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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 505 records · Page 28
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

3-D advanced gas-cooled nuclear reactor fuel channel reconstruction using structure-from-motion - 110

During planned, periodic outages, a selection of fuel channels within the UK fleet of Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) cores are inspected using specialist tools which record video footage and other sensory data for each channel which undergoes inspection. Current visualization techniques comprise of manually produced montages by inspection engineers of points of interest (i.e. structural defects) and 2-D panoramic images of the fuel channels automatically produced using bespoke image stitching software. Both techniques however provide limited structural information due to the loss of depth data as a result of the image formation process. By recovering the depth information from the footage, a 3D model could be constructed and subsequently, allow for more accurate profiling of specific defects observed during inspection in addition to obtaining the fuel channels structure using existing footage. This work explores the preliminary application of a 3-D visualization technique known as Structure-from-Motion (SfM) which aims to obtain 3-D information by exploiting image correspondences across multiple viewpoints of the same scene in the RVI footage. This paper investigates the difficulties of applying state-of-the-art SfM to RVI footage and we present new techniques to improve feature correspondence searching in repetitive, nondescript environments. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Accuracy of UTE-MRI-based patient setup for brain cancer radiation therapy

Purpose: Radiation therapy simulations solely based on MRI have advantages compared to CT-based approaches. One feature readily available from computed tomography (CT) that would need to be reproduced with MR is the ability to compute digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) for comparison against on-board radiographs commonly used for patient positioning. In this study, the authors generate MR-based bone images using a single ultrashort echo time (UTE) pulse sequence and quantify their 3D and 2D image registration accuracy to CT and radiographic images for treatments in the cranium. Methods: Seven brain cancer patients were scanned at 1.5 T using a radial UTE sequence. The sequence acquired two images at two different echo times. The two images were processed using an in-house software to generate the UTE bone images. The resultant bone images were rigidly registered to simulation CT data and the registration error was determined using manually annotated landmarks as references. DRRs were created based on UTE-MRI and registered to simulated on-board images (OBIs) and actual clinical 2D oblique images from ExacTrac™. Results: UTE-MRI resulted in well visualized cranial, facial, and vertebral bones that quantitatively matched the bones in the CT images with geometric measurement errors of less than 1 mm. The registration error between DRRs generated from 3D UTE-MRI and the simulated 2D OBIs or the clinical oblique x-ray images was also less than 1 mm for all patients. Conclusions: UTE-MRI-based DRRs appear to be promising for daily patient setup of brain cancer radiotherapy with kV on-board imaging.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2023

3D Virtual Simulation for Radiation Safety and Hazards Identification Training

This presentation will be presented at CAES codebreaker session on May 4th. The slides include two projects that demonstrate how virtual training can benefit from visualization technology. One is a collaboration project between the Applied Visualization Laboratory and College of Eastern Idaho for radiation safety and survey training. The other one is Idaho National Laboratory's hazards identification online training that utilized LiDAR technology.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Real-time microstructure imaging by Laue microdiffraction: A sample application in laser 3D printed Ni-based superalloys

Synchrotron-based Laue microdiffraction has been widely applied to characterize the local crystal structure, orientation, and defects of inhomogeneous polycrystalline solids by raster scanning them under a micro/nano focused polychromatic X-ray probe. In a typical experiment, a large number of Laue diffraction patterns are collected, requiring novel data reduction and analysis approaches, especially for researchers who do not have access to fast parallel computing capabilities. In this article, a novel approach is developed by plotting the distributions of the average recorded intensity and the average filtered intensity of the Laue patterns. Visualization of the characteristic microstructural features is realized in real time during data collection. As an example, this method is applied to image key features such as microcracks, carbides, heat affected zone, and dendrites in a laser assisted 3D printed Ni-based superalloy, at a speed much faster than data collection. Such analytical approach remains valid for a wide range of crystalline solids, and therefore extends the application range of the Laue microdiffraction technique to problems where real-time decision-making during experiment is crucial (for instance time-resolved non-reversible experiments).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

