Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “CURE”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 505 records · Page 28
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Llama 20, 40, 50 and 60 Siloxanes for Direct Ink Write – Compositional Information

The following information provides a quick lookup table for compositions that relate to the constituents within a series of variable hardness [Durometer, Shore A] siloxanes useful for 3D printing using Direct Ink Write [DIW]. These siloxanes are formulated to have a thixotropic character with long pot life and are thermally cured for 16 hours at 150 °C prior to use.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Operating Lifetime Study of Ultraviolet (UV) Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Products

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can emit radiation that spans the range from near infrared (IR) to all three bands of ultraviolet (UV) radiation: UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C. This report focuses on LEDs that emit in one of the three UV bands because they have the potential to displace lowpressure mercury vapor (LPMV) lamps in a variety of industrial processes, including ink and adhesive curing, medical procedures, and germicidal disinfection. However, before emerging UV LED technologies can displace LPMV lamps, the efficiency and reliability of these sources must meet the user’s expectations in each application. An earlier report focused on the construction and initial performance of commercial UV LED products in radiometric and current-voltage (IV) tests [1]. This report focuses on the long-term performance and reliability of the same set of commercial products. The intent of this report is to provide to the lighting industry a benchmark of the state of UV LEDs as of mid-2021 when these products were purchased. Understanding the failure modes and failure rates of UV LEDs is important in improving UV product reliability at the LED, lamp, and luminaire level and is critical to developing products with higher efficiency, lower carbon footprint, and significantly reduced environmental impact than LPMV lamps.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

January 2022 Semiannual Saltstone Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Results

The aqueous waste from Tank 50 (salt solution) is sampled semiannually for transfers to the Saltstone Production Facility (SPF). Salt solution is treated at SPF and disposed of in the Saltstone Disposal Facility (SDF). Per request of customer, X-TTR-Z-00025, Revision 0, two SDF waste form (saltstone) samples were prepared in the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) from the Tank 50 Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) sample and Z-Area premix material for the January 2022 semiannual Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) samples. One sample contained a Full Premix which included 10:45:45 (by weight) of cement, slag and fly ash. The second sample contained 60:40 (by weight) of slag and fly ash only referred to as the “Cement-Free grout sample.” Results from this technical report support Task 2: ‘Grout Leaching Analyses’ of the Task Technical Request (TTR) prepared by Savannah River Mission Completion (SRMC). After at least 28 days cured, a sample of each of the SDF waste forms was collected and shipped to a certified laboratory for analysis using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The January 2022 semiannual saltstone (Full Premix) and the Cement-Free grout samples met the South Carolina (SC) Code of Regulations for Hazardous Waste Management Regulations (HWMR) 61-79.261.24 and 61-79-268.48 requirements for a non-hazardous waste form with respect to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals and Underlying Hazardous Constituents (UHCs), and also met the SPF WAC that was in effect at the time of the tank sampling.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Pulse Strengthened and Laser Edge Sealed Vacuum Insulation Glazing

A scalable, low-cost processing strategy for glass strengthening and sealing is proposed to improve the thermal performance of insulating glass units and develop innovative window technologies. In this project, a combination of large area photonic processing, additive manufacturing, and laser encapsulation techniques is reported to realize a vacuum glazing technology to meet the cost, performance, reliability, and throughput demands. A modeling framework for evaluating the mechanical and thermal response was established to verify the structural deformation and thermal conductance. Micro-size glass frits in printing ink and a continuous-wave laser curing were employed to allow the formation of a hermetic bonding layer and led to improvement of glass edge sealing. Various sealing parameters, including laser traveling speed, spot diameter, and laser power were optimized. The water seepage and mechanical strength of the resulting glass-to-glass bonding were examined as well. These results showcase the development of a practical vacuum insulating glazing with several unique features through a combination of photonic processing, laser encapsulation, and additive manufacturing.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Stress Birth and Death: Disruptive Computational Mechanics and Novel Diagnostics for Fluid-to-Solid Transitions

