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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 505 records · Page 28
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Anomalous dips in reflection spectra of optical polymers deposited on plasmonic metals

Abstract We have studied reflection spectra of dye-doped and undoped polymers deposited onto Ag and Au substrates and found anomalous dips in the UV spectral range. On top of Ag substrates, the λ ∼ 375 nm dips were observed in undoped PMMA, PVP, and PS polymers as well as PMMA doped with Rh590 and HITC laser dyes. In silver-based samples, the spectral positions of the observed reflection dips were close to singularities in the refractive indexes of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagating at the interface between Ag and polymer. The latter singularities can tentatively explain the λ ∼ 375 nm reflection dips, if the scattering of Ag and polymeric films is large enough to launch SPP without any prism or grating. The dips observed in reflection of Rh590:PMMA and HITC:PMMA on top of Au, were more pronounced than those on Ag, broader, shifted to shorter wavelengths, and their spectral positions had large standard deviations. Furthermore, no anomalous dips in gold-based samples were observed in the reflection spectra of undoped PMMA, PVP, and PS polymers, and a modest singularity in the SPP refractive index, predicted theoretically at λ ∼ 500 nm, cannot explain the dips in the UV reflection spectra observed experimentally. It appears likely that the origin of the reflection dips on top of Au substrates is different from that on top of Ag substrates.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

2000 Bay Area Travel Survey

In 2000, the San Fransisco Bay Area Metropolitan Transportation Commission launched its fifth travel survey effort in the nine-county Bay Area. More than 15,000 households participated. The survey was an activity-based travel survey that collected information on all in-home and out-of-home activities over a two-day period, including weekday and weekend pursuits. Like the 1990 survey, the 2000 Bay Area Travel Survey also included an additional sample of 3,000 households using Bay Area Rapid Transit. Respondents were asked to report detailed information regarding their travel, including trip locations, mode of transportation, trip start and end times, trip purpose, and trip activities. Demographic variables include gender, age, employment status, occupation, income, education level, ethnicity, as well as whether a respondent held a valid driver's license, was a student, and had a disability.

1Hz data↗
DOE OSTI2026

Bike and Scoot to Transit

In this project, we developed a micromobility first-mile service for customers to access public transit. We launched this service as a pilot in the Seattle area that incentivized transit customers to bike or scoot to transit. The objective was to learn how to integrate different micromobility services and provide a unified reward program. Our pilot was called “Bike and Scoot to Transit” and ran from November 2022 to September 2023. More than a dozen locations were selected near transit hubs and light rail/train stations as preferred parking locations. Trips ending at those locations were partially funded. The pilot supported 19,226 qualified trips and distributed $73,000 in total benefits for the participants of the pilot. This dataset was collected from our pilot, which includes the following: - Monthly data: Monthly trip and funding summaries. - Data summary: Data broken down based on the micromobility service provider and equipment. - Trip data: List of all trips recorded during the pilot. - Pricing models: Fees charged by micromobility service providers. ![bike to transit](bike-transit.png)

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune Climate Forecasts

Critical military training and testing on lands along the nation’s coastal and estuarine shorelines are increasingly placed at risk because of encroachment pressures in surrounding areas, impairments due to other anthropogenic disturbances, and changes in climate and sea level. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) intends to enhance and sustain its training and testing assets and also optimize its stewardship of natural resources through the development and application of an ecosystem-based management approach on DoD installations. To accomplish this goal, particularly for installations in estuarine/coastal environments, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) launched the Defense Coastal/Estuarine Research Program (DCERP) as a 10-year effort at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune (MCBCL) in North Carolina. The results of the second 5 years of the program (DCERP2) are presented in the DCERP2 Final Report.There were four overarching objectives of DCERP2. The first objective was to understand the effects of climate change impacts, including warming temperatures, variability in the hydrological cycle, storm events, and sea level rise on the coastal ecosystems at MCBCL from observations and measurements made over the 10-year program. The second objective was to understand the carbon cycle of the coastal and terrestrial ecosystems at MCBCL through a highly integrated sampling program. The third objective was to develop models, tools, and indicators to evaluate current and projected future ecosystem state changes and translate scientific findings into actionable information for installation managers. The last objective was to recommend adaptive management strategies to sustain ecosystem natural resources within the context of an active military installation.There are 252 mean change files represented in this dataset (12 months * 3 future time periods * 7 variables ). The mean change is calculated by taking the mean of the differences between the future projected average (e.g., 2046-2065) and the climate model baseline (e.g., 1979-1999). The differences were calculated for each downscaled GCM and then averaged across all models to obtain the mean change. This mean of the differences was calculated for each month, each future time period, and each variable.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Onslow Beach Washover Fan Morphology from 2012 to 2015

