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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 505 records · Page 28
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1999

DNA Repair-Protein Relocalization After Heavy Ion Exposure

Ionizing radiation is good at making DNA double strand breaks, and high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations such as heavy ion particles are particularly efficient. For this reason, the proteins belonging to repair systems that deal with double strand breaks are of particular interest. One such protein is Ku, a component in the non-homologous recombination repair system. The Ku protein is an abundant, heterodimeric DNA end-binding complex, composed of one 70 and one 86 kDa subunit. Ku protein binds to DNA ends, nicks, gaps, and regions of transition between single and double-stranded structure. These binding properties suggest an important role in DNA repair. The Ku antigen is important in this study because it is present in relatively large copy numbers and it is part of a double-strand-break repair system. More importantly, we consistently measure an apparent upregulation in situ that is not verified by whole-cell-lysate immunoblot measurements. This apparent upregulation is triggered by very low doses of radiation, thus showing a potentially useful high sensitivity. However, elucidation of the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is still to be done.

Metting, N. F.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Boosting the Activity of Pd Single Atoms by Tuning Their Local Environment on Ceria for Methane Combustion

Abstract Supported Pd single atom catalysts (SACs) have triggered great research interest in methane combustion yet with contradicting views on their activity and stability. Here, we show that the Pd SAs can take different electronic structure and atomic geometry on ceria support, resulting in different catalytic properties. By a simple thermal pretreatment to ceria prior to Pd deposition, a unique anchoring site is created. The Pd SA, taking this site, can be activated to Pd δ + (0< δ <2) that has greatly enhanced activity for methane oxidation: T 50 lowered by up to 130 °C and almost 10 times higher turnover frequency compared to the untreated catalyst. The enhanced activity of Pd δ + site is related to its oxygen‐deficient local structure and elongated interacting distance with ceria, leading to enhanced capability in delivering reactive oxygen species and decomposing reaction intermediates. This work provides insights into designing highly efficient Pd SACs for oxidation reactions.

Yang, Weiwei↗
DOE OSTI2020

Workflow Submit Nodes as a Service on Leadership Class Systems

DOE scientists, today, have access to high performance computing (HPC) facilities with very powerful systems that enable them to execute their computations faster, more efficiently, and at greater scales than ever before. To further their knowledge and produce new discoveries, scientists rely on workflows - sometimes very complex - that provide them with an easy way to automate, reproduce and verify their computations. However, historically, creating workflow submission environments in large HPC facilities has been cumbersome, requires expertise and many man-hours of effort due to the peculiarities, policies, and the restrictions that these systems present. In this paper we discuss the approach a large DOE facility (OLCF) is taking in order to provide containers as a service to its users. This capability is used to create Pegasus workflow management system submit nodes as a service (WSaaS) at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facilities (OLCF), targeting the Summit supercomputer. This deployment builds upon the Kubernetes/Openshift cluster (Slate) that exists within OLCF’s DMZ and its automation triggers. Additionally, we evaluate our approach’s overhead and effort to deploy the solution as compared to previous solutions, such as setting up a Pegasus submission environment on OLCF’s login nodes or submitting jobs remotely via the rvGAHP.

Papadimitriou, George↗
DOE OSTI2025

Parameterized anomalous transport model for current-carrying collisionless plasmas in pulsed power inertial confinement fusion

Current delivery in pulsed power inertial confinement fusion is influenced by collisionless current-carrying microturbulent plasmas, which are sourced from electrode surfaces. In this setting, the lower hybrid drift instability—triggered by plasma acceleration—is a leading candidate driver of difficult-to-predict momentum and energy transport. To characterize the nonlinear state of the microturbulent plasma, a parameterized anomalous transport model is developed for the instability, with analytic formulas for anomalous collision frequency, resistivity, and species heating rates. The formulas are expressed in terms of linear-theory variables and four dimensionless parameters that characterize the macroscopic plasma state. The model is built on linear theory analysis, power law analysis, and quasilinear theory analysis, and is validated using a series of nonlinear continuum kinetic Vlasov–Poisson simulations. The theoretical and computational investigation demonstrates that the anomalous collision frequency associated with the instability can be reliably approximated, within about a factor of five or better, by the unscaled linear theory growth rate of the fastest-growing wavenumber mode. This finding enables efficient calculation of anomalous resistivity and species heating rates over a wide range of plasma conditions, resulting in improved predictive capabilities.