3D WHOLE-PROMINENCE FINE STRUCTURE MODELING. II. PROMINENCE EVOLUTION

We use the new three-dimensional (3D) whole-prominence fine structure model to study the evolution of prominences and their fine structures in response to changes in the underlying photospheric magnetic flux distribution. The applied model combines a detailed 3D prominence magnetic field configuration with a realistic description of the prominence plasma distributed along multiple fine structures. In addition, we utilize an approximate Hα visualization technique to study the evolution of the visible cool prominence plasma both in emission (prominence) and absorption (filament). We show that the initial magnetic field configuration of the modeled prominence is significantly disturbed by the changing position of a single polarity of a magnetic bipole as the bipole is advected toward the main body of the filament. This leads to the creation of a barb, which becomes the dominant feature visible in the synthetic Hα images of both the prominence and filament views. The evolution of the bipole also creates conditions that lead to the disappearance and reappearance of large portions of the main body. We also show that an arch-like region containing a dark void (a bubble) can be naturally produced in the synthetic prominence Hα images. While not visible in terms of the magnetic field lines, it is due to a lack of Hα emission from low-pressure, low-density plasma located in shallow magnetic dips lying along the lines of sight intersecting the dark void. In addition, a quasi-vertical small-scale feature consisting of short and deep dips, piled one above the other, is produced.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-D-17A-04: The Impact of Audiovisual Biofeedback On Image Quality During 4D Functional and Anatomic Imaging: Results of a Prospective Clinical Trial

Purpose: The ability of audiovisual (AV) biofeedback to improve breathing regularity has not previously been investigated for functional imaging studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of AV biofeedback on 4D-PET and 4D-CT image quality in a prospective clinical trial. We hypothesized that motion blurring in 4D-PET images and the number of artifacts in 4D-CT images are reduced using AV biofeedback. Methods: AV biofeedback is a real-time, interactive and personalized system designed to help a patient self-regulate his/her breathing using a patient-specific representative waveform and musical guides. In an IRB-approved prospective clinical trial, 4D-PET and 4D-CT images of 10 lung cancer patients were acquired with AV biofeedback (AV) and free breathing (FB). The 4D-PET images in 6 respiratory bins were analyzed for motion blurring by: (1) decrease of GTVPET and (2) increase of SUVmax in 4-DPET compared to 3D-PET. The 4D-CT images were analyzed for artifacts by: (1) comparing normalized cross correlation-based scores (NCCS); and (2) quantifying a visual assessment score (VAS). A two-tailed paired t-test was used to test the hypotheses. Results: The impact of AV biofeedback on 4D-PET and 4D-CT images varied widely between patients, suggesting inconsistent patient comprehension and capability. Overall, the 4D-PET decrease of GTVPET was 2.0±3.0cm3 with AV and 2.3±3.9cm{sup 3} for FB (p=0.61). The 4D-PET increase of SUVmax was 1.6±1.0 with AV and 1.1±0.8 with FB (p=0.002). The 4D-CT NCCS were 0.65±0.27 with AV and 0.60±0.32 for FB (p=0.32). The 4D-CT VAS was 0.0±2.7 (p=ns). Conclusion: A 10-patient study demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of motion blurring of AV over FB for 1/2 functional 4D-PET imaging metrics. No difference between AV and FB was found for 2 anatomic 4D-CT imaging metrics. Future studies will focus on optimizing the human-computer interface and including patient training sessions for improved comprehension and capability. Supported by NIH/NCI R01 CA 093626, Stanford BioX Interdisciplinary Initiatives Program, NHMRC Australia Fellowship, and Kwanjeong Educational Foundation. GE Healthcare provided the Respiratory Gating Toolbox for 4D-PET image reconstruction. Stanford University owns US patent #E7955270 which is unlicensed to any commercial entity.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Design and implementation of a data analysis pipeline for paper spray ionization mass spectrometry of UO 2 Cl 2

