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At least 505 records · Page 28
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Modelling Curvilinear Beamline Effects on Beam- and Spin-Dynamics in the Fermilab Muon g-2 Storage Ring.

A model of the Fermilab Muon g-2 Experiment storage ring is developed with the BMAD simulation library for beam- and spin-dynamics studies. Particular focus is given to the electrostatic quadrupoles, the plates of which follow the curvature of the particle design trajectory of the magnetically uniform storage ring. To model these, standard electric multipoles and a novel method based on cylindrical harmonics are investigated and found to accurately match the electric field maps produced for the bulk and fringe regions of the curved quadrupoles respectively, despite these methods being specifically for straight beamlines. The toroidal multipole description is then developed, to include curvature and longitudinal field variations (to model the fringe field regions). Various combinations of the different descriptions (including use of the field maps) are used for the bulk and fringe fields of the quadrupoles, and the toroidal multipoles are found to provide the best agreement with the measured tunes of the storage ring. Two integrators are also developed, based on the method of Wu, Forest and Robin. The first of these describes motion in a uniform magnetic dipole field with arbitrary electric field, and produces results comparable to those of the adaptive-step fourth-order Runge–Kutta integrator implemented in BMAD, suitable for tracking over thousands of turns. The second is a generalisation of the first to arbitrary magnetic vector potentials superimposed on that of the uniform dipole, with arbitrary electric fields, and was also found to agree with the Runge–Kutta integrator. Simulations of antimuon storage for 2000 turns of the storage ring were performed, where losses were studied along with the evolution of beam polarisation. The storage losses, important for reducing the systematic error in the measurement of the muon g-2, were found to be largely due to collimator shape. The correlation between momentum and spin precession frequency reflect the effects expected from the electric field correction in the T-BMT equation, on the order of 10 -6 . Particle injection was also studied, for various injection angles, quadrupole strengths and strengths of injection kick, and in the cases where experimental data was provided, the model was found to be consistent with the experiment.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy on the Hyperfine Structure of 255Fm (𝑍=100)

We report on high-resolution laser spectroscopy of 255Fm (𝑇1/2=20 h), one of the heaviest nuclides available from reactor breeding. The hyperfine structures in two different atomic ground-state transitions at 398.4 nm and 398.2 nm were probed by in-source laser spectroscopy at the RISIKO mass separator in Mainz, using the perpendicularly illuminated laser ion source and trap (PI-LIST) high-resolution ion source. Experimental results were combined with hyperfine fields from various atomic ab initio calculations, in particular using multiconfiguration Dirac-Hartree-Fock theory, as implemented in grasp18. In this manner, the nuclear magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments were derived to be 𝜇=−0.75⁢(5) 𝜇N and 𝑄s=+5.84⁢(13) eb, respectively. The magnetic moment indicates occupation of the 𝜈⁢7/2⁢[613] Nilsson orbital, while the large quadrupole moment confirms strong, stable prolate deformation consistent with systematics in the heavy actinides. Comparisons with available expectation values from nuclear theory show good agreement, providing a stringent benchmark for the used theoretical models. These results revise earlier data and establish 255Fm as a reference isotope for future high-resolution studies.

Ezold, Julie [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000250550022)↗
DOE OSTI2019

Magnetic dichroism in the Kondo insulator SmB 6

Samarium hexaboride (${\mathrm{SmB}}_{6}$) is a purported topological Kondo insulator, with theory predicting that the experimentally observed metallic surface states manifest from a topologically nontrivial insulating bulk band structure. The insulating bulk itself is driven by strong correlations, and both bulk and surface are known to host compelling magnetic and electronic phenomena. We employed here x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the Sm ${M}_{4,5}$ edges to probe the surface and bulk magnetic properties of ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$ and ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{3+}$ within ${\mathrm{SmB}}_{6}$. We observed an unexpected antialignment to the applied field of the ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{3+}$ magnetic dipole moment below $T=75$ K and of the total orbital moment of samarium below 30 K. The total bulk magnetization at 2 K is, however, positive and driven by ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$ Van Vleck susceptibility as well as 1% paramagnetic impurities with ${{\mu}}_{\mathrm{eff}}=5.2(1){{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$. This indicates the diamagneticlike ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{3+}$ magnetism is only a portion of the net magnetization, partially offsetting the response of paramagnetic impurities known within the bulk.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

