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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 505 records · Page 28

Earth-based navigation capabilities for outer planet missions.

The role of new Earth-based radio metric data types and of advanced estimation algorithms in navigating an outer planet spacecraft in the vicinity of Saturn has been analyzed. The data types included in the study consist of conventional range and range-rate measurements taken from a single station and simultaneous and nearly simultaneous measurements obtained from pairs of stations during overlapping viewing periods. The utility of a third data set that is produced by explicitly differencing the simultaneous points has also been investigated. The data was processed with a conventional least squares batch filter and with a sequential filter that estimated parameters describing small stochastic accelerations (process noise) acting on the spacecraft. It was found that process noise can produce large errors in the estimates obtained from batch filtering conventional and simultaneous data, and that the only batch filtered estimates that were reliable were those obtained from differenced data. The performance of the simultaneous data in the presence of process noise is greatly improved by sequential filtering.

Hildebrand, C. E.↗

Application of a Monte Carlo accuracy assessment tool to TDRS and GPS

In support of a NASA study on the application of radio interferometry to satellite orbit determination, MITRE developed a simulation tool for assessing interferometric tracking accuracy. Initially, the tool was applied to the problem of determining optimal interferometric station siting for orbit determination of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS). Subsequently, the Orbit Determination Accuracy Estimator (ODAE) was expanded to model the general batch maximum likelihood orbit determination algorithms of the Goddard Trajectory Determination System (GTDS) with measurement types including not only group and phase delay from radio interferometry, but also range, range rate, angular measurements, and satellite-to-satellite measurements. The user of ODAE specifies the statistical properties of error sources, including inherent observable imprecision, atmospheric delays, station location uncertainty, and measurement biases. Upon Monte Carlo simulation of the orbit determination process, ODAE calculates the statistical properties of the error in the satellite state vector and any other parameters for which a solution was obtained in the orbit determination. This paper presents results from ODAE application to two different problems: (1)determination of optimal geometry for interferometirc tracking of TDRS, and (2) expected orbit determination accuracy for Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking of low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites. Conclusions about optimal ground station locations for TDRS orbit determination by radio interferometry are presented, and the feasibility of GPS-based tracking for IRIDIUM, a LEO mobile satellite communications (MOBILSATCOM) system, is demonstrated.

Pavloff, Michael S.↗

Small Punch Testing of Molybdenum-99 Targets

Northstar Medical Radioisotopes is developing an accelerator-based method to produce 99 Mo, which is a parent isotope of the commonly used 99m Tc medical isotope. The Mo targets being designed for the accelerator will be produced from enriched 100 Mo, also known as aMo . Pressed and sintered powder feedstock is used to fabricate aMo targets, producing 29 mm disk-shaped targets. The targets are subjected to 1–6 days in line of an electron beam with subsequent dissolution of the disk to retain the 99 Mo, which decays to 99m Tc at radio-pharmacies. The press and sinter method is advantageous because the inherent porosity produced by this method enables increased surface area and therefore increased flow of dissolution media, decreasing the dissolution time and reducing the need for a highly acidic media. Although porosity aids in dissolution, it reduces the mechanical strength and ductility. Targets require good mechanical integrity when subjected to the conditions in the accelerator. Therefore, Northstar is seeking methods to rapidly test disk samples after fabrication to assure mechanical performance metrics are achieved. This report details the design and testing of a small punch test (SPT) that accommodates the 29 mm disk. Initial data were used to relate the SPT data to tensile properties, such as the yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and total elongation to failure. Although the SPT has been established as a somewhat reliable method for testing metallic materials, few studies have applied the SPT to refractory materials such as Mo. Based on tensile testing performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory on different Mo samples, correlation between the Mo tensile and SPT properties could be performed, establishing a standard calibration that could be applied to other Mo samples. To test the efficacy of the SPT with Mo, multiple different disk batches were fabricated under different conditions (e.g., pressure, lubricant) with commercially available pure Mo powder. Generally, only a UTS could be well defined because the press and sinter disks failed under brittle fracture, making it difficult to determine the YS and elongation. Compared with disks fabricated with aMo powder, the aMo samples underperformed their pure nat Mo counterparts. This report summarizes the current status of the SPT, but further evaluation is needed before it can be applied as a reliable quality assurance tool.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

Fluidized bed coal desulfurization

Laboratory scale experiments were conducted on two high volatile bituminous coals in a bench scale batch fluidized bed reactor. Chemical pretreatment and posttreatment of coals were tried as a means of enhancing desulfurization. Sequential chlorination and dechlorination cum hydrodesulfurization under modest conditions relative to the water slurry process were found to result in substantial sulfur reductions of about 80%. Sulfur forms as well as proximate and ultimate analyses of the processed coals are included. These studies indicate that a fluidized bed reactor process has considerable potential for being developed into a simple and economic process for coal desulfurization.

