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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DELTA: An Open-Source Framework to Simplify Machine Learning with Satellite Imagery

DELTA (Deep Earth Learning, Tools, and Analysis) is an open-source framework developed at NASA to simplify running and training machine learning (ML) models on satellite imagery. Users new to machine learning can run existing ML models on satellite imagery with minimal setup and configuration. For experienced ML users, DELTA helps simplify data engineering, preprocessing steps, and reduces the need for boilerplate code that needs written to make satellite imagery datasets palatable for machine learning. This lets data scientists focus on model development while DELTA handles the imagery manipulation. This presentation will demonstrate DELTA’s functionality and share some examples from an active project using it for flood mapping using imagery from multiple satellite sources.

deep learning↗
DOE OSTI2025

Recommendations for Minimum Required Diagnostics Information

The rapid growth of electrified transportation, including light- and medium-duty electric vehicles (EVs) as a mobility solution requires a reliable EV-charging infrastructure. To advance charging reliability, the ChargeX Consortium reports “Recommendations for Minimum Required Error Codes for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure” and “Implementation Guide for Minimum Required Error Codes in Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure” provided recommendations for a set of minimum required error codes (MRECs), their functional and responsibility classifications, and a guide for their implementation, using Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) versions 1.6J4 and 2.0.1.5 These reports outline a recommended practice for consistent error reporting and interpretation, which is essential for communicating issues uniformly across the complex and diverse EV-charging ecosystem. However, MRECs are just one part of diagnosing issues; another critical part is obtaining enough information about the current state and performance of the various charging components to identify root causes for each of the error codes. This additional diagnostics data can be used by technicians or automated systems to understand the context around an issue, allowing for timely resolution, decreased maintenance costs, and increased charging reliability. During everyday operations, data are regularly collected and analyzed across the ecosystem. Although sharing of all that available data would be great for diagnostics, concerns on data ownership, privacy, and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) intellectual property pose a challenge. To overcome this obstacle, this report proposes a set of minimum required diagnostic information (MRDI) and recommends that the industry implement these uniformly across the North American EV charging ecosystem. MRDI provides a means to exchange only data deemed necessary for root cause determination.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
NASA NTRS2003

Mobile Sensor Technologies Being Developed

The NASA Glenn Research Center is developing small mobile platforms for sensor placement, as well as methods for communicating between roving platforms and a central command location. The first part of this project is to use commercially available equipment to miniaturize an existing sensor platform. We developed a five-circuit-board suite, with an average board size of 1.5 by 3 cm. Shown in the preceding photograph, this suite provides all motor control, direction finding, and communications capabilities for a 27- by 21- by 40-mm prototype mobile platform. The second part of the project is to provide communications between mobile platforms, and also between multiple platforms and a central command location. This is accomplished with a low-power network labeled "SPAN," Sensor Platform Area Network, a local area network made up of proximity elements. In practice, these proximity elements are composed of fixed- and mobile-sensor-laden science packages that communicate to each other via radiofrequency links. Data in the network will be shared by a central command location that will pass information into and out of the network through its access to a backbone element. The result will be a protocol portable to general purpose microcontrollers satisfying a host of sensor networking tasks. This network will enter the gap somewhere between television remotes and Bluetooth but, unlike 802.15.4, will not specify a physical layer, thus allowing for many data rates over optical, acoustical, radiofrequency, hardwire, or other media. Since the protocol will exist as portable C-code, developers may be able to embed it in a host of microcontrollers from commercial to space grade and, of course, to design it into ASICs. Unlike in 802.15.4, the nodes will relate to each other as peers. A demonstration of this protocol using the two test bed platforms was recently held. Two NASA modified, commercially available, mobile platforms communicated and shared data with each other and a central command location. Web-based control and interrogation of similar mobile sensor platforms have also been demonstrated. Expected applications of this technology include robotic planetary exploration, astronaut-to-equipment communication, and remote aerospace engine inspections.