E906/SeaQuest MARS15 Simulation

The E906/SeaQuest spectrometer is designed to measure high energy muons produced in the forward direction by interactions of the 120 GeV Main Injector proton beam with a variety of targets. The spectrometer consists of two dipole magnets (both of which deflect charged particles in the horizontal plane) and a collection of tracking detectors. The first spectrometer magnet (FMAG) is a solid iron magnet. This magnet serves as a beam dump as well as a muon analysis magnet. A series of MARS15 simulations were done by Nikolai Mokhov to verify and guide the design of concrete shielding around FMAG and the target area immediately upstream of FMAG. The result of the fourth and last round of simulations is summarized here. This was a high statistics simulation that required approximately 48 cpu-weeks of computing time on the APC Energy Deposition Group cluster. The MARS15 simulation used a model of FMAG and its surroundings. The model includes air gaps in the concrete shielding, the largest of which are required because of the geometry of the saddle coils. A small volume surrounding the beam line just upstream of the magnet is filled with borated polyethylene. The borated polyethylene extends into the air gap necessitated by the saddle coils. With the exception of the top layer of six 'H' blocks, the concrete shielding is modeled in detail. The top layer of blocks are intended to shield the roof and downstream end of NM4 in the event of a loss of beam accident well upstream of the target; they provide only a small benefit in the normal running condition simulated by MARS.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2010

MODELING THE SURFACE X-RAY EMISSION AND VIEWING GEOMETRY OF PSR J0821-4300 IN PUPPIS A

We present a model for the unusual X-ray pulse profiles of PSR J0821-4300, the compact central object in supernova remnant Puppis A. We show that a pair of thermal, antipodal hot spots on the neutron star (NS) surface is able to fully account for the pulsar's double blackbody spectrum and energy-dependent pulse profile, including the observed 180{sup 0} phase reversal at {approx}1.2 keV. By comparing the recorded pulse modulation and phase to the model predictions, we strongly constrain the hot-spot pole ({xi}) and the line-of-sight ({psi}) angles with respect to the spin axis. For a nominal radius of R = 12 km and distance D = 2.2 kpc, we find ({xi}, {psi}) = (86{sup 0}, 6{sup 0}), with 1{sigma} error ellipse of (2{sup 0}, 1{sup 0}); this solution is degenerate in the two angles. The best-fit spectral model for this geometry requires that the temperatures of the two emission spots differ by a factor of 2 and their areas by a factor of {approx}20. Including a cosine-beamed pattern for the emitted intensity modifies the result, decreasing the angles to (84{sup 0}, 3{sup 0}); however this model is not statistically distinguishable from the isotropic emission case. We also present a new upper limit on the period derivative of P-dot < 3.5x10{sup -16} (2{sigma}), which limits the global dipole magnetic field to B{sub s} < 2.0 x 10{sup 11} G, confirming PSR J0821-4300 as an 'anti-magnetar'. We discuss the results in the context of observations and theories of nonuniform surface temperature on isolated NSs of both weak and strong magnetic field. To explain the nonuniform temperature of PSR J0821-4300 may require a crustal field that is much stronger than the external, global dipole field.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Direct detection of dark matter axions with directional sensitivity

We study the directional effect of the expected axion dark matter signal in a resonant cavity of an axion haloscope detector, for cavity geometries not satisfying the condition that the axion de Broglie wavelength λ{sub a} is sufficiently larger than the cavity dimensions L for a fully coherent conversion, i.e. λ{sub a}∼>2πL. We focus on long thin cavities immersed in dipole magnets and find, for appropriately chosen cavity lengths, an O(1) modulation of the signal with the cavity orientation with respect the momentum distribution of the relic axion background predicted by the isothermal sphere model for the galactic dark matter halo. This effect can be exploited to design directional axion dark matter detectors, providing an unmistakable signature of the extraterrestrial origin of a possible positive detection. Moreover, the precise shape of the modulation may give information of the galactic halo distribution and, for specific halo models, give extra sensitivity for higher axion masses.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

High-Field Nb3Sn Cos-theta Dipole with Stress Management

Cost-effective superconducting dipole magnets with operating fields up to 16 T are being considered for the LHC en-ergy upgrade (HE-LHC) and a Future Circular Collider (FCC). To demonstrate feasibility of 15 T accelerator quality dipole mag-nets, FNAL as a part of the US-MDP is developing a single-aper-ture Nb3Sn dipole demonstrator based on a 4-layer graded cos-theta coil with 60 mm aperture and cold iron yoke. In parallel, to explore the limit of the Nb3Sn accelerator magnet technology, op-timize magnet design and performance parameters, and reduce magnet cost, magnet design studies are also being performed to push the nominal bore field to 16 T in a 60-mm aperture cos-theta dipole. Results of these studies are reported and discussed in this paper.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