Many materials of interest to Sandia transition from fluid to solid or have regions of both phases coexisting simultaneously. Currently there are, unfortunately, no material models that can accurately predict this material response. This is relevant to applications that "birth stress" related to geoscience, nuclear safety, manufacturing, energy production and bioscience. Accurately capturing solidification and residual stress enables fully predictive simulations of the evolving front shape or final product. Accurately resolving flow of proppants or blood could reduce environmental impact or lead to better treatments for heart attacks, thrombosis, or aneurism. We will address a science question in this proposal: When does residual stress develop during the critical transition from liquid to solid and how does it affect material deformation? Our hypothesis is that these early phases of stress development are critical to predictive simulation of material performance, net shape, and aging. In this project, we use advanced constitutive models with yield stress to represent both fluid and solid behavior simultaneously. The report provides an abbreviated description of the results from our LDRD "Stress Birth and Death: Disruptive Computational Mechanics and Novel Diagnostics for Fluid-to-Solid Transitions," since we have written four papers that document the work in detail and which we reference. We give highlights of the work and describe the gravitationally driven flow visualization experiment on a model yield stress fluid, Carbopol, at various concentrations and flow rates. We were able to collapse the data on a single master curve by showing it was self-similar. We also describe the Carbopol rheology and the constitutive equations of interest including the Bingham-Carreau-Yasuda model, the Saramito model, and the HB-Saramito model including parameter estimation for the shear and oscillatory rheology. We present several computational models including the 3D moving mesh simulations of both the Saramito models and Bingham-Carreau-Yasuda (BCY) model. We also show results from the BCY model using a 3D level set method and two different ways of handling reduced order Hele-Shaw modeling for generalized Newtonian fluids. We present some first ever two-dimensional results for the modified Jeffries Kamani-Donley-Rogers constitutive equation developed during this project. We include some recent results with a successful Saramito-level set coupling that allows us to tackle problems with complex geometries like mold filling in a thin gap with an obstacle, without the need for remeshing or remapping. We report on some experiments for curing systems where fluorescent particles are used to track material flow. These experiments were carried out in an oven on Sylgard 184 as a model polymerizing system. We conclude the report with a summary of accomplishments and some thoughts on follow-on work.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fine Pitch Bonding for High Density Interconnects

CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) mismatch between two wafers has potential for brittle failure when large areas are bonded on top of one another (wafer to wafer or wafer to die bonds). To address this type of failure, we proposed patterning a polymer around metallic interconnects. For this project, utilized benzo cyclobutene (BCB) to form the bond and accommodate stress. For the metal interconnects, we used indium. To determine the benefits of utilizing BCB, mechanical shear testing of die bonding with just BCB were compared to die bonded just with oxide. These tests demonstrated that BCB, when cured for only 30 minutes and bonded at 200°C, the BCB was able to withstand shear forces similar to oxide. Furthermore, when the BCB did fail, it experienced a more ductile failure, allowing the silicon to crack, rather than shatter. To demonstrate the feasibility of using BCB between indium interconnects, wafers were pattered with layers of BCB with vias for indium or ENEPIG (electroless nickel, electroless palladium, immersion gold). Subsequently, these wafers were pattered with a variety of indium or ENEPIG interconnect pitches, diameters, and heights. These dies were bonded under a variety of conditions, and those that held a bond, were cross-sectioned and imaged. Images revealed that certain bonding conditions allow for interconnects and BCB to achieve a void-less bond and thus demonstrate that utilizing polymers in place of oxide is a feasible way to reduce CTE stress.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Scalable, Infiltration-Free Ceramic Matrix Composite (SIF-CMC) manufacturing for Molten Salt Receiver: Investigation of particle-loaded preceramic resin

Due to their unique combination of high temperature, corrosion resistance, and toughness, Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) are the optimal materials to be used in the next generation of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), which will operate at working temperatures up to 800 °C. However, today, CMC is too costly to be used in CSP applications due to its complex manufacturing process based on repeated infiltration-pyrolysis cycles. To solve this issue, PARC is developing a scalable, infiltration-free method (SIF) to manufacture CMC, which can reduce the production cost, increase batch consistency, and leverage all of the intrinsic advantages of current CMCs. The key to the SIF method is using a flowable preceramic resin with high loading of functional components. The formulation impregnates the fiber during curing and leads to high-density, low-shrinkage parts upon pyrolysis. In this paper, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept of the SIF process and report the relationships between key process parameters in the manufacturing process: functional material loading in the resin vs. resin’s flowability and morphology changes upon pyrolysis.