FROM↗
DOE OSTI2019

Genome description of Phlebia radiata 79 with comparative genomics analysis on lignocellulose decomposition machinery of phlebioid fungi

Background: The white rot fungus Phlebia radiata, a type species of the genus Phlebia, is an efficient decomposer of plant cell wall polysaccharides, modifier of softwood and hardwood lignin, and is able to produce ethanol from various waste lignocellulose substrates. Thus, P. radiata is a promising organism for biotechnological applications aiming at sustainable utilization of plant biomass. Here we report the genome sequence of P. radiata isolate 79 originally isolated from decayed alder wood in South Finland. To better understand the evolution of wood decay mechanisms in this fungus and the Polyporales phlebioid clade, gene content and clustering of genes encoding specific carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in seven closely related fungal species was investigated. In addition, other genes encoding proteins reflecting the fungal lifestyle including peptidases, transporters, small secreted proteins and genes involved in secondary metabolism were identified in the genome assembly of P. radiata. Results: The PACBio sequenced nuclear genome of P. radiata was assembled to 93 contigs with 72X sequencing coverage and annotated, revealing a dense genome of 40.4 Mbp with approximately 14 082 predicted protein-coding genes. According to functional annotation, the genome harbors 209 glycoside hydrolase, 27 carbohydrate esterase, 8 polysaccharide lyase, and over 70 auxiliary redox enzyme-encoding genes. Comparisons with the genomes of other phlebioid fungi revealed shared and specific properties among the species with seemingly similar saprobic wood-decay lifestyles. Clustering of especially GH10 and AA9 enzyme-encoding genes according to genomic localization was discovered to be conserved among the phlebioid species. In P. radiata genome, a rich repertoire of genes involved in the production of secondary metabolites was recognized. In addition, 49 genes encoding predicted ABC proteins were identified in P. radiata genome together with 336 genes encoding peptidases, and 430 genes encoding small secreted proteins. Conclusions: The genome assembly of P. radiata contains wide array of carbohydrate polymer attacking CAZyme and oxidoreductase genes in a composition identifiable for phlebioid white rot lifestyle in wood decomposition, and may thus serve as reference for further studies. Comparative genomics also contributed to enlightening fungal decay mechanisms in conversion and cycling of recalcitrant organic carbon in the forest ecosystems.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Dataset 1: A National and City Dataset on Human Factors in Pooled Rideshare, 2021

Dataset 1: A National and City Dataset on Human Factors in Pooled Rideshare, 2021. Dataset Description: Pooled Rideshare Acceptance Survey - Phase 1 (2021, N = 5,385). This dataset captures responses from a nationally representative sample of 5,385 adults across the United States to understand public acceptance, preferences, and behavioral intentions related to pooled rideshare (PR) services. The primary objective of this research is to provide actionable insights to inform the design, deployment, and policy development of sustainable shared mobility systems. Data was collected via an online survey administered through a national panel provider. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 95 years, and representation from all U.S. regions. The survey instrument was designed to explore numerous dimensions related to PR adoption including demographic traits, current travel habits, rideshare familiarity, trust, safety, environmental attitudes, and user experience preferences. Both rideshare users and non-users were included, offering a diverse range of perspectives. - Phase_1_Final - The dataset includes survey items developed from literature reviews, and prior field studies. Each row represents an individual respondent, and each column corresponds to a variable such as willingness to use pooled rideshare, attitudes toward specific service features, and sociodemographic data. The data is available in both .CSV and .SAV formats. - Phase_1_Final_MapFile - The accompanying data dictionary explains all variable labels, response scales, and codes. An .XLSX format of the full survey instrument is also included to support interpretation and reuse of the dataset.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

