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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 487 records · Page 27
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Tunable Mid-Infrared Interband Emission from Tensile-Strained InGaAs Quantum Dots

We demonstrate the ability to tailor self-assembled growth of In 0.5 Ga 0.5 As quantum dots (QDs) on GaSb(111)A surfaces by molecular beam epitaxy. Spontaneous formation via the Volmer–Weber growth mode produces QDs with excellent structural and optical quality. By harnessing tensile strain to reduce their band gap energy, these QDs are characterized by light emission that extends into the midwave infrared wavelength range of 3.2–3.9 μm (0.318–0.388 eV). As we increase QD size, we can tune the band alignment from type-III to type-II, where light emission occurs due to interband recombination between quantum confined electrons in the InGaAs QDs and holes in the GaSb barriers. Of particular interest is an unusual blue-shift in emission wavelength with increasing QD size, which we attribute to the incorporation of Sb into the InGaAs QDs from the GaSb barriers. By expanding this approach to produce tensile-strained QDs from other narrow band gap semiconductors, we anticipate the development of a range of highly tunable mid-infrared light sources.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Inverse size-dependent Stokes shift in strongly quantum confined CsPbBr 3 perovskite nanoplates

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) are used as bright chromatic fluorophores for energy-efficient displays. Here we focus here on the size-dependent Stokes shift for CsPbBr 3 nanocrystals. The Stokes shift, i.e., the difference between the wavelengths of absorption and emission maxima, is crucial for display application, as it controls the degree to which light is reabsorbed by the emitting material reducing the energetic efficiency. One major impediment to the industrial adoption of NCs is that slight deviations in manufacturing conditions may result in a wide dispersion of the product's properties. A data-driven analysis of over 2000 reactions comparing two data sets, one produced via standard colloidal synthesis and the other via high-throughput automated synthesis is discussed. We show that differences in the reaction conditions of colloidal CsPbBr 3 nanocrystals yield nanocrystals with opposite Stokes shift size-dependent trends. These match the morphologies of two-dimensional nanoplatelets (NPLs) and nanocrystal cubes. The Stokes shift size dependence trend of NPLs and nanocubes is non-monotonic indicating different physics is at play for the two nanocrystal morphologies. For nanocrystals with cubic shape, with the increase of edge length, there is a significant decrease in Stokes shift values. However, for NPLs with the increase of thickness (1–4 ML), Stokes shift values will increase. The study emphasizes the transition from a spectroscopic point of view and relates the two Stokes shift trends to 2D and 0D exciton dimensionalities for the two morphologies. Our findings highlight the importance of CsPbBr 3 nanocrystal morphology for Stokes shift prediction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Investigating feasible light configurations for fish restoration: an ethological insight

Light environment significantly impacts the effectiveness of fish population restoration in developed watersheds, subserving fish passage reconstruction in hydraulic complex and habitat rehabilitation. To develop an interior connection between light-related fish response from the laboratory and field fish conservation practice, we employed a new indexing system, consisting of phototaxis rate, relative swimming speed (RSS), and optic evasion coefficient (OEC), to quantify the light-induced behaviors in Ptychobarbus kaznakovi, a representative rare cyprinid in Tibet, China, at four experimental illuminance levels (15 lx, 30 lx, 60 lx, 120 lx) and four wavelengths (red, yellow, green, blue). The fish showed negative phototaxis at all given illuminances and wavelengths. Under red light, the OEC increased significantly from 0.642 at 15 lx to 0.782 at 30 lx (P = 0.029), while the RSS decreased significantly from 3.752 to 2.383 (P < 0.001). Behaviorally, the fish shifted from sprint to wandering around, indicating the alteration of dominant physiological activity from behavioral stress response to negative phototaxis. Under the green treatment, P. kaznakovi swam around quickly and presented slight negative phototaxis, and OEC values were uniform among all illuminances, probably because of the similarity of green light to the ambient color of the habitat. Accordingly, ecologists and fisheries practitioners can utilize red light to exclude fish from dangerous waters and green light to guide them to ideal habitats, laying the necessary groundwork for the light-driven fish recovery effort. Furthermore, the appropriate light configuration can yield economic benefits through the tradeoff among fish protection, power generation, and investment costs.

