micrometeoroid flux from Surveyor glass surfaces
Micrometeoroid flux determination from impact sites on Surveyor 3 TV camera optical filter surfaces, noting agreement with Pioneer, Cosmos and Pegasus spacecraft measurements
Brownlee, D.↗
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The 1971 Mariner Mars spacecraft
Mariner 9 spacecraft mission, discussing configuration, data handling and TV surface mapping of Mars
Hooke, A. A. J.↗
The SAS-D ultraviolet astronomical satellite
Explorer SAS-D astronomical satellites for UV spectra recording by TV cameras
Underhill, A. B.↗
Solid state television camera has no imaging tube
Camera with characteristics of vidicon camera and greater resolution than home TV receiver uses mosaic of phototransistors. Because of low power and small size, camera has many applications. Mosaics can be used as cathode ray tubes and analog-to-digital converters.
Huggins, C. T.↗
A proposed remote manipulator system: A concept
System is described with variable ratio, mixed mode, bilateral, master-slave control. Manipulator arms consist of shoulder and elbow with two degrees of freedom, a wrist with three degrees of freedom, and terminal grasping device. Feedback is provided by TV cameras attached near shoulder, grasping device, and at end of shuttle opposite arm.
Brodie, S.↗
Introduction to passive nutation dampers
Coning motion can prevent photographic and TV cameras and other oriented spacecraft experiments from maintaining a steady scan, and it can introduce a ripple in the high-gain communication system. Nutation dampers are used to remove this type of spacecraft instability. The first nutation damper flown in a missile for the stabilization of the gyroscope consisted of a hollow ring that was partially filled with mercury, and the sloshing of the mercury dissipated the nutational energy. A similar mercury-ring damper was used in the Pioneer 1 lunar probe in 1958 and became the first nutation damper to be used in space. Since then many types of nutation dampers have been designed for spin-stabilized spacecraft ranging in size from small scientific satellites to large space stations.
Herzl, G. C.↗
Program on application of communications satellites to educational development
Interdisciplinary research in needs analysis, communications technology studies, and systems synthesis is reported. Existing and planned educational telecommunications services are studied and library utilization of telecommunications is described. Preliminary estimates are presented of ranges of utilization of educational telecommunications services for 1975 and 1985; instructional and public television, computer-aided instruction, computing resources, and information resource sharing for various educational levels and purposes. Communications technology studies include transmission schemes for still-picture television, use of Gunn effect devices, and TV receiver front ends for direct satellite reception at 12 GHz. Two major studies in the systems synthesis project concern (1) organizational and administrative aspects of a large-scale instructional satellite system to be used with schools and (2) an analysis of future development of instructional television, with emphasis on the use of video tape recorders and cable television. A communications satellite system synthesis program developed for NASA is now operational on the university IBM 360-50 computer.
Morgan, R. P.↗
Guidance and navigation requirements for unmanned flyby and swingby missions to the outer planets. Volume 4: High thrust mission, part 2, phase C
The guidance and navigation requirements for a set of impulsive thrust missions involving one or more outer planets or comets. Specific missions considered include two Jupiter entry missions of 800 and 1200 day duration, two multiple swingby missions with the sequences Jupiter-Uranus-Neptune and Jupiter-Saturn-Pluto, and two comets rendezvous missions involving the short period comets P/Tempel 2 and P/Tuttle-Giacobini-Kresak. Results show the relative utility of onboard and Earth-based DSN navigation. The effects of parametric variations in navigation accuracy, measurement rate, and miscellaneous constraints are determined. The utility of a TV type onboard navigation sensor - sighting on planetary satellites and comets - is examined. Velocity corrections required for the nominal and parametrically varied cases are tabulated.
Source record↗
Data compression system
A data compression system is described in which TV PCM data for each line scan is received in the form of a succession of multibit pixel words. All or selected bits of each word are compressed by providing difference values between successive pixel words and coding the difference values of a selected number of pixel words forming a block into a fundamental sequence (FS). The FS, based on its length and the number of words per block, is either transmitted as the compressed data or is used to generate a code FS or its complement is used to generate a code FS bar. When the code FS is generated, its length is compared with the original block PCM and only if the former is the shorter of the two is the code transmitted. Selected bits per pixel word may be compressed, while the remaining bits may be transmitted directly, or some of them may be omitted altogether.
Rice, R. F.↗
A shuttle and space station manipulator system for assembly, docking, maintenance, cargo handling and spacecraft retrieval (preliminary design). Volume 4: Simulation studies
Laboratory simulations of three concepts, based on maximum use of available off-the-shelf hardware elements, are described. The concepts are a stereo-foveal-peripheral TV system with symmetric steroscopic split-image registration and 90 deg counter rotation; a computer assisted model control system termed the trajectory following control system; and active manipulator damping. It is concluded that the feasibility of these concepts is established.
