Spectral measurements from 1.6 mu to 5.4 mu of natural surfaces and clouds.
Spectral measurements of reflected solar and emitted thermal radiations from earth and clouds, using spectrometer with interference filter wedge
RADIATION MEASUREMENT↗
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An Evaluation of Sea Surface Temperature as Measured by the Nimbus 1 High Resolution Infrared Radiometer
An analysis of Nimbus I HRIR data over various parts of the world indicated limited success in deriving sea surface temperatures to within 3 to 6 K of aircraft radiation measurements (8- 13 microns) and synoptic-climatological ship sea surface temperature data. The areas studied included the east, west and Gulf coasts of the United States, West Greenland, Nova Scotia, southern Japan, the eastern Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, and the Indian Ocean. At night, thin clouds which may fill the radiometer's field of view make it difficult to interpret the absolute values of derived sea surface temperature. During the daytime, the HRIR data is unusable for oceanographic temperature analysis because the contamination by reflected solar radiation mixes with the emitted radiation. Future satellite instrumentation, consisting of a HFUR radiometer (10-11 microns) when used in conjunction with television. data, will delineate cloud free ocean areas and permit the daily derivation of sea surface temperatures from approximately 10 to 30 Percent of the world's oceanic regions.
Allison, Lewis J.↗
Measurements report - Thermal property measurements of Manned Spacecraft Center spacesuit materials
Solar reflectance measurements on coated polysulfane space suit material
Source record↗
Studies related to satellite thermal control - Measurements of earth-reflected sunlight and stability of thermal-control coatings.
Earth reflected solar radiation and stability of satellite thermal control coatings, noting intensity distribution shifting toward UV region and coatings degradation rate
Griffin, R. N.↗
Description of Ames Research Center earth albedo experiment on OSO-III spacecraft.
Earth albedo instrument on OSO 3 spacecraft to measure solar reflectance of earth at various wavelengths
Beck, C. W., II↗
The radiation balance of the planet earth from radiation measurements of the satellite Nimbus II
Earth radiation balance /net flux/ determination from satellite measurements of long wave radiance and reflected solar radiation in upper atmosphere
Bandeen, W. R.↗
Lunar dust deposition effects on the solar absorptance of thermal control materials
Lunar dust deposition and brushing effects on spectral solar reflectance of thermal control materials in vacuum
Durkee, R. E.↗
Apollo 12 thermal radiation properties.
The spectral and total thermal radiation properties are presented as a function of bulk density for lunar fines from the Apollo 12 mission collected on the Ocean of Storms. The total emittance is presented as a function of temperature from 90 to 400 K and the solar reflectance (albedo) for near normal incidence.
Birkebak, R. C.↗
Analysis of some methods for obtaining sea surface temperature from satellite observations
Satellite measurements of sea surface temperature must be corrected for atmospheric moisture, cloud contamination, reflected solar radiation and other sources of error. Procedures for reducing errors are discussed. It appears that routine accuracies of 1 C are possible, given low noise spectral measurements in the infrared.
Price, J. C.↗
The annual radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system during 1969-70 from Nimbus 3 measurements.
Measurements of reflected solar radiation and emitted thermal radiation taken with a radiometer on the meteorological satellite Nimbus 3 during 10 semi-monthly periods (April-15 August, 3-17 October, 1969; 21 January-3 February, 1970) provided for the first time high-resolution data on the earth's annual global radiation budget. Results on the planetary albedo, the amount of absorbed solar radiation, the infrared radiation loss to space, and the radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system are discussed at various scales: global, hemispherical, and zonal averages; as well as global and polar maps with a spatial resolution of about synoptic scale.
Raschke, E.↗
Determination of radii of satellites and asteroids from radiometry and photometry.
Visual photometry, which measures reflected solar radiation, can be combined with infrared radiometry, which measures absorbed and reradiated solar energy, to determine the albedo and hence the radius of small solar system objects. Equations and graphical solutions for radius and albedo are presented for cases where the object is at opposition, in equilibrium with the insolation, and has unit values for phase integral and infrared emissivities. Each of these assumptions is then discussed, and expressions are given for the dependence of the derived parameters on the assumptions. The Galilean satellites, whose radii are well known, provide a calibration of this technique. Applications are then discussed to Saturn's satellites Iapetus and Rhea and to asteroids (1) Ceres, (4) Vesta, and (324) Bamberga. It is shown that the technique is not subject to major systematic errors and that it is possible to derive radii, particularly for dark objects, with uncertainties of less than 10%.
Morrison, D.↗
Systematic monitoring and evaluation of M7 scanner performance and data quality
An investigation was conducted to provide the information required to maintain data quality of the Michigan M7 Multispectral scanner by systematic checks on specific system performance characteristics. Data processing techniques which use calibration data gathered routinely every mission have been developed to assess current data quality. Significant changes from past data quality are thus identified and attempts made to discover their causes. Procedures for systematic monitoring of scanner data quality are discussed. In the solar reflective region, calculations of Noise Equivalent Change in Radiance on a permission basis are compared to theoretical tape-recorder limits to provide an estimate of overall scanner performance. M7 signal/noise characteristics are examined.
