Effects of scale porosity, second-phase oxides, and doping in the high-temperature oxidation of cobalt and dilute cobalt-chromium alloys.
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Billman, F. R.↗
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Heat transfer coefficients of dilute flowing gas-solids suspensions
Heat transfer coefficients of air-glass, argon-glass, and argon-aluminum suspensions were measured in horizontal and vertical tubes. The glass, 21.6 and 36.0 micron diameter particles, was suspended at gas Reynolds numbers between 11,000 and 21,000 and loading ratios between 0 and 2.5. The presence of particles generally reduced the heat transfer coefficient. The circulation of aluminum powder in the 0.870 inch diameter closed loop system produced tenacious deposits on protuberances into the stream. In the vertical test section, the Nusselt number reduction was attributed to viscous sublayer thickening; in the horizontal test section to particle deposition.
Kane, R. S.↗
Transport equations for dilute plasma in a magnetic field.
Using the Chapman-Enskog procedure, equations are derived for near-equilibrium transport of plasma in a strong magnetic field. It is shown that these equations reduce properly to collision dominated equations and to collisionless Chew-Goldberger-Low (1956) equations in the respective limits. The results presented are more complete than those of Stringer and Connor (1971) and correct their erroneous partition of conducted thermal energy.
Price, J. C.↗
Mixing of multiple dilution jets with a hot primary airstream for gas turbine combustors
The mixing of multiple air jets with a subsonic heated crossflow in a constant area duct was studied experimentally. The jet-to-mainstream momentum flux ratio was varied from 6 to 60. Temperature and pressure surveys were made at several downstream locations for orifice geometries with parametric variation of orifice size and spacing. A mixing efficiency parameter was defined which characterized the effectiveness of the mixing over the range of conditions examined. It was found that for a given momentum flux ratio, there exists a ratio of orifice spacing to duct height which provides the best mixing.
Holdeman, J. D.↗
Calculation of current collected in a dilute plasma through a pinhole in the insulation covering a high-voltage surface
A procedure is described for calculating the current collected by a pinhole defect in the insulation covering a high voltage surface. The results apply to a satellite at geosynchronous altitude where the effects of satellite motion and collective plasma effects on the collected current may be ignored.
Fralick, G. C.↗
An Empirical Model for the Mixing of a Row of Dilution Jets with a Confined Crossflow
An empirical model was developed for predicting the temperature distribution downstream from a row of cool jets injected normally into a hot confined crossflow. The model is based on the assumption that all properly non-dimensionalized vertical temperature profiles can be expressed in a self-similar form. The scaling parameters in this form were correlated in terms of the independent flow and geometric variables. The effect of parametric variation of each of the independent variables on the experimental and predicted profiles are examined. The predicted distributions show excellent agreement with the data over a wide range of the independent variables.
Holdeman, J. D.↗
Current from a dilute plasma measured through holes in insulators
The current collected from a plasma through holes in insulated electrodes was measured. Holes of 0.051- and 2.54-cm diameters in Kapton H film and plasma number densities of 100 and 10,000 electrons/cu cm were used. The current collected by bare electrodes, that is, electrodes with no surrounding insulation, is also presented. For all the samples the current at a given voltage was a function of the surrounding insulator area rather than of the hole size or the underlying electrode size. In addition, at the low plasma density the I-V characteristic showed very steep rises for voltages below 1 kV. In one case the current jumped by a factor of approximately 70 to 200 V. Results are given for positive biases to 10 kV. For negative biases, sparking prevented testing most samples to the 10-kV limit.
Grier, N. T.↗
An empirical model for the mixing of a row of dilution jets with a confined crossflow
An empirical model has been developed for predicting the temperature distribution downstream of a row of cool jets injected normal to a hot confined crossflow. The model is based on the assumption that all properly non-dimensionalized vertical temperature profiles can be expressed in a self-similar form. The scaling parameters in this form have been correlated in terms of the independent flow and geometric variables. The effect of parametric variation of each of the independent variables on the experimental and predicted profiles are examined. The predicted distributions show excellent agreement with the data over a wide range of the independent variables.