Critical military training and testing on lands along the nation’s coastal and estuarine shorelines are increasingly placed at risk because of encroachment pressures in surrounding areas, impairments due to other anthropogenic disturbances, and changes in climate and sea level. The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) intends to enhance and sustain its training and testing assets and also optimize its stewardship of natural resources through the development and application of an ecosystem-based management approach on DoD installations. To accomplish this goal, particularly for installations in estuarine/coastal environments, the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) launched the Defense Coastal/Estuarine Research Program (DCERP) as a 10-year effort at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune (MCBCL) in North Carolina. The results of the second 5 years of the program (DCERP2) are presented in the DCERP2 Final Report.There were four overarching objectives of DCERP2. The first objective was to understand the effects of climate change impacts, including warming temperatures, variability in the hydrological cycle, storm events, and sea level rise on the coastal ecosystems at MCBCL from observations and measurements made over the 10-year program. The second objective was to understand the carbon cycle of the coastal and terrestrial ecosystems at MCBCL through a highly integrated sampling program. The third objective was to develop models, tools, and indicators to evaluate current and projected future ecosystem state changes and translate scientific findings into actionable information for installation managers. The last objective was to recommend adaptive management strategies to sustain ecosystem natural resources within the context of an active military installation.These grid files were created from data collected using a Riegl 3-D laser scanner. Millions of x, y, and z points from the F2 Washover Fan on Onslow Beach were processed using the MARS software package to define a bare-earth model. Grid files were imported into Golden Software Surfer version 19 for editing and exported from that application as .grd files. Files can be opened in Surfer or ArcMap, but the coordinate system information will be lost if opened in ArcMap. These data were collected to quantify the morphological changes that occur on a washover fan through time.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Fighting the climate crisis with caloric heat pumping: Innovations to enable widespread adoption

Caloric heat pumping is a cross-cutting thermal energy technology that can cover a wide range of applications and temperatures, from millikelvins to hundreds of kelvins, with a working medium that has zero global warming potential. The technology promises cost savings and high efficiency, having 60% Carnot efficiency demonstrated to date. The Energy Earthshots™ Initiative, launched by the U.S. Department of Energy, aims to fight the climate crisis and overcome technological barriers to a decarbonized economy. The initiative focuses on the development of energy solutions that increase efficiency, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and ensure affordability. Three out of eight Energy Earthshots™ look for alternative thermal energy technologies for extensive temperature ranges, from hydrogen liquefaction to metal-treating temperatures. Caloric heat pumping can fulfill all these requirements; however, at the current stage, caloric systems have limited presence in real-world applications. Further, this perspective discusses key efforts to address barriers hindering the widespread adoption of caloric technology. We focus on essential breakthroughs in and effective approaches to material discovery and draw a path to high-power-density, grid-interactive caloric systems to support achieving the ambitious net-zero carbon economy goal.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Predictive Radiation Oncology – A New NCI–DOE Scientific Space and Community

With a widely attended virtual kickoff event on January 29, 2021, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Department of Energy (DOE) launched a series of 4 interactive, interdisciplinary workshops—and a final concluding “World Café” on March 29, 2021—focused on advancing computational approaches for predictive oncology in the clinical and research domains of radiation oncology. These events reflect 3,870 human hours of virtual engagement with representation from 8 DOE national laboratories and the Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research (FNL), 4 research institutes, 5 cancer centers, 17 medical schools and teaching hospitals, 5 companies, 5 federal agencies, 3 research centers, and 27 universities. Here we summarize the workshops by first describing the background for the workshops. Participants identified twelve key questions—and collaborative parallel ideas—as the focus of work going forward to advance the field. These were then used to define short-term and longer-term “Blue Sky” goals. In addition, the group determined key success factors for predictive oncology in the context of radiation oncology, if not the future of all of medicine. These are: cross-discipline collaboration, targeted talent development, development of mechanistic mathematical and computational models and tools, and access to high-quality multiscale data that bridges mechanisms to phenotype. The workshop participants reported feeling energized and highly motivated to pursue next steps together to address the unmet needs in radiation oncology specifically and in cancer research generally and that NCI and DOE project goals align at the convergence of radiation therapy and advanced computing.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Seismoacoustic Signatures Observed During a Long-Term Deployment of Infrasound Sensors at the Nevada National Security Site