Complex functions↗
DOE OSTI2022

Boosting the Activity of Pd Single Atoms by Tuning Their Local Environment on Ceria for Methane Combustion

Supported Pd single atom catalysts (SACs) have triggered great research interest in methane combustion yet with contradicting views on their activity and stability. Here, in this paper, we show that the Pd SAs can take different electronic structure and atomic geometry on ceria support, resulting in different catalytic properties. By a simple thermal pretreatment to ceria prior to Pd deposition, a unique anchoring site is created. The Pd SA, taking this site, can be activated to Pd δ+ (0<δ<2) that has greatly enhanced activity for methane oxidation: T 50 lowered by up to 130 °C and almost 10 times higher turnover frequency compared to the untreated catalyst. The enhanced activity of Pd δ+ site is related to its oxygen-deficient local structure and elongated interacting distance with ceria, leading to enhanced capability in delivering reactive oxygen species and decomposing reaction intermediates. This work provides insights into designing highly efficient Pd SACs for oxidation reactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

MaPSA Quality Control and AI-Enhanced Grading For the CMS Phase-II Tracker Upgrade

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment will undergo changes as part of the Large Hadron Collider upgrade. The CMS tracker will be upgraded to cope with the new radiation environment and to provide tracking at the first level trigger. This upgrade features a new type of silicon module called PS Module, which combines a Pixel sensor and a Strip sensor in the same module. The pixel portion of the PS module has a sensor bump bonded to 16 Macro Pixel ASICs (MPA) to form a Macro Pixel Sub Assembly (MaPSA). At Fermilab, MaPSAs are tested for quality control before being assembled with the strip sensors, readout and service electronics to form a PS Module. All of this test data is stored in a centralized database, and is used to grade the final module to determine if it will be installed in the detector. The Phase II Outer Tracker Analyzer of Test Outputs (POTATO) is the software that processes this data and determines the module grades. Using recent technologies, an AI agent is being im plemented into POTATO in order to allow users to more efficiently sort through the large amounts of analysis data and ensure that only the user specified data is being considered. This poster will display the process of testing a MaPSA, how that test data is relevant to module assembly and grading, and how the POTATO grading tool is being improved with the use of an embedded AI agent.

Gzamouranis, Olivia [Purdue U.]↗
DOE OSTI2020

Boosting Photoelectric Conductivity in Porphyrin-Based MOFs Incorporating C 60

Electronic structure calculations show that guest C60 in the porphyrin-containing metal organic frameworks Zn 2 (TCPB)(DA-ZnP) (DA-MOF; H 4 TCPB = 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene, DA-ZnP = [5,15-bis[(4-pyridyl)ethynyl]-10,20-diphenylporphinato]zinc(II)) and Zn 2 (TCPB)(F-ZnP) (F-MOF; F-ZnP = [5,15-di(4-pyridyl)-10,20-bis(pentafluorophenyl)porphinato]zinc(II)) engenders high photoelectrical conductivity due to efficient donor–acceptor charge-transfer (CT) interactions. Structural modifications at the meso position of the porphyrin influence the preferred positions of C 60 within the frameworks, giving rise to host–guest interactions with different anisotropic structural, electronic, and optoelectronic properties. A preferred slipped-parallel π-stacked interaction of C 60 that is predicted for NH 2 -substituted DA-MOF and F-MOF fosters strong CT transitions and lowers band gaps by ~1.0 eV compared to the pristine DA-MOF and F-MOF. Hopping rates computed using Marcus theory are found to be anisotropic and accelerated by multiple orders of magnitude across π-stacked interfaces created by C 60 incorporation, a consequence of strong electronic coupling between initial and final diabatic states. Calculations indicate that photoinduced electron transfer, as well as direct CT from porphyrin to C 60 upon irradiation, triggers a charge separation process that leads to the formation of what should be long-lived electron-trapped states at the heterojunctions. Lastly, design principles revealed here for the control of photophysical and electron-transfer processes will be useful for constructing new MOF-derived visible- and infrared-based optoelectronics.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

The physics basis to integrate an MHD stable, high-power hybrid scenario to a cool divertor for steady-state reactor operation