HED Hydrodynamics in the Common Modeling Framework

Within the Common Modeling Framework (CMF), the HED Hydrodynamics Project has implemented a common methodology, or "Authority", for modeling high energy density (HED) experiments by extending development of the Eulerian Applications Project code Authority, "EAPA," to include relevant physics models, customization tools and templates, and in situ and post-processing capabilities. Additionally, several models for small-scale HED experiments were successfully added to the CMF and simulations reproduce the results of preexisting, benchmarked input decks. We expect use of the CMF to improve our effectiveness in developing predictive capabilities for experiments ranging from small-scale planar single-interface, single-shock to multi-interface, multi-shock configurations and up through multi-shell inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. Additionally, this will strengthen our ability to design future targeted experiments. Using the CMF infrastructure and Authorities for HED modeling has three key impacts. First, it enables a version-controlled, pedigreed and archived base model for each experiment with tools that allow easy setup, execution and analysis of simulations to assess and/or expose sensitivities to various parameters. Second, having a common base set of inputs and physics definitions helps identify systematic differences between models in the codes and experimental data to support code validation, and build confidence in our predictive capabilities. Finally, designed to work in concert with multiple programs and projects including PEM, IC, OES, V&V and DSW, the CMF supports improved collaboration and integration through shared model definitions, data, simulations and results, enhancing the workflow required to underwrite the knowledge base and capabilities ultimately required for stockpile stewardship

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Status, Challenges, and Plans for Consistent Modeling and Evaluation of Fission Data: Nubar, PFNS, and FPY [Slides]

This presentation discusses the importance of consistent evaluations for fission observables. Currently, prompt fission quantities (e.g., neutron multiplicity, neutron energy spectrum, and fission product yields) are evaluated independently of one another, either with separate models or data-only/non-model evaluations (few – if any – shared model inputs) and inconsistencies can arise in evaluated data (e.g. NSE 190, 258 (2018)). They have found that consistent, model-based evaluations lead to more physical constraints on free parameters in the model, more robust predictions for other observables and other isotopes, that there are correlations between the uncertainties on different observables, and that uncertainties can be propagated to unmeasured quantities. They are working on developing models to the point where fission observables are calculated at the quality needed for an evaluation. They are striving to consistently calculate fission observables, such as $\bar{v}$, PFNS, and FPY, to a quality suitable for an evaluation. Current evaluations for fission observables use separate models for each observable (with minimal shared input) or are purely data driven. LANL models, such as the Monte Carlo CGMF and deterministic BeoH, have different strengths; the similar fission fragment initial conditions and decay models leads to consistency between the two codes (FPY can be connected to $\bar{v}$ and PFNS, even when calculated by different codes). Work is underway by Lovell to optimize the models and Neudecker is working to perform detailed uncertainty quantification. The PFNS, in particular, presents a significant challenge.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1996

A Potato cDNA Encoding a Homologue of Mammalian Multidrug Resistant P-Glycoprotein

A homologue of the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene was obtained while screening a potato stolon tip cDNA expression library with S-15-labeled calmodulin. The mammalian MDR gene codes for a membrane-bound P-glycoprotein (170-180 kDa) which imparts multidrug resistance to cancerous cells. The potato cDNA (PMDR1) codes for a polypeptide of 1313 amino acid residues (ca. 144 kDa) and its structural features are very similar to the MDR P-glycoprotein. The N-terminal half of the PMDR1-encoded protein shares striking homology with its C-terminal half, and each half contains a conserved ATP-binding site and six putative transmembrane domains. Southern blot analysis indicated that potato has one or two MDR-like genes. PMDR1 mRNA is constitutively expressed in all organs studied with higher expression in the stem and stolon tip. The PMDR1 expression was highest during tuber initiation and decreased during tuber development.