Earthquakes have repeatedly been shown to produce inaudible acoustic signals (<20 Hz), otherwise known as infrasound. These signals can propagate hundreds to thousands of kilometers and still be detected by ground-based infrasound arrays depending on the source strength, distance between source and receiver, and atmospheric conditions. Another type of signal arrival at infrasound arrays is the seismic induced motion of the sensor itself, or ground-motion-induced sensor noise. Measured acoustic and seismic waves produced by earthquakes can provide insight into properties of the earthquake such as magnitude, depth, and focal mechanism, as well as information about the local lithology and atmospheric conditions. Large earthquakes that produce strong acoustic signals detected at distances greater than 100 km are the most commonly studied; however, more recent studies have found that smaller magnitude earthquakes ($M$ w <2.0) can be detected at short ranges. In that vein, this study will investigate the ability for a long-term deployment of infrasound sensors (deployed as part of the Source Physics Experiments [SPE] from 2014 to 2020) to detect both seismic and infrasonic signals from earthquakes at local ranges (<50 km). Methods used include a combination of spectral analysis and automated array processing, supported by U.S. Geological Survey earthquake bulletins. Further, this investigation revealed no clear acoustic detections for short range earthquakes. However, secondary infrasound from an $M$ w 7.1 earthquake over 200 km away was detected. Important insights were also made regarding the performance of the SPE networks including detections of other acoustic sources such as bolides and rocket launches. Finally, evaluation of the infrasound arrays is performed to provide insight into optimal deployments for targeting earthquake infrasound.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Universal Injector at LERF – Baseline Design

A new electron injector complex has been proposed within the Low Energy Recirculating Facility (LERF) vault, which would serve both the 22 GeV CEBAF and the positron programs, while being compatible with the electron source required to produce positrons for Ce+BAF. The baseline design of a 3-pass recirculator features a main linac configured with three cryomodules, five isochronous arcs and three straight sections, allowing electron beam acceleration up to 650 MeV. The injector offers the flexibility to extract 1-pass and 2-pass energy electrons, as needed for positron production, with final reconfiguration to a 3-pass 650 MeV injector for 22 GeV CEBAF. This paper provides an overview of the baseline design of the Universal injector complex, including the 8 MeV injector and the recirculator. A comprehensive suite of beam dynamics studies to validate our design is being launched, starting with start-to-end tracking with Elegant followed by the orbit correction and error mitigation.

Bogacz, A. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Interpolated Sounding and Gridded Sounding Value-Added Products

Standard Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility sounding files provide atmospheric state data in one dimension of increasing time and height per sonde launch. Many applications require a quick estimate of the atmospheric state at higher time resolution. The INTERPOLATEDSONDE (i.e., Interpolated Sounding) Value-Added Product (VAP) transforms sounding data into continuous daily files on a fixed time-height grid, at 1-minute time resolution, on 332 levels, from the surface up to a limit of approximately 40 km. The grid extends that high so the full height of soundings can be captured; however, most soundings terminate at an altitude between 25 and 30 km, above which no data is provided. Between soundings, the VAP linearly interpolates atmospheric state variables in time for each height level. In addition, INTERPOLATEDSONDE provides relative humidity scaled to microwave radiometer (MWR) observations.The INTERPOLATEDSONDE VAP, a continuous time-height grid of relative humidity-corrected sounding data, is intended to provide input to higher-order products, such as the Merged Soundings (MERGESONDE; Troyan 2012) VAP, which extends INTERPOLATEDSONDE by incorporating model data. The INTERPOLATEDSONDE VAP also is used to correct gaseous attenuation of radar reflectivity in products such as the KAZRCOR VAP.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Micropulse Differential Absorption Lidar (MPD) Network Demonstration Field Campaign Report

The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and Montana State University (MSU) are nearing completion of a National Science Foundation (NSF) major research instrumentation grant to build five micropulse differential absorption lidars (MPDs) for water vapor profiling. The first demonstration of the MPD configured as a five-unit network occurred at the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility Southern Great Plains (SGP) field sites near Lamont, Oklahoma from 17 April–21 July 2019 for a total of 96 days of operation. The field deployment was funded in part by DOE (which provided support for the MPD installation, power at the field sites, personnel to launch 3-hourly radiosondes from the Central Facility, and the cost of the radiosondes themselves), internal NCAR funds (to support the MPD shipping costs and NCAR staff travel expenses), and NSF/Major Research Instrumentation (MRI) funds (to support the MSU travel expenses to participate in the instrument setup).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Online and Offline Monitoring of the ICARUS Detector