Ambient mass spectrometry is an emerging characterization method for nuclear materials analysis. SRNL has recently acquired a new JEOL AccuTOF™-DART® LP 4G with a Filter Spray™ front end sample injection system, to develop new methods for ambient mass spectrometry of uranium analytes. Preliminary measurements of uranium-containing samples have demonstrated a need to rapidly evaluate large datasets generated with tailored data analysis scripts. To address this gap a data analysis pipeline written in R within the R Studio environment has been developed. The pipeline comprises a series of processing steps where the data are ingested, analyte peaks of interest are extracted, subsequent ratio and normalization calculations are performed, and results are presented in a series of graphical plots. In detail, the data files containing up to several hundred chronological spectra of a single sample in netCDF format were first extracted into RStudio. Then, initial 3D plots of the data were created in respect to the time, intensity, and mass to charge domains. These graphics serve as an initial easily visualized survey of instrument data. Next, a .csv format file containing the names, masses, and abundances of isotopes of interest were ingested into RStudio and were used to automatically collect intensity values at the mass value. Uranium isotope ratios were plotted against gadolinium isotope ratios (gadolinium was used as an internal standard) and assessed for ion beam stability and intensity. The spectra were filtered by applying a threshold intensity for the 158GdO+ mass channel. A Monte Carlo experiment was performed by creating a theoretical distribution of the data in order to determine the ratio of the uranium isotopes. The results show that the developed data analysis pipeline successfully filters high quality data from overall poor quality runs. Our results also support the idea that paper spray ionization mass spectrometry can be used for both detection and quantification of trace amounts of uranium compounds.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Clear as mud redefined: Tunable transparent mineral scaffolds for visualizing microbial processes below ground

Microbes inhabiting complex porous microenvironments in sediments and aquifers catalyze reactions that are critical to global biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem health. However, the opacity and complexity of porous sediment and rock matrices have considerably hindered the study of microbial processes occurring within these habitats. Here, we generated microbially compatible, optically transparent mineral scaffolds to visualize and investigate microbial colonization and activities occurring in these environments, in laboratory settings and in situ. Using inexpensive synthetic cryolite mineral, we produced optically transparent scaffolds mimicking the complex 3D structure of sediments and rocks by adapting a suspension-based, freeze-casting technique commonly used in materials science. Fine-tuning of parameters, such as freezing rate and choice of solvent, provided full control of pore size and architecture. The combined effects of scaffold porosity and structure on the movement of microbe-sized particles, tested using velocity tracking of fluorescent beads, showed diverse yet reproducible behaviors. The scaffolds we produced are compatible with epifluorescence microscopy, allowing the fluorescence-based identification of colonizing microbes by DNA-based staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to depths of 100 µm. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy analysis indicates minimal background signal in regions used for measuring deuterium and 13 C enrichment in microorganisms, highlighting the potential to directly couple D 2 O or 13 C stable isotope probing and Raman-FISH for quantifying microbial activity at the single-cell level. To demonstrate the relevance of cryolite scaffolds for environmental field studies, we visualized their colonization by diverse microorganisms within rhizosphere sediments of a coastal seagrass plant using epifluorescence microscopy. The tool presented here enables highly resolved, spatially explicit, and multimodal investigations into the distribution, activities, and interactions of underground microbes typically obscured within opaque geological materials until now.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

CFD Model Development and validation for High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor Cavity Cooling System (RCCS) Applications

The Reactor Cavity Cooling Systems (RCCS) is a passive safety system that will be incorporated in the VTHR design. The system was designed to remove the heat from the reactor cavity and maintain the temperature of structures and concrete walls under desired limits during normal operation (steady-state) and accident scenarios. A small scale (1:23) water-cooled experimental facility was scaled, designed, and constructed in order to study the complex thermohydraulic phenomena taking place in the RCCS during steady-state and transient conditions. The facility represents a portion of the reactor vessel with nine stainless steel coolant risers and utilizes water as coolant. The facility was equipped with instrumentation to measure temperatures and flow rates and a general verification was completed during the shakedown. A model of the experimental facility was prepared using RELAP5-3D and simulations were performed to validate the scaling procedure. The experimental data produced during the steady-state run were compared with the simulation results obtained using RELAP5-3D. The overall behavior of the facility met the expectations. The facility capabilities were confirmed to be very promising in performing additional experimental tests, including flow visualization, and produce data for code validation.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2022