Ravindram, M.↗

Soft-Bake Purification of SWCNTs Produced by Pulsed Laser Vaporization

The "soft-bake" method is a simple and reliable initial purification step first proposed by researchers at Rice University for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) produced by high-pressure carbon mon oxide disproportionation (HiPco). Soft-baking consists of annealing as-produced (raw) SWCNT, at low temperatures in humid air, in order to degrade the heavy graphitic shells that surround metal particle impurities. Once these shells are cracked open by the expansion and slow oxidation of the metal particles, the metal impurities can be digested through treatment with hydrochloric acid. The soft-baking of SWCNT produced by pulsed-laser vaporization (PLV) is not straightforward, because the larger average SWCNT diameters (.1.4 nm) and heavier graphitic shells surrounding metal particles call for increased temperatures during soft-bake. A part of the technology development focused on optimizing the temperature so that effective cracking of the graphitic shells is balanced with maintaining a reasonable yield, which was a critical aspect of this study. Once the ideal temperature was determined, a number of samples of raw SWCNT were purified using the soft-bake method. An important benefit to this process is the reduced time and effort required for soft-bake versus the standard purification route for SWCNT. The total time spent purifying samples by soft-bake is one week per batch, which equates to a factor of three reduction in the time required for purification as compared to the standard acid purification method. Reduction of the number of steps also appears to be an important factor in improving reproducibility of yield and purity of SWCNT, as small deviations are likely to get amplified over the course of a complicated multi-step purification process.

Yowell, Leonard↗

Thermal feedback coupling in a transient Monte Carlo high-order/low-order scheme

Transient simulations of nuclear systems face the computational challenge of resolving both space and time during reactivity changes. A common strategy for tackling this issue is to split the neutron flux into shape and amplitude functions. This split can be solved with high- order/low-order methods. While this multi-fidelity approach has traditionally been reserved for deterministic methods, it is also possible to implement in Monte Carlo as an efficient alternative to Dynamic Monte Carlo. This work implements the frequency transform method with thermal feedback in high-order/low-order Monte Carlo by blending static coupling methods such as single-batch Monte Carlo, with a simple thermal-fluids calculation. While previous work focused solely on prescribed transients, the addition of time-dependent thermal-fluids allows transients to be self-propagating. Tests were run in a fluids-initiated transient to showcase the basic functionalities of this methodology. Preliminary results behave as expected, paving the way for studying more sophisticated thermal-fluids coupling methods. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Feedstock variability impacts the bioconversion of sugar and lignin streams derived from corn stover by Clostridium tyrobutyricum and engineered Pseudomonas putida

Abstract Feedstock variability represents a challenge in lignocellulosic biorefineries, as it can influence both lignocellulose deconstruction and microbial conversion processes for biofuels and biochemicals production. The impact of feedstock variability on microbial performance remains underexplored, and predictive tools for microbial behaviour are needed to mitigate risks in biorefinery scale‐up. Here, twelve batches of corn stover were deconstructed via deacetylation, mechanical refining, and enzymatic hydrolysis to generate lignin‐rich and sugar streams. These batches and their derived streams were characterised to identify their chemical components, and the streams were used as substrates for producing muconate and butyrate by engineered Pseudomonas putida and wildtype Clostridium tyrobutyricum , respectively. Bacterial performance (growth, product titers, yields, and productivities) differed among the batches, but no strong correlations were identified between feedstock composition and performance. To provide metabolic insights into the origin of these differences, we evaluated the effect of twenty‐three isolated chemical components on these microbes, including three components in relevant bioprocess settings in bioreactors, and we found that growth‐inhibitory concentrations were outside the ranges observed in the streams. Overall, this study generates a foundational dataset on P. putida and C. tyrobutyricum performance to enable future predictive models and underscores their resilience in effectively converting fluctuating lignocellulose‐derived streams into bioproducts.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Pilot Testing of a Modular Oxygen Production System Using Oxygen Binding Adsorbents (Final Report)