In preparation for the launch of the ICARUS -T600 far detector in the Short Baseline Neutrino program, (SBN), it is important to monitor the performance of the detector and quality of the data in real-time. Particularly important to monitor are noise levels of the TPC readout electronics, and the purity of the liquid argon in the TPC, as these can affect the overall sensitivity of the detector to detecting and reconstructing neutrino interactions.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comparison of Light-Weight Radioisotope Heater Unit (LWRHU) Historical Testing to Special Form Testing Requirements

This paper compares the Light-Weight Radioisotope Heater Unit (LWRHU) historical testing to Department of Transportation (DOT) Special Form criteria per 49 CFR Part 173, Shippers-General Requirements for Shipments and Packages, Section 469, Tests for special form Class 7 (radioactive) materials as specified in DOE-STD-1027, Hazard Categorization of DOE Nuclear Facilities. Compliance with the aforementioned criteria allows for the exclusion of radioactive sources from the facility’s nuclear material inventory. As part of a new program at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), LWRHUs are planned to be moved into TA-55, PF-5 Power Source Assembly Area (PSAA) for assembly and testing activities. The PSAA Facility is categorized as a low hazard, non-nuclear facility per DOE STD-1027 and is described in TA55-PF-5-FHC-11-001, Facility Hazard Categorization of the PSAA at PF-5, TA-55. The Facility Hazard Categorization document states, there must be documentation that radioactive sources are engineered to pass the special form testing specified by DOT in 49 CFR 173.469, Tests for special form Class 7 (radioactive) materials or ANSI N43.6, Sealed Radioactive Sources - Classification. This paper documents the extensive historical environmental safety testing of the LWRHU and demonstrates its ability to survive potential launch safety accident scenarios. The testing results are used herein to demonstrate through a comparative analysis that the robust design of the LWRHU meets or exceeds the special form testing specifications in 49 CFR 173.469, enabling the LWRHU to be transported and handled in PF-5 in support of testing and assembly program.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Dragonstone Strategy – State of Cybersecurity in the Oil & Natural Gas Sector

The oil & natural gas (ONG) system touches every corner of the nation and increased communications & control capabilities have not only allowed for greater efficiency of system operation, but have also created a massive target for adversaries to launch cyber-attacks. Like any other heavy industrial process, the ONG system relies on a complex system of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) devices. The current state of cyber-preparedness across the ONG industry varies from organization to organization. Among the most common challenges that ONG companies face are remote locations, longlived field assets, and lacking capabilities to find and track malware on their systems. ONG companies tend to be concerned with lack of cyber-awareness from employees, risk stemming from remote access for operations & maintenance, and software vulnerabilities within third-party equipment. Various industry and government organizations are performing research and development activities to address some of these challenges, but in many cases industry stakeholders are not aware of solutions that already exist. It is clear that a need exists for a coherent, comprehensive, multi-layered strategy for assuring the security and resilience of the nation's pipeline infrastructure against cyber threats. For a variety of reasons, the general consensus from stakeholders interviewed by LLNL is that the state of cyber-security within the electric grid is currently outpacing its ONG cousin. Existing strategies for the resilience and cyber-security of the electric grid can and should be leveraged to provide immediate benefits to the ONG system. In LLNL’s view, there are two key factors currently limiting the development of necessary cyber-practices within the ONG industry: The sheer number of differing regulatory bodies and trade groups offering both standards and best-practice recommendations for ONG cyber-security makes it difficult to create a comprehensive, directed, and coherent strategy that is applicable to all players within the ONG industry. The ONG industry is unaware of potentially useful technologies that have been developed for ensuring cyber-security of other infrastructure systems, such as the electric grid. Leveraging these technologies—and the science and engineering behind them—can provide some low-hanging fruit that can greatly improve cyber-security in the ONG industry without significant investments in terms of time and money. In the months following this report, LLNL will continue to perform outreach to key oil & gas industry stakeholders in a continual effort to identify the most pressing cyber-resilience issues in the industry. This outreach will be supplemented with LLNL’s threat intelligence capabilities to begin painting a clearer picture of the overall threat landscape faced by this sector. This assessment will be threat-informed and while the strategy itself will not be classified we will leverage intelligence analysis and adversary capabilities to identify gaps in current cybersecurity practices for oil & gas pipeline systems. Recommended efforts will be compiled into a cyber-resilience roadmap for the oil & gas pipeline sector, in which LLNL will highlight priority activities to immediately improve the state of cyber-resilience in the industry.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2020