Lin, Chenyu↗
DOE OSTI2020

Ecogenomics reveals community interactions in a long-term methanogenic bioreactor and a rapid switch to sulfate-reducing conditions

ABSTRACT The anaerobic digestion of wastes is globally important in the production of methane (CH4) as a biofuel. When sulfate is present, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are stimulated, competing with methanogens for common substrates, which decreases CH4 production and results in the formation of corrosive, odorous hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S). Here, we show that a population of SRB within a methanogenic bioreactor fed only butyrate for years immediately (within hours) responded to sulfate availability and shifted the microbial community dynamics within the bioreactor. By mapping shotgun metatranscriptomes to metagenome-assembled genomes, we shed light on the transcriptomic responses of key community members in response to increased sulfate provision. We link these short-term transcriptional responses to long-term niche partitioning using comparative metagenomic analyses. Our results suggest that sulfate provision supports a syntrophic butyrate oxidation community that disfavors poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate storage and that hydrogenotrophic SRB populations effectively exclude obligately hydrogenotrophic, but not aceticlastic, methanogens when sulfate is readily available. These findings elucidate key ecological dynamics between SRB, methanogens and syntrophic butyrate-oxidizing bacteria, which can be applied to a variety of engineered and natural systems.

St. James, Andrew R.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measuring axion gradients with photon interferometry

We propose a novel search technique for axions with a C P -violating monopole coupling g ˜ Q to bulk Standard Model charges Q ∈ { B , L , B − L } . Gradients in the static axion field configurations sourced by matter induce achromatic circular photon birefringence via the axion-photon coupling g ϕ γ . Circularly polarized light fed into an optical or (open) radio-frequency (RF) Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity develops a phase shift that accumulates up to the cavity finesse: the fixed axion spatial gradient prevents a cancellation known to occur for an axion dark-matter search. The relative phase shift between two FP cavities fed with opposite circular polarizations can be detected interferometrically. This time-independent signal can be modulated up to nonzero frequency by altering the cavity orientations with respect to the field gradient. Multiwavelength co-metrology techniques can be used to address chromatic measurement systematics and noise sources. With Earth as the axion source, we project reach beyond current constraints on the product of couplings g ˜ Q g ϕ γ for axion masses m ϕ ≲ 10 − 5 eV . If shot-noise-limited sensitivity can be achieved, an experiment using high-finesse RF FP cavities could reach a factor of ∼ 10 5 into new parameter space for g ˜ Q g ϕ γ for masses m ϕ ≲ 4 × 10 − 11 eV . Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Elucidating mechanisms of Photosystem I assembly and repair (Final Technical Report)

Oxygenic photosynthesis generates the carbohydrates and oxygen that support life on earth. Central to this process are photosystems I and II (PSI and PSII), large protein-pigment complexes that are among the most complex macromolecular structures in nature. Impressive advances have been made in understanding the structure and photochemical mechanisms of PSI and PSII. However, less is known about the mechanisms underlying their biogenesis. The overarching goal of this project was to elucidate mechanisms of photosystem assembly. Several proteins that are not found in mature PSI or PSII are essential for their assembly, but the assembly pathways and the role of each assembly factor are just starting to emerge. During the course of this project, we advanced understanding of this problem in several ways. First, we addressed the spatial organization of photosystem assembly by localizing many known assembly factors to specific subdomains of thylakoid membranes in plant chloroplasts. This work revealed that the "curvature" domain - the highly curved periphery of stacked granal membrane disks - is a center of photosystem assembly. However, whereas some PSI assembly factors localized exclusively to the curvature domain, another was found exclusively in granal margins and unstacked membranes. This spatial partitioning suggests an assembly line along which different assembly intermediates are physically segregated. Most assembly factors localized similarly in dark-adapted and illuminated plants, but one PSII assembly factor shifted from the curvature domain to unstacked membranes upon illumination, suggesting an unanticipated role in the repair of light-induced PSII damage. Whereas most PSII subunits were found primarily in grana stacks (as expected), one PSII subunit, PsbP, was prominent also in the curvature fraction, suggesting that PsbP has functions beyond its role in mature PSII, possibly in biogenesis or repair.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Code-Agnostic Driver Application for Coupled Neutronics and Thermal-Hydraulic Simulations