In this project, RTI and Air Liquide have focused on the development of innovative oxygen separation materials and technologies based on reversibly binding of oxygen to enable smaller and cheaper air separations. In alignment with that object the team has had multiple achievements to advance the technology including: Synthesized and characterized novel M-CoSalen (RTIO2Sorb-1) material which showed a dynamic oxygen adsorption capacity in excess of 1wt%. Developed synthesis routes for RTIO2Sorb-1 with commercially relevant techniques and produced batches of 0.25kg and over 4 kg of total synthesis. Synthesized and characterized extrudate forms of the RTIO2Sorb-1 with relevant crush strength and maintained dynamic oxygen adsorption capacity in near 1wt%. Developed techniques for forming structured beds in fiber shapes with conventional materials. Developed a model for O 2 sorption processes to analyze various bed configurations and cycle parameters. Studied classic O 2 solid sorbents reported in the literature to learn oxygen binding mechanisms. Design a 10 kg/day O 2 VPSA pilot system with 2 or 4-bed operation. Completed a techno-economic analysis based on the experimental results and modeling. The overall objective of the project was to design, fabricate, and test a modular O 2 production system and perform a techno-economic analysis (TEA) after testing to determine the cost-benefit of the advanced modular air separation system. The goals of this technology development project were to achieve a bed-size factor (BSF) of less than 600 lb-adsorbent/TPD O 2 (ton/day O 2 ) (as compared with the state-of-the-art BSF of 850), and O 2 -purity greater than 95% at a cost that is projected to be equivalent or lower than the current state of the art (SOTA), commercially available large-scale cryogenic air separation systems. To achieve these goals and objective, the project team executed on (1) oxygen binding adsorbent optimization and scale up, (2) adsorbent material formation process studies to form the adsorbent material into structured beds for rapid pressure swing adsorption (PSA) cycles with low pressure drop, fast mass transfer, and low attrition, (3) cycle development studies to optimize the PSA process, and (4) develop simulation tools for rapid cycle modeling and numerical evaluation/optimization.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

A survey of electric and hybrid vehicle simulation programs

Results of a survey conducted within the United States to determine the extent of development and capabilities of automotive performance simulation programs suitable for electric and hybrid vehicle studies are summarized. Altogether, 111 programs were identified as being in a usable state. The complexity of the existing programs spans a range from a page of simple desktop calculator instructions to 300,000 lines of a high-level programming language. The capability to simulate electric vehicles was most common, heat-engines second, and hybrid vehicles least common. Batch-operated programs are slightly more common than interactive ones, and one-third can be operated in either mode. The most commonly used language was FORTRAN, the language typically used by engineers. The higher-level simulation languages (e.g. SIMSCRIPT, GPSS, SIMULA) used by "model builders" were conspicuously lacking.

Bevan, J.↗

Optimization of key energy and performance metrics for drug product manufacturing

During the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, detailed systems-based analysis and optimization are required to control and regulate critical quality attributes within specific ranges, to maintain product performance. As discussions on carbon footprint, sustainability, and energy efficiency are gaining prominence, the development and utilization of these concepts in pharmaceutical manufacturing are seldom reported, which limits the potential of pharmaceutical industry in maximizing key energy and performance metrics. Based on an integrated modeling and techno-economic analysis framework previously developed by the authors, this study presents the development of a combined sensitivity analysis and optimization approach to minimize energy consumption while maintaining product quality and meeting operational constraints in a pharmaceutical process. The optimal input process conditions identified were validated against experiments and good agreement resulted between simulated and experimental data. Here, the results also allowed for a comparison of the capital and operational costs for batch and continuous manufacturing schemes under nominal and optimized conditions. Using the nominal batch operations as a basis, the optimized batch operation results in a 71.7% reduction of energy consumption, whereas the optimized continuous case results in an energy saving of 83.3%.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Data from a multi-year targeted proteomics study of a longitudinal birth cohort of type 1 diabetes