VERAView User's Manual

VERAView has been developed as an interactive graphical interface for the visualization and engineering analyses of output data from VERA. The Python-based software is easy to install, intuitive to use, and provides instantaneous 2D and 3D images, 1D plots, and alpha-numeric data from VERA multi-physics simulations. This document provides a brief overview of the software and some description of the major features of the application, including examples of each of the encapsulated “widgets” that have been implemented thus far. VERAView is still under major development and large changes in the software and this document are still anticipated.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2016

TU-H-CAMPUS-TeP1-04: Novel 3D Printed Plastic Cutouts Filled with Aluminum Oxide for Same Day Electron Radiotherapy

Purpose: Clinics that outsource electron cutout manufacturing may be unable to simulate and treat patients on the same day. To enable same day treatment, we investigate the use of 3D printed hollow cutouts filled with 30 grit Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} powder. We verified the dosimetric equivalence of such a cutout relative to an outsourced Copper cutout. Methods: Printing was performed using a Ultibots Kossel 250 V-Slot 3D printer and polylactic acid filament. Printing files were derived from an in-house 3D model designed to mate with a Varian 6 cm electron cone. Relative to conventional cutouts (Copper or Cerrobend), the height of the hollow plastic cutout was extended by 1.0 cm to increase attenuation. Measurements were performed for 6 MeV in solid water at dmax (1.4 cm) with Gafchromic™ EBT3 film; the cutout was kidney-shaped with a long and short axis of approximately 5 and 2 cm, respectively. The Copper cutout was based on an outline of the 3D printed cutout.A calibration film was exposed immediately after the electron irradiations. All films, including an un-irradiated one, were from the same batch. Films were scanned on an Epson 10000XL flatbed scanner. Film analysis was performed in DoseLab (MOBIUS Medical Systems, Houston, Tx). Results: Visual comparison of the physical cutouts revealed that the Copper cutout had a slightly smaller opening than the printed cutout. Line profiles through the registered films indicated agreement within 5% in the open section. 99.9% of pixels passed gamma analysis with 2% local percent difference, 2 mm DTA, and a 25% threshold. Conclusion: Same day simulation and treatment with electrons is feasible with 3D printing of a hollow cutout filled with Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. Future work will include evaluations of additional cutout shapes at different depths for higher energies. Other printing materials, such as bismuth, are being tested.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Analysis of Defects in Metal Additive Manufacturing with Augmented Data Generation

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a method of additive manufacturing (AM) that selectively melts and fuses together microscopic metallic powder. LPBF offers the benefit of producing custom structures out of high strength metals that can be difficult to fabricate with conventional methods. The challenge of LPBF is that 3D printed structures often have internal pores due to process flaws. Pulsed thermal tomography (PTT) is a method for reconstructing the depth profile of materials, allowing the visualization internal voids in solids. In prior work, we developed a convolutional neural network (CNN) which, having been trained on simulated 2D PTT images of subsurface elliptical defects, was able to classify the semi-major radii, semi-minor radii, and angular orientation of the best-fit ellipses in previously unseen PTT images. The unseen PTT images contained subsurface irregular defect shapes imported from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of metallic LPBF-printed specimens. Training the CNN on irregular defect shapes instead of on elliptical shapes would make the resulting classifications more descriptive of actual defect shapes. However, this requires a much higher volume of SEM images of material defects, which are difficult to obtain because of random occurrence of defects in LPBF. To address this challenge, we developed a generative adversarial network (GAN) to augment the existing dataset of SEM defect images. The GAN model is demonstrated to create novel yet realistic defect shapes that can be used as input for simulated PTT images to train CNN.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