Wang, W.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Mission Operations with an Autonomous Agent

The Remote Agent (RA) is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system which automates some of the tasks normally reserved for human mission operators and performs these tasks autonomously on-board the spacecraft. These tasks include activity generation, sequencing, spacecraft analysis, and failure recovery. The RA will be demonstrated as a flight experiment on Deep Space One (DSI), the first deep space mission of the NASA's New Millennium Program (NMP). As we moved from prototyping into actual flight code development and teamed with ground operators, we made several major extensions to the RA architecture to address the broader operational context in which PA would be used. These extensions support ground operators and the RA sharing a long-range mission profile with facilities for asynchronous ground updates; support ground operators monitoring and commanding the spacecraft at multiple levels of detail simultaneously; and enable ground operators to provide additional knowledge to the RA, such as parameter updates, model updates, and diagnostic information, without interfering with the activities of the RA or leaving the system in an inconsistent state. The resulting architecture supports incremental autonomy, in which a basic agent can be delivered early and then used in an increasingly autonomous manner over the lifetime of the mission. It also supports variable autonomy, as it enables ground operators to benefit from autonomy when L'@ey want it, but does not inhibit them from obtaining a detailed understanding and exercising tighter control when necessary. These issues are critical to the successful development and operation of autonomous spacecraft.

Pell, Barney↗
NASA NTRS2022

Discovery of Chlorophyll d : Isolation and Characterization of a Far-Red Cyanobacterium from the Original Site of Manning and Strain (1943) at Moss Beach, California

We have isolated a chlorophyll-d-containing cyanobacterium from the intertidal field site at Moss Beach, on the coast of Central California, USA, where Manning and Strain (1943) originally discovered this far-red chlorophyll. Here, we present the cyanobacterium’s environmental description, culturing procedure, pigment composition, ultrastructure, and full genome sequence. Among cultures of far-red cyanobacteria obtained from red algae from the same site, this strain was an epiphyte on a brown macroalgae. Its Q y in vivo absorbance peak is centered at 704–705 nm, the shortest wavelength observed thus far among the various known Acaryochloris strains. Its Chl a /Chl d ratio was 0.01, with Chl d accounting for 99% of the total Chl d and Chl a mass. TEM imagery indicates the absence of phycobilisomes, corroborated by both pigment spectra and genome analysis. The Moss Beach strain codes for only a single set of genes for producing allophycocyanin. Genomic sequencing yielded a 7.25 Mbp circular chromosome and 10 circular plasmids ranging from 16 kbp to 394 kbp. We have determined that this strain shares high similarity with strain S15, an epiphyte of red algae, while its distinct gene complement and ecological niche suggest that this strain could be the closest known relative to the original Chl d source of Manning and Strain (1943). The Moss Beach strain is designated Acaryochloris sp. (marina) strain Moss Beach.

chlorophyll d↗
DOE OSTI2017

LANL-SNL Collaboration on NCS Validation.

During 2016, nuclear criticality safety (NCS) practitioners from SNL and code developers from LANL collaborated in several areas of interest to the DOE/NNSA Nuclear Criticality Safety Program (NCSP). This collaboration involved. Testing of the preliminary release of the MCNP6- Whisper methodology, with feedback to the developers, Sharing of the benchmark catalogs (the collection of MCNP input files and benchmark results), with 1101 cases from LANL and 866 cases from SNL, Comparison and analysis of 357 benchmarks common to both catalogs, Investigation of the impact of the different benchmark catalogs on sensitivity-uncertainty based NCS validation results from MCNP6-Whisper, Investigation of the impact of randomized selections from the benchmark catalog on sensitivity-uncertainty based validation results from MCNP6-Whisper. Investigation of the use of MCNP6-Whisper in selecting benchmarks for use in NCS validation for unique, nonstandard, legacy fuel applications. This paper summarizes the collaboration work and initial results. It must be noted that the results described herein are preliminary and need further research and detailed analysis. However, the initial results are very interesting, and it is important to share them with the NCSP community.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2017