The deployment of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based plasma proteomics experiments in a large cohort is sparse, leading to a lack of data available for benchmarking, method development or validation. Comprised of 6,426 plasma analyses, The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) proteomics validation study constitutes one of the largest targeted proteomics experiments in the literature to date. The proteomics data from this study were generated over the course of 2.5 years from over 900 study subjects, each providing up to 29 longitudinal samples. The data also includes 916 quality control samples. The targeted mass spectrometry assay was comprised of 694 peptides mapping to 167 proteins and the panel was measured in each subject and QC sample. The targeted proteomic dataset presented here can be used as a resource for new computational method development, such as for batch correction, as well as for benchmarking and comparing the performance of different methods/tools.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Corn stover variability drives differences in bisabolene production by engineered Rhodotorula toruloides

Microbial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass represents an alternative route for production of biofuels and bioproducts. While researchers have mostly focused on engineering strains such as Rhodotorula toruloides for better bisabolene production as a sustainable aviation fuel, less is known about the impact of the feedstock heterogeneity on bisabolene production. Critical material attributes like feedstock composition, nutritional content, and inhibitory compounds can all influence bioconversion. Further, the given feedstocks can have a marked influence on selection of suitable pretreatment and hydrolysis technologies, optimizing the fermentation conditions, and possibly even modifying the microorganism's metabolic pathways, to better utilize the available feedstock. Here, this work aimed to examine and understand how variations in corn stover batches, anatomical fractions, and storage conditions impact the efficiency of bisabolene production by R. toruloides. All of these represent different facets of feedstock heterogeneity. Deacetylation, mechanical refining, and enzymatic hydrolysis of these variable feedstocks served as the basis of this research. The resulting hydrolysates were converted to bisabolene via fermentation, a sustainable aviation fuel precursor, using an engineered R. toruloides strain. This study showed that different sources of feedstock heterogeneity can influence microbial growth and product titer in counterintuitive ways, as revealed through global analysis of protein expression. The maximum bisabolene produced by R. toruloides was on the stalk fraction of corn stover hydrolysate (8.89 ± 0.47 g/L). Further, proteomics analysis comparing the protein expression between the anatomic fractions showed that proteins relating to carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, and conversion as well as inorganic ion transport metabolism were either significantly upregulated or downregulated. Specifically, downregulation of proteins related to the iron–sulfur cluster in stalk fraction suggests a coordinated response by R. toruloides to maintain overall metabolic balance, and this was corroborated by the concentration of iron in the feedstocks.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Some effects of acceleration in man and chimpanzees

Early physiologic experiments using dogs and humans in centrifuges are reviewed. Because of the close similarity between the shape and dimensions of the thoraces of chimpanzees and humans, the former were used to obtain roentgenograms and photokymographic recordings of multiple physiologic variables before and during exposure to +5.8 Gy to study the effects of changes in the gravitational-inertial force environment on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems during long duration space flight. A computer-controlled sciscanning system was used to obtain a two dimensional map of the amount of radiation emanating from the dorsal and ventricle surfaces after insertion of radioactive microspheres in the right ventricle. By using four different batches of microspheres tagged with isotopes of different energies, the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow under four conditions was determined.

Wood, E. H.↗

Thermophilic biocatalysts for one-step conversion of citrus waste into lactic acid

Agri-food residues offer significant potential as a raw material for the production of L-lactic acid through microbial fermentation. Weizmannia coagulans, previously known as Bacillus coagulans, is a spore-forming, lactic acid-producing, gram-positive, with known probiotic and prebiotic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing untreated citrus waste as a sustainable feedstock for the production of L-lactic acid in a one-step process, by using the strain W. coagulans MA-13. By employing a thermophilic enzymatic cocktail (Cellic CTec2) in conjunction with the hydrolytic capabilities of MA-13, biomass degradation was enhanced by up to 62%. Moreover, batch and fed-batch fermentation experiments demonstrated the complete fermentation of glucose into L-lactic acid, achieving a concentration of up to 44.8 g/L. These results point to MA-13 as a microbial cell factory for one-step production of L-lactic acid, by combining cost-effective saccharification with MA-13 fermentative performance, on agri-food wastes. Moreover, the potential of this approach for sustainable valorization of agricultural waste streams is successfully proven.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Impact of natural organic matter on plutonium vadose zone migration from an NH4Pu(V)O2CO3(s) source