3D structure and in situ arrangements of CatSper channel in the sperm flagellum

The sperm calcium channel CatSper plays a central role in successful fertilization as a primary Ca 2+ gateway. Here, we applied cryo-electron tomography to visualize the higher-order organization of the native CatSper complex in intact mammalian sperm. The repeating CatSper units form long zigzag-rows along mouse and human sperm flagella. Above each tetrameric channel pore, most of the extracellular domains form a canopy that interconnects to a zigzag-shaped roof. Murine CatSper contains an additional wing-structure connected to the tetrameric channel. The intracellular domains link two neighboring channels to a diagonal array, suggesting a dimer formation. Fitting of an atomic model of isolated monomeric CatSper to the in situ map reveals supramolecular interactions and assembly of the CatSper complex. Loss of EFCAB9-CATSPERζ alters the architecture and interactions of the channels, resulting in fragmentation and misalignment of the zigzag-rows and disruption of flagellar movement in Efcab9 -/- sperm. This work offers unique insights into the structural basis for understanding CatSper regulation of sperm motility.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

rcsb-api : Python Toolkit for Streamlining Access to RCSB Protein Data Bank APIs

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) was founded in 1971 as the first open-access digital data resource in biology to serve as the single global archive for three-dimensional (3D) macromolecular structure data. Current PDB holdings exceed 230,000 experimentally determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, and macromolecular machines. The RCSB Protein Data Bank RCSB.org research-focused web portal facilitates search, analyses, and visualization of every PDB structure along with more than one million Computed Structure Models from AlphaFold DB and the ModelArchive. It is powered by a set of publicly available Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) that both support RCSB.org users and provide programmatic access to PDB data. Given the breadth and levels of granularity encompassed in this rich data collection, efficiently accessing the information programmatically may be challenging for new users. RCSB PDB has developed a Python software package, rcsb-api , that facilitates easy and efficient use of RCSB PDB APIs within a Python environment. This software tool is designed to streamline access to the extensive corpus of data housed within the PDB, enabling researchers to search, retrieve, and analyze 3D biostructure data seamlessly. Its use will accelerate research in structural biology, molecular biology and biochemistry, drug discovery, and bioinformatics by providing more efficient tools for data integration and analysis. The new toolkit is available on GitHub (github.com/rcsb/py-rcsb-api) and published to the public Python package repository (PyPI) to foster wider usage and support basic and applied research in fundamental biology, biomedicine, and the energy sciences.

FAIR principles↗
DOE OSTI2024

Modular Subsurface Sensors and Integrated Software for Advanced Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring using Unoccupied Vehicles

The advent and subsequent proliferation of autonomous airborne, waterborne, and groundbased vehicles (i.e., “drones”) promises to broadly transform the geosciences and associated industries, including fossil energy exploration and development, mineral resource exploration and development, water-resource management, and environmental remediation. For geophysical characterization and monitoring, the prospect of programming highly repeatable and low-cost drone missions for subsurface imaging will allow for deployments in hazardous and previously inaccessible areas. Coupled with autonomous workflows for data processing, management, and visualization, drone-based geophysical characterization and monitoring will enable unprecedented, real-time insight into diverse subsurface properties and processes of scientific and engineering importance. Toward this end, the objectives of this Lab Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project were to develop new (1) instrumentation for dronebased electromagnetic induction (EMI) geophysical imaging, including separated transmitter and receivers and associated electronics, (2) software for real-time data telemetry, processing, management, and visualization. Although EMI has been previously deployed using unoccupied aerial systems (UASs), these applications failed to capitalize on the game-changing capabilities of drone platforms. Whereas drone-based data acquisition allows for collection of rich, three-dimensional (3D) multi-offset/multi-angle configurations between transmitters and receivers, past efforts have relied on conventional instrumentation that was designed for ground-based data collection with the transmitter and a single receiver housed in the same unit; nor did these previous applications demonstrate real-time delivery of results to support rapid management decisions in the field. In this 1-year project, we (1) designed and constructed new lightweight independent transmitter and receiver antenna platforms that communicate with a laptop computer; (2) developed software to control data acquisition, manage/transfer data, and visualize data as its collected; and (3) demonstrated the operation of the new hardware and software systems in a ground-based field test. Our work entails major technological advances for EMI and established a foundation on which to build a new drone-based, real-time geophysical EMI imaging capability to support diverse challenges facing the nation.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2014