Stewart, S.↗
Opportunities for space surveys of moisture anomalies
Review of a combination of infrared scanning, unsupervised spectroscopic classification, change detection, and perturbation spectroscopy for monitoring anomalous moisture exchange from space. Infrared sensors have been developed which can monitor the solar reflectance from droplet distributions in vegetation and clouds, the absorption of thermal radiation by water vapor, and the microwave attenuation by atmospheric water. Unsupervised spectroscopic classification techniques are emerging which have the potential to subdivide strip maps from infrared scanners into different moisture targets. Intersecting and parallel spacecraft orbits provide opportunities to study the change of recognized targets between two scans and to recognize anomalous moisture exchange from those changes which significantly exceed the statistical uncertainty of the spectroscopic target signature. The new concept of perturbation spectroscopy shows a potential to quantitatively determine the change of integrated water vapor pressure with a minimum of 'atmospheric truth' and with low spectroscopic resolution that is typical of simple interference filters.
Krause, F. R.↗
Climatological studies of the earth's radiation budget and its variability with measurements of the satellite Nimbus 3
Measurements of emitted long-wave radiation and reflected solar radiation were obtained over the entire globe from the meteorological satellite Nimbus III during 10 semimonthly periods of 1969 and 1970 covering a full annual cycle. Analyses of these measurements resulted in values for various scales for the radiation balance, the planetary albedo, and the outgoing long-wave radiation flux, and in geographical distributions of their averages and parameters describing their variability. Some examples obtained from measurements during the semimonthly period from 1-15 July 1969 are presented. They show the value of quantitative radiometric measurements as climatological descriptors as well as for studies of atmospheric energetics.
Raschke, E.↗
Marking LANDSAT images with small mirror reflectors
Uniquely identifiable artificial landmarks were generated in LANDSAT imagery by making use of specular solar reflection from small, easily transportable mirrors. The results are impressive in well-registered color composite enlargements, where the mirror returns appear as bright white spots. The signatures are unique enough that returns can be readily located in the computer compatible tape records either manually or by machine search. As embodied in experiments to date, the system is entirely passive. Mirrors must be carefully positioned prior to each satellite pass, but the required angle calculations are simple enough to be made on a hand calculator and the required input data are easily available. Possible applications of the technique include providing site identification and geodetic control in remote regions of the earth, enhancement of small targets such as offshore oil derricks, providing atmospheric transmission data coincident with other LANDSAT experiments, and providing a nearly perfect optical point source for overall system checkout.
Evans, W. E.↗
Remote sensing of the atmosphere from environmental satellites
Various applications of satellite remote sensing of the earth are reviewed, including (1) the use of meteorological satellites to obtain photographic and radiometric data for determining weather conditions; (2) determination of the earth radiation budget from measurements of reflected solar radiation and emitted long wave terrestrial radiation; (3) the use of microwave imagery for measuring ice and snow cover; (4) LANDSAT visual and near infrared observation of floods and crop growth; and (5) the use of the Nimbus 4 backscatter ultraviolet instrument to measure total ozone and vertical ozone distribution. Plans for future activities are also discussed.
Allison, L. J.↗
Experimental study of digital image processing techniques for LANDSAT data
The author has identified the following significant results. Results are reported for: (1) subscene registration, (2) full scene rectification and registration, (3) resampling techniques, (4) and ground control point (GCP) extraction. Subscenes (354 pixels x 234 lines) were registered to approximately 1/4 pixel accuracy and evaluated by change detection imagery for three cases: (1) bulk data registration, (2) precision correction of a reference subscene using GCP data, and (3) independently precision processed subscenes. Full scene rectification and registration results were evaluated by using a correlation technique to measure registration errors of 0.3 pixel rms thoughout the full scene. Resampling evaluations of nearest neighbor and TRW cubic convolution processed data included change detection imagery and feature classification. Resampled data were also evaluated for an MSS scene containing specular solar reflections.
Rifman, S. S.↗
Seismotectonic, structural, volcanologic, and geomorphic study of New Zealand; indigenous forest assessment in New Zealand; mapping, land use, and environmental studies in New Zealand, volume 2
The author has identified the following significant results. Ship detection via LANDSAT MSS data was demonstrated. In addition, information on ship size, orientation, and movement was obtained. Band 7 was used for the initial detection followed by confirmation on other MSS bands. Under low turbidity, as experienced in open seas, the detection of ships 100 m long was verified and detection of ships down to 30 m length theorized. High turbidity and sea state inhibit ship detection by decreasing S/N ratios. The radiance effect from snow of local slope angles and orientation was also studied. Higher radiance values and even overloading in three bands were recorded for the sun-facing slope. Local hot spots from solar reflection appear at several locations along transect D-C in Six Mile Creek Basin during September 1976.
Probine, M. C.↗