CSR in the SuperKEKB Damping Ring

Coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) is generated when a bunched beam traverses a dipole magnet or a wiggler/undulator. It can degrade the beam quality in both storage rings and linacs through enhancing the beam energy spread and lengthening the bunch length, even cause single-bunch microwave instabilities. Using several methods, CSR impedances in the positron damping ring (DR) of the SuperKEKB which is under design were calculated. From the impedances due to CSR, resistive wall and various vacuum components, quasi-Green function wake potentials were constructed and used in simulations of Particle-In-Cell (PIC) tracking. We present the CSR related results in this paper.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Slowly balding black holes

The 'no-hair' theorem, a key result in general relativity, states that an isolated black hole is defined by only three parameters: mass, angular momentum, and electric charge; this asymptotic state is reached on a light-crossing time scale. We find that the no-hair theorem is not formally applicable for black holes formed from the collapse of a rotating neutron star. Rotating neutron stars can self-produce particles via vacuum breakdown forming a highly conducting plasma magnetosphere such that magnetic field lines are effectively ''frozen in'' the star both before and during collapse. In the limit of no resistivity, this introduces a topological constraint which prohibits the magnetic field from sliding off the newly-formed event horizon. As a result, during collapse of a neutron star into a black hole, the latter conserves the number of magnetic flux tubes N{sub B}=e{Phi}{sub {infinity}}/({pi}c({h_bar}/2{pi})), where {Phi}{sub {infinity}}{approx_equal}2{pi}{sup 2}B{sub NS}R{sub NS}{sup 3}/(P{sub NS}c) is the initial magnetic flux through the hemispheres of the progenitor and out to infinity. We test this theoretical result via 3-dimensional general relativistic plasma simulations of rotating black holes that start with a neutron star dipole magnetic field with no currents initially present outside the event horizon. The black hole's magnetosphere subsequently relaxes to the split-monopole magnetic field geometry with self-generated currents outside the event horizon. The dissipation of the resulting equatorial current sheet leads to a slow loss of the anchored flux tubes, a process that balds the black hole on long resistive time scales rather than the short light-crossing time scales expected from the vacuum no-hair theorem.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Electron beam loss assumptions for ELI-NPMEGa-ray radioprotection analysis

The ELI-NP project is now working on the design of their conventional facility. Dr. Gheorghe Cata-Danil recently requested that I provide them with information on the location and amount of electron-beam loss in the MEGa-ray source they have proposed for ELI-NP. This memo is intended to document that information, for transmission to ELI-NP. The ELI-NP MEGa-ray source, as presently proposed, consists of two x-band accelerator sections separated by a large chicane, as show in figure 1. The basic parameters of the machine that are pertinent for specifying the radiation source terms are shown in table 1. These are the parameters of the intentionally-produced photobeam. In addition to the photobeam, the electron gun and accelerator will produce 'dark current' that originates throughout the RF structures (that is, distributed along the accelerator axis) and therefore has a distribution of energy below the energy of the photobeam. Because it is emitted from surfaces inside the RF structures, much of it is not transported through the accelerator and is lost in the accelerator RF structures. A large fraction of the total dark current is produced in the photogun and lost at the entrance of the 1st accelerator RF structure. Important sources of radiation during operation are beam alignment screens that are used for observing the image of the electron beam, during adjustment of beam steering and for general diagnostic purposes. Each screen consists of a 1 mm thick Ce:YAG plate that is moved into the path of the beam when desired. This destroys the electron beam, spraying all beam current into the structures downstream of the screen. Only one screen is inserted at a time. These screens may be located after each accelerator RF structure, and after each set of bend magnets, as shown in figure 3. The photobeam energy and currents at each location are listed in table 2; for simplicity, the dark current energy is (conservatively) assumed to be the same as the photobeam energy. In normal operation, the locations of other beam losses and the estimated current and energy of the lost beam are listed in table 3. In addition to these 'normal' beam losses, it is assumed that the beam may be accidentally mis-steered by up to 1 degree at every steering magnet, so that it hits the surrounding beam tube and other structures. This loss can be modeled as occurring at the locations listed in table 2, numbers 1-7 and 16-21. Similarly, it is assumed that any of the dipole magnets, in chicanes or at the beam dump, may fail, resulting in total beam loss straight ahead. These locations can be assumed to be the same as listed in table 2, numbers 8-10, 12-14, 22-24, 26, and 27. The data provided above are estimates of the beam loss, for the purpose of calculating radiation source terms. Dark current estimates are conservative, until we acquire actual operational data. Neither the estimated currents nor the estimated energies listed above contain any intentional margin. when they have performed similar calculations for their own purposes, they have typically added approximately 10% to the beam energy to provide some overall margin in the analysis.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2012