Computer Assisted Virtual Environment - CAVE

Research at the Center for Advanced Energy Studies is taking on another dimension with a 3-D device known as a Computer Assisted Virtual Environment. The CAVE uses projection to display high-end computer graphics on three walls and the floor. By wearing 3-D glasses to create depth perception and holding a wand to move and rotate images, users can delve into data.

3D↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of pulse sequence parameter selection on signal strength in positive-contrast MRI markers for MRI-based prostate postimplant assessment

Purpose: For postimplant dosimetric assessment, computed tomography (CT) is commonly used to identify prostate brachytherapy seeds, at the expense of accurate anatomical contouring. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is superior to CT for anatomical delineation, but identification of the negative-contrast seeds is challenging. Positive-contrast MRI markers were proposed to replace spacers to assist seed localization on MRI images. Visualization of these markers under varying scan parameters was investigated. Methods: To simulate a clinical scenario, a prostate phantom was implanted with 66 markers and 86 seeds, and imaged on a 3.0T MRI scanner using a 3D fast radiofrequency-spoiled gradient recalled echo acquisition with various combinations of scan parameters. Scan parameters, including flip angle, number of excitations, bandwidth, field-of-view, slice thickness, and encoding steps were systematically varied to study their effects on signal, noise, scan time, image resolution, and artifacts. Results: The effects of pulse sequence parameter selection on the marker signal strength and image noise were characterized. The authors also examined the tradeoff between signal-to-noise ratio, scan time, and image artifacts, such as the wraparound artifact, susceptibility artifact, chemical shift artifact, and partial volume averaging artifact. Given reasonable scan time and managable artifacts, the authors recommended scan parameter combinations that can provide robust visualization of the MRI markers. Conclusions: The recommended MRI pulse sequence protocol allows for consistent visualization of the markers to assist seed localization, potentially enabling MRI-only prostate postimplant dosimetry.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Scaled laboratory experiments explain the kink behaviour of the Crab Nebula jet

X-ray images from the Chandra X-ray Observatory show that the South-East jet in the Crab nebula changes direction every few years. This remarkable phenomenon is also observed in jets associated with pulsar wind nebulae and other astrophysical objects, and therefore is a fundamental feature of astrophysical jet evolution that needs to be understood. Theoretical modeling and numerical simulations have suggested that this phenomenon may be a consequence of magnetic fields (B) and current-driven magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities taking place in the jet, but until now there has been no verification of this process in a controlled laboratory environment. Here we report the first such experiments, using scaled laboratory plasma jets generated by high-power lasers to model the Crab jet and monoenergetic-proton radiography to provide direct visualization and measurement of magnetic fields and their behavior. The toroidal magnetic field embedded in the supersonic jet triggered plasma instabilities and resulted in considerable deflections throughout the jet propagation, mimicking the kinks in the Crab jet. We also demonstrated that these kinks are stabilized by high jet velocity, consistent with the observation that instabilities alter the jet orientation but do not disrupt the overall jet structure. We successfully modeled these laboratory experiments with a validated three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation, which in conjunction with the experiments provide compelling evidence that we have an accurate model of the most important physics of magnetic fields and MHD instabilities in the observed, kinked jet in the Crab nebula. The experiments initiate a novel approach in the laboratory for visualizing fields and instabilities associated with jets observed in various astrophysical objects, ranging from stellar to extragalactic systems. We expect that future work along this line will have important impact on the study and understanding of such fundamental astrophysical phenomena.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