ceramic matrix composite, concentrated solar power↗
DOE OSTI2022

Scale up, Field testing, and Optimization of Nontoxic, Durable, Economical Coatings for Control of Biofouling and Corrosion (Abstract Only)

The objective of this project is the technical maturation and demonstration of a durable, economical, and nontoxic coating, Superhydrophobic Lubricant Infused Composite (SLIC), that will prevent fouling organisms from growing on marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) structures and prevent invasive mussels from growing on hydropower structures. SLIC technology was developed and patented by PNNL. It combines multiple antifouling mechanisms to provide excellent antifouling performance, durability, and low hydrodynamic drag without using toxic materials. Advanced proof-of-concept testing and demonstrations completed during a Phase 1 TCF project attracted industry interest and partnerships for this Phase 2 effort focused on maturation of a commercial product. Specific tasks and tests will shift the development emphasis to optimizing formulations, validating antifouling performance to address specific application needs, explore compatibility with other paint systems, develop a product with useful shelf life (in can), and determine curing times and effective applications methodology. Phase 2 efforts will focus upon technology transfer and commercialization of the technology with the industrial team. Industrial partners now include a coatings development specialist (Lorama), hydrophobic material manufacturer and paint developer (Dry Surface Technologies), nontoxic biodegradable lubricants manufacturer (BioBlend), and aquatic applications specialists (Prometheus Innovations, River Connectivity Systems). Engagement with the MHK device developers, the PNNL Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory (MCRL) test site in Sequim WA, Bureau of Reclamation, and Taylor Shellfish throughout the project will provide topical expertise and field test sites that will deliver crucial real-world performance data. Through this Phase 2 effort, SLIC will transition from a Technical Readiness Level (TRL) 5 to TRL 6 and long-term performance data will be acquired through demonstrations. The field test data will allow optimization of SLIC formulation to enhance performance (e.g., durability) and packaging, which are key de-risking activities for technology transfer and ultimately to the production of a viable commercial product.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-Performance Coal-Based Commercial Facade Panels and Architectural Components (Phase I Final Report)

Semplastics has developed, tested, and documented the viability for commercialization of a new class of composite architectural panel materials that use coal as the primary constituent. This project produced sample panels using these novel materials that comprise 55% coal by mass (71% carbon by mass) and are comparable in dimensions to commercially available materials, while displaying superior mechanical strength, significant weight savings, and better insulating ability at a competitive cost. Phase I moved this coal-based composite materials technology from a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 3 to TRL 5. Semplastics’ new coal-based composite materials display an array of high-performance characteristics, including light weight, mechanical durability, temperature stability, and water resistance. These new materials require less energy to produce than comparable commercial products and could be manufactured on existing conventional plastic resin processing equipment in commercial quantities. The coal particles are completely encapsulated in ceramic from a polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) precursor, then bonded together by another inorganic resin. The material can be molded and cured to produce fireproof components such as ceiling panels, facades, and extruded underlayment, blocking, and backer boards, as well as other architectural design components such as moldings. The project included the production of sample panels for proof of concept, testing of the panels to show their improved characteristics, and development of a scale-up strategy to demonstrate the viability of the coal-based panels as a commercial alternative to existing building materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic with Substantially Improved Through-plane Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity of carbon fiber support structures that also serve as cooling substrates is of increasing importance for high energy physics detectors. One of the shortcomings of current carbon fiber laminates is that they exhibit excellent thermal conductivity of order several hundred W/(m*K) along the fiber direction, whereas the through plane thermal conductivity perpendicular to the fibers is orders of magnitude lower, and at about 1 W/(m*K) more in the range of thermal insulators. This proposal aims to significantly improve the through plane thermal conductivity, by at least a factor five, changing CFRP from being a thermal insulator to a thermal conductor in the through plane direction. Between June 2021 and December 2022, a total of 36 carbon fiber laminate test samples and two carbon loaded epoxy test samples were manufactured and analyzed for thermal performance. Unfortunately, the promising results obtained with a similar sample manufactured in 2017 were not reproduced. We believe this to be mainly due the excessive age of the carbon fiber prepreg material used for this SBIR - the same material batch, produced in 2015, was used in 2017 and in 2021/2022, i.e. the material was seven years old when the final samples were produced - , and to a lesser degree to the difference in pressure attainable with the 2017 and 2021/2022 laminate curing setups. While disappointing, the results are not completely discouraging, since for the samples with the highest compression the through-plane thermal conductivities plotted as a function of per-ply thickness extrapolate well to the data point from the 2017 sample.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Low-Temperature Architected Cementation Agents (LAMINAE)