Test of a 1.8 Tesla, 400 Hz Dipole for a Muon Synchrotron

A 1.8 T dipole magnet using thin grain oriented silicon steel laminations has been constructed as a prototype for a muon synchrotron ramping at 400 Hz. Following the practice in large 3 phase transformers and our own Opera-2d simulations, joints are mitred to take advantage of the magnetic properties of the steel which are much better in the direction in which the steel was rolled. Measurements with a Hysteresigraph 5500 and Epstein frame show a high magnetic permeability which minimizes stored energy in the yoke allowing the magnet to ramp quickly with modest voltage. Coercivity is low which minimizes hysteresis losses. A power supply with a fast Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) switch and a capacitor was constructed. Coils are wound with 12 gauge copper wire. Thin wire and laminations minimize eddy current losses. The magnetic field was measured with a peak sensing Hall probe.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

ELECTRON POLARIZATION IN THE MEDIUM-ENERGY ELECTRON-ION COLLIDER AT JLAB

A key feature of the Medium-energy Electron-Ion Collider (MEIC) at Jefferson Lab is high polarization (over 80%) of the electron beam at all collision points for the particle physics program. The equilibrium electron polarization is arranged to be vertical in the arcs of the figure-8 collider ring of the MEIC and anti-parallel to the arc dipole magnetic fields, in order to take advantage of the preservation of polarization by the Sokolov-Ternov (S-T) effect. Longitudinal polarization is achieved at collision points by utilizing energy-independent universal spin rotators each of which consists of a set of solenoids and dipoles placed at the end of an arc. The equilibrium beam polarization and its lifetime depend on competition between the S-T effect and radiative depolarization. The latter must be suppressed by spin matching. This paper reports on investigations of polarization in the MEIC electron collider ring and a preliminary estimate of beam polarization from calculations using the code SLICK.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Measurement of bunch length in Indus-1 storage ring using fast photodiode

The length of electron bunches in a storage ring is an important parameter for both synchrotron radiation users and accelerator physicists. Several methods are used for measurements of bunch length using electronic and optical instruments. We have measured temporal profile of synchrotron radiation emitted from dipole magnet of Indus-1 by using fast photodiode. Bunch length is calculated by assuming gaussian profile for the particles inside bunch. The results show that bunch length is increasing with the decrease of gap voltage of RF cavity. These measurements were carried out at low beam current; at high voltage results are in close agreement with theory and the values estimated using ZAP code. In the second experiment, the results show that bunch length increases with the increase of beam current inside the bunch, and above threshold current, it follows Chao-Gareyte scaling law. The longitudinal broadband impedance for Indus-1 SRS was estimated using Keil-Schnell criterion and results were compared with theoretical estimated values using ZAP code.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

A simple scheme for injection and extraction in compact rings

There has been great interest in building compact synchrotrons for various applications, for example, inverse Compton scattering X-ray sources. However, the beam injection and extraction in compact rings require careful design for the lack of space. In this paper, we propose a simple combined injection-extraction scheme exploiting the fringe field of existing dipole magnets instead of additional septum magnets. This scheme is illustrated by using the 4.8 m ring proposed for Tsinghua Thomson scattering X-ray source as an example. Particle tracking is applied to demonstrate the validity of this scheme.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Method of controlling coherent synchroton radiation-driven degradation of beam quality during bunch length compression

A method of avoiding CSR induced beam quality defects in free electron laser operation by a) controlling the rate of compression and b) using a novel means of integrating the compression with the remainder of the transport system: both are accomplished by means of dispersion modulation. A large dispersion is created in the penultimate dipole magnet of the compression region leading to rapid compression; this large dispersion is demagnified and dispersion suppression performed in a final small dipole. As a result, the bunch is short for only a small angular extent of the transport, and the resulting CSR excitation is small.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2011