While the literature has numerous examples of Monte Carlo and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupling, most are hard-wired codes intended primarily for research rather than as standalone, general-purpose applications. In this work, we describe an open source application, ENRICO, that enables coupled neutronic and thermal-hydraulic simulations between multiple codes that can be chosen at runtime (as opposed to a coupling between two specific codes). The application has been designed such that the control flow logic, domain mapping, nonlinear fixed-point iteration, solution transfers, and convergence checks are all agnostic to the underlying physics solvers used. Special emphasis has also been placed on enabling efficient execution on distributed-memory computing environments. The transfer of solution fields between solvers is performed in memory rather than through filesystem I/O. Additionally, solvers can be configured to run on overlapping or disjoint sets of processes. To date, coupling with the OpenMC and Shift Monte Carlo codes, the Nek5000 CFD code, and a simplified heat diffusion and subchannel solver has been implemented in ENRICO. We present results for coupled simulations of a single light-water reactor fuel assembly based on the NuScale reactor using various combinations of the physics solvers. For this problem, the coupled simulations are shown to converge in about four Picard iterations. A comparison of the heat source and temperature distributions computed by ENRICO using OpenMC coupled with Nek5000 and Shift coupled with Nek5000 illustrates remarkable agreement between the codes.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1970

Mechanisms of action of light on circadian rhythms in the monkey

Light is considered by many investigators to be the primary Zeitgeber for most physiologic rhythms. In order to study the effects on biorhythms of changing photoperiods and to provide information on the nature of the wave forms and the mechanisms of entrainment, unrestrained male monkeys (Cebus albifrons, Macaca nemestrina) were maintained in a sound-proofed environmental chamber. The Cebus was initially maintained on a 12L:12D schedule; it was subjected to a 180 degrees phase shift for 14 days, then returned to the original photoperiod. In two experiments (24 days; 27 days each) the same monkey was again maintained on a 12L:12D schedule which was gradually altered to a constant light environment. Deep body temperature (DBT) data were obtained with miniature radiotransmitters. Locomotor activity (LMA) was measured by strain gauges. Under the 12L:12D regimens the Macaca DBT cycles were uniform as to phase and wave form for over 60 weeks. These wave forms were analyzed by the use of periodogram and correlogram analyses and by fitting to the Volterra Integro-Differential Equation. Phase angle relationships between Zeitgeber and physiologic parameters were characterized. After the photoperiod phase shift the DBT cycle rephased in about 9 days. During the rephasing process the wave form changed. The shapes of the wave forms of DBT and activity were maintained with increasing light until an 18L:6D photoperiod was reached. The rhythms were entrained to the onset of darkness rather than lights on. Major and minor periods of LMA were detected. Hysteresis diagrams showed that DBT led the onset of major LA by 6 hr and the end of major activity by 2 hr.