Holdeman, J. D.↗
Preliminary investigation of elongational flow of dilute polymer solutions
A tubeless siphon apparatus has been set up to measure extensional flow. In this apparatus, the liquid is continuously drawn into a capillary and, after steady flow has been established, the tube is raised above the liquid surface. With viscoelastic liquids, the flow continues and a column can be lifted from the reservoir. At the capillary entrance, an oscillating bead of excess liquid collects which interferes with both the flow and the measurements. This can be minimized by careful control of the liquid-column height. For homogeneous solutions, the column is symmetrical and tapers steadily from the liquid surface to the capillary entrance, with no bulging. Preliminary results show tensile viscosities 1000 times that of the Trouton coefficient and having a very strong dependence on deformation rate. A concentration-stretch rate-reduced variable scheme is proposed.
Peng, S. T. J.↗
Thermal impact reduction by dilution, Big Bend Station, Tampa, Florida
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Johnson, W. J.↗
Laboratory measurements of radiance and reflectance spectra of dilute primary-treated sewage sludge
The feasibility of remotely monitoring ocean dumping of waste products such as acid and sewage sludge is evaluated. The laboratory arrangement, solar simulator, and test results from three experiments conducted in the laboratory are described. Radiance and reflectance spectra are presented for primary-treated sewage sludge mixed with two types of base water. Results indicate that upwelled reflectance varies in a near-linear manner with concentration and that the sludge has a practically flat signal response between 420 and 970 nm. Well-defined upwelled reflectance spectra were obtained for the sewage-sludge mixtures at all wavelengths and concentrations. The spectral-reflectance values appeared to be influenced by the type of base water, but this influence was small, especially for the mixtures with low concentrations of sewage sludge.
Usry, J. W.↗
Laboratory measurements of radiance and reflectance spectra of dilute secondary-treated sewage sludge
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), in cooperation with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), conducted a research program to evaluate the feasibility of remotely monitoring ocean dumping of waste products such as acid and sewage sludge. One aspect of the research program involved the measurements of upwelled spectral signatures for sewage-sludge mixtures of different concentrations in an 11600-liter tank. This paper describes the laboratory arrangement and presents radiance and reflectance spectra in the visible and near-infrared ranges for concentrations ranging from 9.7 to 180 ppm of secondary-treated sewage sludge mixed with two types of base water. Results indicate that upwelled radiance varies in a near-linear manner with concentration and that the sludge has a practically flat signal response between 420 and 970 nm. Reflectance spectra were obtained for the sewage-sludge mixtures at all wavelengths and concentrations.
Witte, W. G.↗
Laboratory measurements of radiance and reflectance spectra of a dilute biosolid industrial waste product
Experimental measurements were made of upwelled spectral signatures of various concentrations of industrial waste products mixed with water in a large water tank. Radiance and reflectance spectra for a biosolid waste product (sludge) mixed with conditioned tap water and natural river water are reported. Results of these experiments indicate that reflectance increases with increasing concentration of the sludge at practically all wavelengths for concentration of total suspended solids up to 117 ppm in conditioned tap water and 171 ppm in natural river water. Significant variations in the spectra were observed and may be useful in defining spectral characteristics for this waste product. No significant spectral differences were apparent in the reflectance spectra of the two experiments, especially for wavelengths greater than 540 nm. Reflectance values, however, were generally greater in natural river water for wavelengths greater than 540 nm. Reflectance may be considered to increase linearly with concentration of total suspended solids from 5 to 171 ppm at all wavelengths without introducing errors larger than 10 percent.