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Unmanned spacecraft for surveying earth's resources
The technical objectives and payloads for ERTS A and B are discussed. The primary emphasis is on coverage of the United States and the ocean areas immediately adjacent, using 3-camera return beam vidicon TV system, 4-channel multispectral point scanner, data collection system, and wideband video tape recorder. The expected performance and system characteristics of the RBV system and the 4-band multispectral object plane point scanner are outlined. Ground station considerations are also given.
George, T. A.↗
Data compression/error correction digital test system. Appendix 2: Theory of operation
An overall block diagram of the DC/EC digital system test is shown. The system is divided into two major units: the transmitter and the receiver. In operation, the transmitter and receiver are connected only by a real or simulated transmission link. The system inputs consist of: (1) standard format TV video, (2) two channels of analog voice, and (3) one serial PCM bit stream.
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Evaluation of mechanisms returned from Surveyor 3
The mechanisms of the TV camera and surface sampler retrieved from the Surveyor 3 spacecraft during the Apollo 12 mission are discussed. Data are presented showing the performance of these mechanisms before and after operation for one lunar day and storage for 2-1/2 years on the surface of the moon. An analysis of the critical component materials is also given.
Jones, J. R.↗
Analysis of Surveyor 3 television cable
A sample of cable described as four inches of TV cable, fabric wrapped, which had been exposed to the atmosphere for an unknown period of time, was subjected to extensive chemical analyses for the various components. The fabric was tested using attenuated total reflectance, chloroform extract, aqueous extraction, pyrolysis infrared, and reflectance spectroscopy. The wire insulation was tested using pyrolysis infrared, pyrolysis gas chromatography, differential thermal analysis, attenuated total reflectance subsurface, and tensile tests. Corrosion was also observed in parts of certain wires.
Gross, F. C.↗
Examination of returned Surveyor 3 camera visor for alpha radioactivity
The TV camera visor was placed in a vacuum chamber and examined for alpha radioactivity using an alpha-scattering instrument, and plates covered with the same paint and made at the same time as the visor were used as a control. The spectra of visor and plates are very similar, and it is concluded that the gross activity on the visor is due entirely to the activity of the paint. The data were used to obtain the amount of Po-210 activity on the lunar surface. It is felt that the lack of detected alpha radioactivity does not indicate a lack of activity on the moon, since dust layers were knocked off the visor.
Economou, T. E.↗
High voltage transmission microscopy of Surveyor 3 camera shrouds
The internal structure of painted and unpainted aluminum alloy sheet samples from the TV camera shrouds were examined by high-voltage transmission electron microscopy. No clear-cut evidence of radiation damage effects was observed. Noticeable differences in microstructures between the upper visor and the sides and bottom of the lower shroud suggest different thermal histories, and the maximum temperatures due to solar heating are estimated to be between 164 and 319 C. Some correlation between microstructures and maximum estimated temperature is noted. It is felt that the apparent temperature rise due to solar heating will not affect the structural integrity of spacecraft components except possibly for very long periods of exposure. However, substantial thermal diffusion could affect interpretation of solar wind rare gas studies.
Fisher, R. M.↗
Solar and galactic cosmic ray exposure of Surveyor 3 as determined from cosmogenic radionuclide measurements
The proton-produced Na-22 content of samples of Surveyor 3 TV camera, surface sampler scoop, and other components was determined by nondestructive gamma ray spectrometry. The contributions of the nine most prominent solar flares to Na-22 production were calculated to be 18 dpm/kg. The observed activity in the Surveyor 3 samples was 62 + or - dpm/kg. This indicates a galactic proton contribution of about 44 dpm/kg, which adjusted for spallation of Al gives a value of 42 dpm/kg. This is compared to measurements of 88 dpm/kg in the Lost City meteorite which had an orbit extending to 2.35 AU, with a 4 pi bombardment as compared to the 2 pi bombardment of the samples on the lunar surface. The agreement between Na-22 production in Surveyor 3 and the Lost City meteorite offers evidence that the galactic cosmic ray flux is almost the same at 1 Au and at 2.35 AU.
Rancitelli, L. A.↗
Solar particle tracks in glass from Surveyor 3
Samples of glass from the Surveyor 3 TV camera filter were examined for particle tracks by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The corrected density value is 1.7 million + or - 0.1 million tracks/sq cm, and the track density vs depth curve is determined. Comparisons with other estimated and calculated data are discussed, and lack of agreement between data sets is considered. It is felt that considerable erosion occurs, and that erosion also occurs by a flaking of small thicknesses of material, possibly caused by solar wind irradiation.
Crozaz, G.↗