LANL-SNL Collaboration on NCS Validation

During 2016, nuclear criticality safety (NCS) practitioners from SNL and code developers from LANL collaborated in several areas of interest to the DOE/NNSA Nuclear Criticality Safety Program (NCSP). This collaboration involved: - Testing of the preliminary release of the MCNP6- Whisper methodology, with feedback to the developers, - Sharing of the benchmark catalogs (the collection of MCNP input files and benchmark results), with 1101 cases from LANL and 866 cases from SNL, - Comparison and analysis of 357 benchmarks common to both catalogs, - Investigation of the impact of the different benchmark catalogs on sensitivity-uncertainty based NCS validation results from MCNP6-Whisper, - Investigation of the impact of randomized selections from the benchmark catalog on sensitivity-uncertainty based validation results from MCNP6-Whisper. - Investigation of the use of MCNP6-Whisper in selecting benchmarks for use in NCS validation for unique, nonstandard, legacy fuel applications. This paper summarizes the collaboration work and initial results. It must be noted that the results described herein are preliminary and need further research and detailed analysis. However, the initial results are very interesting, and it is important to share them with the NCSP community.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Clang UPC Compiler (Clang UPC) v3.9.1-1

Clang Unified Parallel C (Clang UPC) provides a compilation and execution environment for programs written in the UPC (Unified Parallel C) language. The Clang UPC compiler extends the capabilities of the Clang LLVM C compiler to comply with the UPC Language Specification version 1.3. It includes support for UPC collectives and a configurable pointer-to-shared representation. The compiler generates programs that run on a wide variety of systems ranging from workstations to leadership-class supercomputers, in conjunction with the Berkeley UPC runtime and GASNet communication system. This compiler generates assembly code / object code directly for Intel processors and IBM PowerPC.

Hargrove, Paul↗
DOE OSTI2025

Efficient Xml Interchange (exi) For Python (expy)

EXPy provides a native Python interface into the LF Energy EVerest V2G protocol stack. The protocol stack is implemented in C/C++ and compiled into shared object libraries. EXPy provides the Python Ctypes translation of the C/C++ libraries for use with pure Python software. This project eliminates the need for integrating Python with third-party communications applications and greatly reduces the code base and improves performance. The other major benefit is the ability for EXPy to support new EXI based protocols as additional V2G standards are produced (e.g. upgrade from ISO 15118-2 to ISO 15118-20).

Rohde, Kenneth [Idaho National Laboratory (INL), I↗
DOE OSTI2023

Glass Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing of a Fiber Optic Rotary Encoder for Downhole Pressure Sensing

This article presents a fiber optic rotary encoder-based pressure sensor for downhole applications. The rotary encoder, which is composed of an encoding pad and an all-glass optical fiber sensing head, converts the rotation angles of a pressure transducer to digital codes. The optical fiber only serves as the telemetry channel to directly transmit the data in digital format such that the environmental temperature influence and the long-time drift are minimized. The glass additive and subtractive manufacturing (ASM) techniques are used to embed the multichannel optical fibers into a bulk-fused silica glass substrate. Because the fused silica glass shares a similar material property to the optical fiber (e.g., thermal expansion coefficient), the optical fiber sensing head is well sealed and fixed even at an elevated temperature. The picosecond laser blackening technique is used to fabricate the high reflectivity contrast encoding pad with high accuracy. Here, the proposed pressure sensor was manufactured and experimentally verified to have a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 23 dB and a linear pressure response with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.37. During the 400-h 250 °C long-term stability test, there was no digital code variation. In addition, a mathematical model to study the relationships between the sensor’s performances and design parameters was established. According to the model, a 12-bit encoder (0.02% pressure sensitivity) can be achieved with a radius of 20 mm.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2016