Large amounts of plutonium produced at the Savannah River Site (SRS) in the latter half of the last century led to the release of plutonium to the subsurface. Low-level waste containing plutonium has also been disposed of in the SRS vadose zone. The mobility and risk posed by these plutonium sources is not well understood, in part, because of unknown interactions of the various mobile plutonium species with natural organic matter (NOM). This study investigated the influence of NOM on the behavior of plutonium(V) in the vadose zone through a combination of field lysimeter and laboratory studies. Well-defined solid sources of NH4PuVO2CO3(s) placed in 5-L lysimeters containing vadose zone soils NOM-amended or unamended were exposed to natural SRS meteorological conditions for three years. These lysimeters were removed from the field and analyzed using wet chemistry methods and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Plutonium desorption from soils recovered from the lysimeters and laboratory batch sorption experiments using Pu-free soils both indicated that surface mediated reduction of Pu(V) to Pu(IV) was influencing Pu sorption behavior. For both lysimeters (amended and unamended with NOM), Pu migrated slowly through the lysimeter core, with > 95% of the Pu remaining within 2 cm of the source. However, without the NOM amendments, Pu was transported significantly farther than in the presence of NOM. Thus, the presence of NOM appeared to decrease the mobility. Working hypotheses to explain this behavior are that 1) formation of ternary surface-NOM-Pu complexes enhanced Pu sorption affinity causing less mobility and/or 2) formation of these ternary surface-NOM-Pu complexes prevented reoxidaiton of Pu(IV) to more mobile Pu(V) in the pore water.

plutonium, organic matter↗

Interplay of physically different properties leading to challenges in separating lanthanide cations – an ab initio molecular dynamics and experimental study

Lanthanide elements have well-documented similarities in their chemical behavior, which make the valuable trivalent lanthanide cations (Ln 3+ ) particularly difficult to separate from each other in water. Here, we apply ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to compare the free energies (Δ G ads ) associated with the adsorption of lanthanide cations to silica surfaces at a pH condition where SiO – groups are present. The predicted Δ G ads for lutetium (Lu 3+ ) and europium (Eu 3+ ) are similar within statistical uncertainties; this is in qualitative agreement with our batch adsorption measurements on silica. This finding is remarkable because the two cations exhibit hydration free energies (Δ G hyd ) that differ by >2 eV, different hydration numbers, and different hydrolysis behavior far from silica surfaces. We observe that the similarity in Lu 3+ and Eu 3+ Δ G ads is the result of a delicate cancellation between the difference in Eu 3+ and Lu 3+ hydration (Δ G hyd ), and their difference in binding energies to silica. We propose that disrupting this cancellation at the two end points, either for adsorbed or completely desorbed lanthanides ( e.g. , via nanoconfinment or mixed solvents), will lead to effective Ln 3+ separation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Computer enhancement through interpretive techniques

The improvement in the usage of the digital computer through the use of the technique of interpretation rather than the compilation of higher ordered languages was investigated by studying the efficiency of coding and execution of programs written in FORTRAN, ALGOL, PL/I and COBOL. FORTRAN was selected as the high level language for examining programs which were compiled, and A Programming Language (APL) was chosen for the interpretive language. It is concluded that APL is competitive, not because it and the algorithms being executed are well written, but rather because the batch processing is less efficient than has been admitted. There is not a broad base of experience founded on trying different implementation strategies which have been targeted at open competition with traditional processing methods.

Foster, G.↗

Slush hydrogen propellant production, transfer, and expulsion studies at the NASA K-Site Facility

Slush hydrogen is currently being considered as a fuel for the National AeroSpace Plane (NASP) because it offers the potential for decreased vehicle size and weight. However, no large scale data was available on the production, transfer, and tank pressure control characteristics required to use the fuel for the NASP. Therefore, experiments were conducted at NASA-Lewis K-Site Facility to improve the slush hydrogen data base. Slush hydrogen was produced using the evaporative cooling, or freeze-thaw, technique in batches for approx. 800 gallons. This slush hydrogen was pressure transferred to a 5 ft diameter spherical test tank following production, and flow characteristics were measured during this transfer process. The slush hydrogen in the test tank was pressurized and expelled using a pressurized expulsion technique to obtain information on tank pressure control for the NASP. Results from the production, transfer, pressurization, and pressurized expulsion tests are described.

Hardy, Terry L.↗