Usry, J. W.↗
Extensional flow of dilute polymer solution
Simultaneous effects of temperature and concentration on tensile viscosity are investigated using a semi-empirical scaling law established to relate the concentration, temperature and deformation rate by a reduced deformation rate variable. Results show the onset of high viscosity occurring in the vicinity of the onset of non-Newtonian viscosity observed in a simple shear flow experiment. High viscosity is also compared with steady and dynamic shear data. Finally, the asymptotic solution of Hassager's kinetic theory of a bead-rod model for macromolecular solutions is compared with the data, indicating that tensile viscosity depends strongly on the molecular weight, the higher the molecular weight, the more sensitive the tensile viscosity in terms of the deformation rate.
Peng, S. T. J.↗
Dilution Jet Experiments in Compact Combustor Configurations
The effects of cooling jets on the velocity and temperature fields in a compact reverse flow combustion are discussed. The work is motivated by the need to limit the temperature of past-combustion gases in jet engines to values within the endurance capabilities of turbine blades. The application requires not only that the temperature be kept sufficiently low but also that a suitably tailored temperature profile be provided at the combustor exit, with higher temperatures generally permissible at the blade tip than at the blade root because of higher centrifugal loads at the root. A single jet. As spacing is reduced, jet penetration is also reduced, and the cooling jets tend to remain close to the wall from which they are injected. Results suggest that cooling and temperature distribution tailoring can be accomplished without injecting cooling jets upstream of the turn, and thus it appears that combustors can be made smaller than current designs.
Greber, I.↗
Experiments in dilution jet mixing
Experimental results are given on the mixing of a single row of jets with an isothermal mainstream in a straight duct, to include flow and geometric variations typical of combustion chambers in gas turbine engines. The principal conclusions reached from these experiments were: at constant momentum ratio, variations in density ratio have only a second-order effect on the profiles; a first-order approximation to the mixing of jets with a variable temperature mainstream can be obtained by superimposing the jets-in-an isothermal-crossflow and mainstream profiles; flow area convergence, especially injection-wall convergence, significantly improves the mixing; for opposed rows of jets, with the orifice centerlines in-line, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is one half of the optimum value for single side injection at the same momentum ratio; and for opposed rows of jets, with the orifice centerlines staggered, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is twice the optimum value for single side injection at the same momentum ratio.
Holdeman, J. D.↗
Experiments in dilution jet mixing
Experimental results are presented on the mixing of a single row of jets with an isothermal mainstream in a straight duct, with flow and geometric variations typical of combustion chambers in gas turbine engines included. It is found that at a constant momentum ratio, variations in the density ratio have only a second-order effect on the profiles. A first-order approximation to the mixing of jets with a variable temperature mainstream can, it is found, be obtained by superimposing the jets-in-an-isothermal-crossflow and mainstream profiles. Another finding is that the flow area convergence, especially injection-wall convergence, significantly improves the mixing. For opposed rows of jets with the orifice cone centerlines in-line, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is determined to be 1/2 of the optimum value for single injection at the same momentum ratio. For opposed rows of jets with the orifice centerlines staggered, the optimum ratio of orifice spacing to duct height is found to be twice the optimum value for single side injection at the same momentum ratio.
Holdeman, J. D.↗
Influence of diffusion and convective transport on dendritic growth in dilute alloys
Experimentation has been carried out in which the kinetics and morphology of dendritic growth were measured as a function of thermal supercooling, solute concentration, and spatial orientation of the dendritic growth axis. The crystal growth system studied is succinonitrile, NC(CH2)2CN, with additions of argon (up to 0.1 mole percent). This system is especially useful as a model for alloy studies because kinetic data are available for high purity (7-9's) succinonitrile. The influence of the solute, at fixed thermal supercooling, is to increase the growth velocity and correspondingly decrease intrinsic crystal dimensions. Morphological measurements are described in detail relating tip size, perturbation wavelength, supercooling, and solute concentration. The analysis of these effects based on morphological stability theory is also discussed, and experiments permitting the separation of convective and diffusive heat transport during crystal growth of succinonitrile are described. The studies underscore the importance of gravitationally-induced buoyancy effects on crystal growth.
Glicksman, M. E.↗