Coil Creep and Skew-Quadrupole Field Components in the Tevatron

During the start-up of Run II of the Tevatron Collider program, several issues surfaced which were not present, or not seen as detrimental, during Run I. These included the repeated deterioration of the closed orbit requiring orbit smoothing every two weeks or so, the inability to correct the closed orbit to desired positions due to various correctors running at maximum limits, regions of systematically strong vertical dipole corrections, and the identification of very strong coupling between the two transverse degrees-of-freedom. It became apparent that many of the problems being experienced operationally were connected to a deterioration of the main dipole magnet alignment, and remedial actions were undertaken. However, the alignment alone was not enough to explain the corrector strengths required to handle transverse coupling. With one exception, strong coupling had generally not been an issue in the Tevatron during Run I. Based on experience with the Main Ring, the Tevatron was designed with a very strong skew quadrupole circuit to compensate any quadrupole alignment and skew quadrupole field errors that might present themselves. The circuit was composed of 48 correctors placed evenly throughout the arcs, 8 per sector, evenly placed in every other cell. Other smaller circuits were installed but not initially needed or commissioned. These smaller circuits were composed of individual skew quadrupole correctors on either side of the long straight sections. These circuits were tuned by first bringing the horizontal and vertical tunes near each other. The skew quadrupoles were then adjusted to minimize tune split, usually to less than 0.003. Initially, the main skew quad circuit (designated T:SQ) could accomplish this global decoupling with only 4% of its possible current, and the smaller circuits were not required at all. The start-up of Run Ib was complicated by what was later discovered to be a rolled triplet quadrupole magnet in one of the Interaction Regions. This led to a reduction in luminosity of nearly 50%, as well as operational confusion until it was uncovered. By the time Collider Run II began, the current needed on the main SQ circuit had increased to 60% of its maximum value. Some of the smaller circuits were also needed to fully decouple the tunes. With this history, several studies were performed early in Run II to search for strong local coupling sources like the triplet quadrupole, but without success. The strong corrector settings were indicative of a much larger problem than a single rolled magnet, and the locality of the error was hard to deduce from the setting of a global correction system. Several possible reasons for the increase in coupling were investigated.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

THE ROLE OF ACTIVE REGION LOOP GEOMETRY. I. HOW CAN IT AFFECT CORONAL SEISMOLOGY?

We present numerical results of coronal loop oscillation excitation using a three-dimensional (3D) MHD model of an idealized active region (AR) field. The AR is initialized as a potential dipole magnetic configuration with gravitationally stratified density and contains a loop with a higher density than its surroundings. We study different ways of excitation of vertical kink oscillations of this loop by velocity: as an initial condition, and as an impulsive excitation with a pulse of a given position, duration, and amplitude. We vary the geometry of the loop in the 3D MHD model and find that it affects both the period of oscillations and the synthetic observations (difference images) that we get from oscillations. Due to the overestimated effective length of the loop in the case of loops which have maximum separation between their legs above the footpoints (>50% of observed loops), the magnetic field obtained from coronal seismology can also be overestimated. The 3D MHD model shows how the accuracy of magnetic field strength determined from coronal seismology can be improved. We study the damping mechanism of the oscillations and find that vertical kink waves in 3D stratified geometry are damped mainly due to wave leakage in the horizontal direction.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Dipole-lattice nanoparticle resonances in finite arrays

We investigate how the periodic lattices define the collective optical characteristics of the silicon and titanium nanoparticle arrays. We examine the effects of dipole lattice on the resonances of optical nanostructures, including those made of lossy materials, such as titanium. Our approach involves employing coupled-electric-magnetic-dipole calculations for finite-size arrays, as well as lattice sums for effectively infinite arrays. Our model shows that the convergence to the infinite-lattice limit is faster when the resonance is broad, requiring fewer array particles. Our approach differs from previous works by altering the lattice resonance through modifications in the array period. We observed that a higher number of nanoparticles is necessary to achieve convergence to the infinite-array limit. Additionally, we observe that the lattice resonances excited next to higher diffraction orders (such as second order) converge more quickly toward the ideal case of an infinite array than the lattice resonances related to the first diffraction order. This work reports on the significant advantages of using a periodic arrangement of lossy nanoparticles and the role of collective excitation in enhancing response from transition metals, such as titanium, nickel, tungsten, and so on. The periodic arrangement of nanoscatterers allows for the excitation of strong dipoles, boosting the performance of nanophotonic devices and sensors by improving the strength of localized resonances.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