Analysis of key safety metrics of thorium utilization in LWRs

Here, thorium has great potential to stretch nuclear fuel reserves because of its natural abundance and because it is possible to breed the 232 Th isotope into a fissile fuel ( 233 U). Various scenarios exist for utilization of thorium in the nuclear fuel cycle, including use in different nuclear reactor types (e.g., light water, high-temperature gas-cooled, fast spectrum sodium, and molten salt reactors), along with use in advanced accelerator-driven systems and even in fission-fusion hybrid systems. The most likely near-term application of thorium in the United States is in currently operating light water reactors (LWRs). This use is primarily based on concepts that mix thorium with uranium (UO 2 + ThO 2 ) or that add fertile thorium (ThO 2 ) fuel pins to typical LWR fuel assemblies. Utilization of mixed fuel assemblies (PuO 2 + ThO 2 ) is also possible. The addition of thorium to currently operating LWRs would result in a number of different phenomenological impacts to the nuclear fuel. Thorium and its irradiation products have different nuclear characteristics from those of uranium and its irradiation products. ThO 2 , alone or mixed with UO 2 fuel, leads to different chemical and physical properties of the fuel. These key reactor safety–related issues have been studied at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and documented in “Safety and Regulatory Issues of the Thorium Fuel Cycle” (NUREG/CR-7176, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2014). Various reactor analyses were performed using the SCALE code system for comparison of key performance parameters of both ThO 2 + UO 2 and ThO 2 + PuO 2 against those of UO 2 and typical UO 2 + PuO 2 mixed oxide fuels, including reactivity coefficients and power sharing between surrounding UO 2 assemblies and the assembly of interest. The decay heat and radiological source terms for spent fuel after its discharge from the reactor are also presented. Based on this evaluation, potential impacts on safety requirements and identification of knowledge gaps that require additional analysis or research to develop a technical basis for the licensing of thorium fuel are identified.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Using containers to speed up development, to run integration tests and to teach about distributed systems

GlideinWMS is a workload manager provisioning resources for many experiments including CMS and DUNE. The software is distributed both as native packages and specialized production containers. Following an approach used in other communities like web development we built our workspaces, system-like containers to ease development and testing. Developers can change the source tree or check out a different branch and quickly reconfigure the services to see the effect of their changes. In this paper, we’ll talk about what differentiates workspaces from other containers. We’ll describe our base system composed of three containers. A one-node cluster including a compute element and a batch system. A GlideinWMS Factory controlling pilot jobs. And a scheduler and Frontend, to submit jobs and provision resources. Additional containers can be used for optional components. This system can easily run on a laptop and we’ll share our evaluation of different container runtimes, with an eye for ease of use and performance. Finally, we’ll talk about our experience as developers and with students. The GlideinWMS workspaces are easily integrated with IDEs like VS Code, simplifying debugging and allowing development and testing of the system also when offline. They simplified the training and onboarding of new team members and Summer interns. And they were useful in workshops where students could have first-hand experience with the mechanisms and components that, in production, run millions of jobs.

Mambelli, Marco↗
DOE OSTI2025

Using Containers to Speed Up Development, to Run Integration Tests and to Teach About Distributed Systems

GlideinWMS is a workload manager provisioning resources for many experiments, including CMS and DUNE. The software is distributed both as native packages and specialized production containers. Following an approach used in other communities like web development, we built our workspaces, system-like containers to ease development and testing. Developers can change the source tree or check out a different branch and quickly reconfigure the services to see the effect of their changes. In this paper, we will talk about what differentiates workspaces from other containers. We will describe our base system, composed of three containers: a one-node cluster including a compute element and a batch system, a GlideinWMS Factory controlling pilot jobs, and a scheduler and Frontend to submit jobs and provision resources. Additional containers can be used for optional components. This system can easily run on a laptop, and we will share our evaluation of different container runtimes, with an eye for ease of use and performance. Finally, we will talk about our experience as developers and with students. The GlideinWMS workspaces are easily integrated with IDEs like VS Code, simplifying debugging and allowing development and testing of the system even when offline. They simplified the training and onboarding of new team members and summer interns. And they were useful in workshops where students could have first-hand experience with the mechanisms and components that, in production, run millions of jobs.

Mambelli, Marco [Fermilab] (ORCID:0000000294892681↗