The cement industry contributes 5-9% of all anthropogenic CO 2 . At the same time, current concrete curing processes are passive, with little-to-no control over microstructure. The LAMINAE process offers the potential for a low-temperature pathway for producing cementitious aluminosilicate hydrate (zeolite) structures which: (a) reduces the energy burden of cement production by 30%, (b) reduces CO 2 emissions by 60%, and (c) offers microstructure control as was implicitly ensured in Roman concrete. This project generated data and engineering correlations to support further scale up and design of initial commercial processes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

July 2022 Semiannual Saltstone Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) Results

The aqueous waste from Tank 50 (salt solution) is sampled semiannually for transfers to the Saltstone Production Facility (SPF). Salt solution is treated at SPF and disposed of in the Salstone Disposal Facility (SDF). Per request of customer, X-TTR-Z-00025, Revision 0, two SDF waste form (salstone) samples were prepared in the Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) from the Tank 50 Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) sample and Z-Area premix material for the July 2022 Semiannual Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) samples. One sample contained a Full Premix which included 10:45:45 (by weight) of cement, slag and fly ash. The second sample contained 60:40 (by weight) of slag and fly ash only referred to as the "Cement-Free grout sample." Results from this technical report support Task 2: 'Grout Leaching Analyses' of the Task Technical Request (TTR) prepared by Savannah River Mission Completion (SRMC). After at least 28 days cured, a sample of each of the SDF waste forms was collected and shipped to a certified laboratory for analysis using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The July 2022 semiannual salstone (Full Premix) and the Cement-Free grout samples met the South Carolina (SC) Code of Regulations for Hazardous Waste Management Regulations (HWMR) 61-79.261.24 and 61-79-268.48 requirements for the non-hazardous waste form with respect to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) metals and Underlying Hazardous Constituents (UHCs), and also met the SPF WAC that was in effect at the time of the tank sampling.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Abstract for CRADA between NETL and the University of Massachusetts Lowell (AGMT-1275)

The demand for printed electronics over conventional electronics is growing each year due to their low costs, low material waste during manufacturing, and compatibility with flexible substrates. The development of inks for printed electronics is a challenge because each printing technology requires different viscosities and curing behaviors to create devices with controlled structures at the micron scale, or smaller. Carbon is a great candidate for fabricating printed electronics devices because it is inexpensive and earth abundant, easily functionalized to impart miscibility with solvent systems, and has electrical properties that can be tuned from insulating to conducting. Despite these advantages, carbons are rarely used for printed electronics because there is a scarcity of inks available for non-contact printing technologies. To address these challenges, the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) will collaborate with the University of Massachusetts Lowell (Participant) through its Printed Electronics Research Collaborative (PERC) to develop engineered carbons and ink formulations optimized specifically for printing radio- and microwave-frequency electronic devices using ink jet, aerosol jet, syringe dispensing, and other additive manufacturing techniques. NETL will process coal, petroleum, and other carbon feedstocks to make engineered carbons with the appropriate composition, microstructure, surface functionalization, and particle morphologies needed to stabilize ink suspensions and impart useful electronic properties to printed devices. The University of Massachusetts Lowell will utilize these engineered carbons to determine which solvent systems and ink additives are needed to achieve the appropriate viscosity, stability, and printability to make useful ink formulations. The University of Massachusetts Lowell will then utilize these inks to manufacture printed resistors and conductors using inkjet, aerosol jet, and syringe dispensing printing methods and will characterize device performance using four-point probe resistivity measurements, contact angle measurements to assess wettability, adhesion evaluation to various substrates, and focused ion beam and scanning electron microscopy for surface and density investigations of printed devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Low Weight, High Strength Coal-Based Building Materials for Infrastructure Products (Rev.A)