Light↗
DOE OSTI2020

Opinion: Lighting Research During and After the Pandemic

For many lighting researchers, the recent restrictions related to COVID-19 have paused most in-person laboratory or field experiments. In certain countries, regulatory institutions have allowed such experiments to resume but issued safety recommendations like pre-checking participants for disease symptoms and excluding those that are especially vulnerable. To avoid potential complications and delays, researchers are likely to resort to other research designs that enable remote research — eliminating the need for the experimenter and subjects to be in the same room. While unanticipated, this shift to remote research methods is an opportunity to revisit and further develop remote experimental techniques, which can have beneficial long-lasting implications on lighting research during and after the pandemic. Perhaps the most common type of remote research is online experiments; which can greatly benefit from improved techniques to allow for greater control or characterization of experimental conditions, like those proposed by Villa and Labayrade . These techniques require validation specific to the type of response collected and context, e.g. space type and attributes. New research techniques continue to emerge and will enable remote collection of objective measures such as gaze direction and high dynamic range images (HDRIs) without specialized equipment. In fact, many of these methods and techniques are commonly used in other disciplines, like vision science and psychology, and can be adapted for lighting research. Not all lighting studies can be conducted online, but in the age of ubiquitous and connected technologies, there is a largely missed opportunity to utilize crowdsourced responses to lighting conditions in real environments where people live and go about their daily lives without the research being limited to a certain time and laboratory locations. For instance, outdoor street luminaires can be rated by passersby using ecological momentary assessments on mobile phones. While this approach does not provide laboratory-level control over experimental conditions, it can provide more contextual responses resulting from ‘normal’ dynamic gaze, behavior, and interactions. Further, it can also reduce bias related to the experimental setting. Further development of remote research methods and their use in lighting research can improve the quality of lighting research. Given that sample sizes in most lighting research are relatively small, remote research can substantially increase sample sizes, reduce research costs, and shorten study duration, all while reducing interaction between experimenter and subjects. Another benefit is reaching a wider audience and including under-represented individuals who typically are not reachable using common recruitment methods. The pandemic has set back our plans for in-lab experiments, but can it inspire us to think of new and creative ways to expand lighting research?

Abboushi, Belal K.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Tunable Broad Light Emission from 3D “Hollow” Bromide Perovskites through Defect Engineering

We report hybrid halide perovskites consisting of corner-sharing metal halide octahedra and small cuboctahedral cages filled with counter cations have proven to be prominent candidates for many high-performance optoelectronic devices. The stability limits of their three-dimensional perovskite framework are defined by the size range of the cations present in the cages of the structure. In some cases, the stability of the perovskite-type structure can be extended even when the counterions violate the size and shape requirements, as is the case in the so-called "hollow" perovskites. In this work, we engineered a new family of 3D highly defective yet crystalline "hollow" bromide perovskites with general formula (FA) 1-x (en) x (Pb) 1-0.7x (Br) 3-0.4x (FA = formamidinium (FA + ), en = ethylenediammonium (en 2+ ), x = 0-0.44). Pair distribution function analysis shed light on the local structural coherence, revealing a wide distribution of Pb-Pb distances in the crystal structure as a consequence of the Pb/Br-deficient nature and en inclusion in the lattice. By manipulating the number of Pb/Br vacancies, we finely tune the optical properties of the pristine FAPbBr 3 by blue shifting the band gap from 2.20 to 2.60 eV for the x = 0.42 en sample. A most unexpected outcome was that at x > 0.33 en incorporation, the material exhibits strong broad light emission (1% photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY)) that is maintained after exposure to air for more than a year. This is the first example of strong broad light emission from a 3D hybrid halide perovskite, demonstrating that meticulous defect engineering is an excellent tool for customizing the optical properties of these semiconductors.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Pathways to Carbon Neutrality 2050 in Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur

Malaysia has recently set an ambitious target of achieving carbon neutrality as early as 2050. To accomplish this, the country will need to strategically reduce its emissions across all sectors. In 2020, Malaysia emitted approximately 368 MtCO2e, with the largest sources of emissions including electricity (36% of total emissions), transportation (17%), and industry (15%)1. We find that the greatest reductions in emissions can therefore come from decarbonizing power generation and electrifying end-use sectors. Digitalization, smart technologies, and improved energy efficiency will significantly reduce economy-wide energy consumption. By leveraging efficient technologies, both Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur can address the challenges posed by rapid urbanization and climate change. Digitalization is a broad category that includes a variety of measures; for example, the wide adoption of high-efficiency appliances and lighting or improved building energy codes in the buildings sector. Similarly, technological improvements can advance industrial energy efficiency, and for transportation, smart technologies cover a shift from private to public transportation and the greater use of electric vehicles. While renewable energy (RE) will play a crucial role in decarbonization, achieving carbon neutrality in certain sectors will be difficult without emerging technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) and innovative fuel sources such as hydrogen. In order for Malaysia to rely on CCS as a mitigation option, early investment and incentives to the private sector will be critical. This holds for the use of hydrogen as well: investing in the necessary technology, infrastructure, and human capital will allow Malaysia to position itself as an innovator in the region and leverage these advanced technologies as a key part of its climate strategy. Another possible carbon removal option other than CCS would be a land-use sink; however, given that Malaysia is still developing and may deforest in the near-term, this report does not focus on the mitigation potential of land-use change. With its innovative and bold climate plans, Kuala Lumpur is primed to be a leader in regional climate change efforts. Kuala Lumpur is also engaged in several international collaborations to ensure sustainable city development such as the C40 network and the ASEAN Smart Cities Partnership. As such, the city will play a critical role in contributing to Malaysia’s overall climate goals and as a policy trendsetter through ambitious, scalable plans. One key factor in these emissions reductions is that Kuala Lumpur has full control over its building guidelines, allowing for ambitious policies resulting in significant emissions reductions. However, in other sectors, Kuala Lumpur has less direct control over regulations; for example, power generation and integration of RE are largely in the hands of the Malaysian government. With limited and primarily light industry, Kuala Lumpur’s contributions to emissions reductions here are curbed. And, while Kuala Lumpur has control over local transportation policies like increasing access to and quality of public transportation, broad shifts in transportation will stem from national-level policies. As such, multi-level governance is an integral component of Malaysia’s climate strategy and coordination between local and national governments will be essential in reducing emissions and achieving other climate goals. This report addresses these and other key challenges and opportunities Malaysia faces on the road to carbon neutrality.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS1994

A study of a high resolution IUE spectrum of AM Canum Venaticorum

We have obtained the first high resolution IUE spectrum of the helium-rich, cataclysmic variable star AM CVn. The spectrum is greatly underexposed, but we can still detect both wide and narrow line profiles. We report broad, shortward-shifted, P-Cygni-like absorption and in some cases emission lines in the far UV high ionization resonance lines of C, N, O, and Si, but the profiles are considerably disk/boundary layer outflows, absorption disk continuum light in H-rich CVs. The highest ionizations show evidence of a narrow jet or conical flow. For other, lower ionized lines, we find some evidence of a stellar origin. The broad He II (lambda 1640 A) absorption profile with blue shifted emission core has a remarkably similar overall structure to the He II (lambda 1640 A) broad absorption trough in the IUE spectrum of the prototypical cool DO white dwarf HZ 21. The sharp absorption lines seem most convincingly in the resonance doublets of N V (lambda 1238 A, lambda 1242 A) and C IV (lambda 1548 A, lambda 1550 A) and in He II (lambda 1640 A) exhibit a precise velocity coincidence. These sharp features are almost certainly due to circumbinary matter because they are obviously unaffected by the rapid orbital motion (or rapid stellar rotation) in this short period system during the long (9.3 hour) IUE echelle exposure. Our observations support an evolution through shell episodes of a close binary system which ends up with an expanding envelope as seen for HZ 21, and suggests one possible evolutionary channel for production of DOs (DBs).

Solheim, J.-E.↗
NASA NTRS1976

CNO abundances and hydrodynamic models of the nova outburst. IV - Comparison with observations

A variety of observations of novae are discussed in light of theoretical models. It is proposed that the nearly constant bolometric luminosity of FH Ser originates in the nondegenerate hydrogen-burning region at the bottom of the hydrogen-rich envelope which remains after the primary ejection. The shift of the wavelength of peak emission from the visual to shortward of the ultraviolet is caused by the decrease of the photospheric radius of the remnant envelope as the bolometric luminosity stays nearly constant. The oscillations in the light curve of GK Per during the transition stage can be explained by a pulsation of the remnant envelope when it is larger than the semimajor axis of the binary system. The CNO overabundances in novae reported by various observers are strongly suggestive of the proposed nova mechanism. Implications of the upper limits on C-13 and N-15 found in DQ Her are discussed.