Scaling Energy Efficient Retrofits for Small Commercial Apartment Buildings

With support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Building Technologies Office (BTO), the International Center for Appropriate and Sustainable Technology (ICAST) recently completed a three-year cooperative agreement to scale energy efficiency retrofits (EER) on small multifamily (MF) buildings. ICAST EER strategies ranged from low-hanging “direct install” of measures such as LED lighting, low-flow showerheads and aerators, and smart thermostats to major strategies such as HVAC replacement with high-efficiency boilers or heat pumps. As feasible, some projects also included the addition of renewable energy sources such as photo voltaic (PV) solar. When ICAST began the BTO project, it operated in two states and oversaw EER at approximately 80 MF buildings per year. With assistance from BTO, ICAST has grown significantly and now has staff in six states with MF EER projects in another seven, and performed EER on 956 MF buildings. ). ICAST was able to successfully execute this project by 1) Improving viability and efficiency of its processes, 2) Launching two new services and 3) Creating an affiliate program. For the most part, ICAST focused on a specific type of MF property: naturally occurring affordable housing (NOAH), because it is a significantly underserved market within the hard-to-serve MF market. NOAHs are typically smaller properties (5 to 64 units), owned by small organizations or individual investors looking for positive cash flow. ICAST believes the NOAH market can be successfully served with a one-stop-shop approach that makes it easy, hassle-free, and cost-effective for owners to acquire green upgrades for their property(ies). With the assistance of BTO funding, ICAST successfully used the cited EER methods and strategies to scale-up its OSS approach to service a greater number of MF housing and expand into new geographies. Additionally, support from BTO helped ICAST create self-sustaining programs which will not need to rely on on-going funding.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

Automated Discovery for Emulytics

Sandia has an extensive background in cybersecurity research and is currently extending its state-of-the-art modeling via emulation capability. However, a key part of Sandia's modeling methodology is the discovery and specification of the information-system under study, and the ability to recreate that specification with the highest fidelity possible in order to extrapolate meaningful results. This work details a method to conduct information system discovery and develop tools to enable the creation of high-fidelity emulation models that can be used to enable assessment of our infrastructure information system security posture and potential system impacts that could result from cyber threats. The outcome are a set of tools and techniques to go from network discovery of operational systems to emulating complex systems. As a concrete usecase, we have applied these tools and techniques at Supercomputing 2016 to model SCinet, the world's largest research network. This model includes five routers and nearly 10,000 endpoints which we have launched in our emulation platform.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

IC Project: w19_hossfault “Modelling of stick-slip behavior in sheared granular fault gouge & nonlinear elasticity behavior in cracked solid”

Low frequency earthquakes, non-volcanic tremor, and acoustic emissions are examples of weak seismic signals that may help detect major seismic events, i.e., earthquakes. In a laboratory setting, in which stick-slip events are simulated, acoustic emissions are detected far from the stick-slip events. In both, field and laboratory scale cases, the acoustic emission signals are sourced or detected in a volume remote from the volume that spawns the earthquake. Therefore, it is relevant to establish the causal relationship between signals detected on passive, remote monitors and the dynamics of the elastic structures that launch important seismic events. The work conducted under this IC allocation allowed us to utilize a numerical model that let us follow this causality, i.e., examine and connect the dynamics in a granular system (fault gouge), to signals detected on passive remote monitors. It was demonstrated that stress chains are key in the dynamics of granular systems and that their evolution is the source of the acoustic emission.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

From IEC 61853 power measurements to PV system simulations.

The IEC 61853 PV module energy rating standard requires measuring module power (and hence efficiency) over a matrix of irradiance and temperature conditions. These matrix points represent nearly the full range of operating conditions encountered in the field in all but the most extreme locations, and create an opportunity to develop alternative approaches to existing modelssuch as the single-diode models and the Sandia Array Performance Modelfor calculating system performance. This report begins by discussing the bilinear interpolation and extrapolation method from IEC 61853-3, and then describes four existing model-based methods that could be used with matrix measurements. Then a new model is developed and all options are compared according to seven objective criteria using the matrix measurements of four PV modules of different technologies. The results show that the new model is an excellent candidate for launching power matrix-based PV system simulations.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