Semplastics has developed, tested, and proven the viability of a new class of composite infrastructure components that use coal as the primary component. Phase I resulted in the production of brick and block components, called X-BRIX and X-BLOX, with dimensions comparable to commercially available bricks and concrete blocks, but with superior mechanical strength, lower weight, greater hardness, improved toughness, greater abrasion resistance, and greater chemical resistance than concrete. Multiple samples of full-size (16” × 8” × 8”) X-BLOX and full-size (8” × 4” × 2.5”) X-BRIX were made to demonstrate the technology, and to support the development of mortar or joining techniques. Phase I moved the coal-based composite materials technology from a current Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 3 to TRL 5. Semplastics’ coal-based composite materials exhibit a number of high-performance characteristics, including high strength (five times the flexure strength of the best commercial brick, and more than twice the compressive strength of construction-grade concrete block), lower density (by 37 to 41%), improved mechanical durability and abrasion resistance, and resistance to chemicals, acids, salts, and chemical wastewater. These properties offer significant improvements over conventional bricks, concrete blocks, and pavers. The coal particles are completely encapsulated and bonded using a specially formulated polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) that is cured to form an “aggregate” of coal and PDC resin. This aggregate can be further processed and lightly pressed (at 10 to 50 psi) to produce a brick. After pyrolyzing (similar to the processing used to make standard clay bricks), the finished coal-based brick is significantly harder and more abrasion-resistant than regular bricks. We have produced prototype X-BRIX and X-BLOX that contain at least 55% coal by weight (71% carbon by weight, due to the controlled carbon content of the PDC) and showed their superior mechanical properties through in-house and contracted testing.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2023

Solidification of REDC Organics For Disposal As Solid Waste

The Radiochemical Engineering Development Center (REDC) generates various liquid organic wastes from processing irradiated targets to recover heavy elements. In the past, these organics were discharged to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) liquid low-level waste (LLLW) system, along with the aqueous waste. Because of a reduction in aqueous LLLW from other ORNL generators and an increase in the radionuclide concentration, particularly 238 Pu, in the REDC organic waste stream, the organics can no longer be discharged to the LLLW system. The plan is to solidify the liquid organic waste for disposal as solid waste. Solidifying the organic liquids using PM-199 Organoclay ® would produce solid waste forms with no free liquid, which should qualify for disposal at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Granular Organoclay can be added to the organic waste solutions until there is a dry layer on top of the liquid and then allowed to cure for a few hours to produce a solid wasteform.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Eco-Friendly High-Performance Carbon Building Material Development from Coal

The development of eco-friendly high-performance building materials based on coal-derived materials is greatly beneficial for promoting environmental sustainability and the coal industry. This project focused on advancing technology to create innovative and scalable construction materials from two domestic sources: (1) coal-derived pyrolyzed char (PC), and (2) solvent-extracted coal deposit, extracts, and residue (CDER). It aimed to simultaneously develop and produce two types of coal-derived building products: (1) char-based concrete bricks (CCB) for wall construction in buildings, and (2) carbon-based structural units (CSU) intended as alternatives to traditional wood, concrete, or steel framing structures. The project team has successfully developed methods for manufacturing CCB samples. Extensive experiments were conducted to assess various manufacturing techniques for these samples. This included measuring their physical properties such as thermal conductivity (ranging from 0.26 to 0.38 W/mK) and bulk density (ranging from 0.85 to 1.15 g/cm 3 ), along with their mechanical properties (e.g., compressive strength ranging from 14 to 16 MPa at 28 days) for samples with a PC composition of 70%. Quality assurance and quality control tests, focusing on density and compressive strength, were also performed on samples selected randomly from pilot-scale production, and cured for a long term (over three months). The average long-term compressive strength of two randomly selected CCB samples was measured as 15.1 MPa, which was higher than the required target strength of 14 MPa. This indicates that the manufactured CCB samples from the preliminary pilot scale production run have good quality control and long-term strength performance.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2023

Science &Technology Review (October/November 2022)

Livermore researchers seek to understand the disease mechanism of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and, with that knowledge, identify therapies to cure this always-fatal disease. As the article beginning on p. 4 describes, the ALS research effort combines Laboratory core competencies in bioscience, engineering, computational modeling, and data science.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