Sparks, W. M.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Critical Assembly Boron Worth Experiments

The Space Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (SNTP) project was an attempt to create a more powerful and more efficient rocket engine utilizing nuclear technologies. As part of this project a zero-power critical assembly referred to as SNTPCX was designed and installed at Sandia National Laboratories. The SNTP-CX was a light water moderated particle bed reactor utilizing highly enriched uranium fuel in the form of UC particles. The SNTP-CX performed 142 runs covering numerous experiments from the year 1989 to 1992. The program was canceled in 1994 as the nation’s priorities shifted. Now these experiments are being evaluated for use as criticality safety benchmarks. Nineteen of the 142 reactor runs were dedicated to a series of experiments to calculate the worth of the boron used in the light water moderator. This series of experiments has been selected for further evaluation as a critical benchmark for the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP).

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Absorption of fermionic dark matter by nuclear targets

Absorption of fermionic dark matter leads to a range of distinct and novel signatures at dark matter direct detection and neutrino experiments. We study the possible signals from fermionic absorption by nuclear targets, which we divide into two classes of four Fermi operators: neutral and charged current. In the neutral current signal, dark matter is absorbed by a target nucleus and a neutrino is emitted. This results in a characteristically different nuclear recoil energy spectrum from that of elastic scattering. The charged current channel leads to induced $\beta$ decays in isotopes which are stable in vacuum as well as shifts of the kinematic endpoint of $ \beta$ spectra in unstable isotopes. To confirm the possibility of observing these signals in light of other constraints, we introduce UV completions of example higher dimensional operators that lead to fermionic absorption signals and study their phenomenology. Most prominently, dark matter which exhibits fermionic absorption signals is necessarily unstable leading to stringent bounds from indirect detection searches. Nevertheless, we find a large viable parameter space in which dark matter is sufficiently long lived and detectable in current and future experiments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Heavy-Duty Truck Electrification and the Impacts of Depot Charging on Electricity Distribution Systems

Major technological advancements and recent policy support are improving the outlook for heavy-duty truck electrification in the United States. In particular, short-haul operations (=200 miles (=322 km)) are prevalent and early candidates for plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) given their short, predictable routes and return-to-base applications, which allows vehicles to recharge when off shift at their depots. Although previous studies investigated the impacts of added electrical loads on distribution systems, which included light-duty EVs, the implications for heavy-duty EV charging are underexplored. Here we summarize the causes, costs and lead times of distribution system upgrades anticipated for depot charging. We also developed synthetic depot charging load profiles for heavy-duty trucks from real-world operating schedules, and found that charging requirements are met at common light-duty EV charging rates (=100 kW per vehicle). Finally, we applied depot charging load profiles to 36 distribution real-world substations, which showed that most can accommodate high levels of heavy-duty EV charging without upgrades.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Entangled-photon interferometry for plasmas

Subpicosecond coincidence timing from nonlocal intensity interference of entangled photons allows quantum interferometry for plasmas. Using a warm plasma dispersion relation, we correlate phase measurement sensitivity with different plasma properties or physics mechanisms over six orders of magnitude. Due to Nα (α≤−1/2) scaling with the photon number N, quantum interferometry using entangled light can probe small signals in plasmas not previously accessible. As an example, it is predicted that plasmas will induce shifts to a Gaussian dip, a well-known quantum optics phenomenon that is yet to be demonstrated for plasmas.

Wang, Zhehui (ORCID:0000000178264063)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Entangled-photon interferometry for plasmas

Sub-picosecond coincidence timing from nonlocal intensity interference of entangled photons allows quantum interferometry for plasmas. Using a warm plasma dispersion relation, we correlate phase measurement sensitivity with different plasma properties or physics mechanisms over 6 orders of magnitude. Due to N α (α ≤ - 1/2) scaling with the photon number N, quantum interferometry using entangled light can probe small signals in plasmas not previously accessible. As an example, it is predicted that plasmas will induce shifts to a Gaussian dip, a well-known quantum optics phenomenon.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