Abstract Coupling a high-performance core to a low heat flux divertor is a crucial step for ITER and a Fusion Pilot Plant or DEMO. Experiments in DIII-D recently expanded the steady-state hybrid scenario to high density and divertor impurity injection to study the feasibility of a radiating mantle solution. This work presents the physics basis for trade-offs between density, current drive and stability to tearing modes (TMs) at high β. EC power is crucial to tailor the plasma profiles into a passively stable state, and to eject impurities from the core. Off-axis EC depositions decrease the heating efficiency, but calculated electron heat transport coefficients show that this effect is partially mitigated by improved confinement inside the EC deposition. Additionally, the reduction in pressure is recovered by increasing the density. This favourable scaling of confinement with density was observed in high power plasmas for years, and this work provides a comprehensive explanation. ELITE predictions indicate that a path in peeling-ballooning stability opens up for certain conditions of density, power, q 95 and shaping, allowing the edge pressure to continue increasing without encountering a limit. In the core, calculated anomalous fast-ion diffusion coefficients are consistent with density fluctuation measurements in the toroidicity-induced Alfvén eigenmode range, showing that smaller fast-ion losses contribute to the enhanced confinement at high density. The edge integration study shows that divertor heat loads can be reduced with Ne and Ar injection, but this eventually triggers a cascade of n = 1, 2, 3 core TMs. We can now show that impurity radiation in the core is small and it is not the cause for the drop in confinement at high Ar and Ne injection rates. The overlap between the core TMs is consistent with the loss of pressure as estimated by the Belt model for the coupled rational surfaces. Optimization of these trade-offs has achieved plasmas with sustained H 98y2 = 1.7, f GW = 0.7 and ∼85% mantle radiation. The scenario and its variations at higher density and on- vs off-axis EC heating has been studied as a candidate for an integrated solution for several reactor designs, such as ITER, ARC, and the ARIES-ACT1 case, showing promising results in terms of fusion power and gain.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
NASA NTRS2018

Blockchain Application Within a Multi-Sensor Satellite Architecture

With the thrust towards multi-sensor satellite architectures for earth and space exploration, such as constellations and swarms, new technologies are required to enable the transition to this future capability. One of the areas of interest is establishing secure, efficient and prioritized data and command communication pathways among ground and space-based sources for such systems. This paper presents early research results on the potential role, capabilities and value of blockchain usage within constellation and swarm satellite architectures. It demonstrates the use of blockchain's smart contract and distributed ledger capabilities for secure and prioritized multi-sensor satellite collaborative data exchanges, as well as the logging and tracking of command and control events. Adapting and utilizing this emerging technology will aid in addressing technology gaps expected from future constellation flight architectures, such as managing collective computational operations (correlation), dynamic and autonomous observation planning, time-critical events, and provenance tied to ground and space-based autonomous operations and control recordkeeping. In this scenario blockchain is applied in encrypted command transmittal to multiple, yet specific, entities enabling acknowledgement transmittals, performance scalability, and automatic event-based triggering.

Mital, Rohit↗
DOE OSTI2026

The high level trigger and express data production at STAR

To meet the demands of the Beam Energy Scan phase-II (BES-II) program, the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) developed a dual real-time framework consisting of a High Level Trigger (HLT) and an Express Data Production system (xProduction). The HLT operates online within the Data Acquisition (DAQ) chain on a dedicated multi-core CPU cluster with the option to offload compute-intensive kernels to Xeon Phi coprocessors. It uses parallelized algorithms, such as the Cellular Automaton (CA) Track Finder, to perform rapid tracking, vertexing, and event filtering. This allows it to select events of interest in real time and provide immediate feedback on detector and beam conditions. In contrast, the xProduction workflow runs concurrently and independently of the DAQ loop. It applies near offline-quality calibration and reconstruction within hours of data collection. The xProduction input is the express data stream, whose content can be enriched by HLT trigger/priority selections under DAQ/HLT resource constraints, and it uses the STAR calibration/conditions framework, incorporating online calibration/QA information when available. This enables early preliminary physics analysis, including the reconstruction of rare signals, such as hyperons and hypernuclei. It also provides collaboration-wide access to analysis-ready datasets. Together, the HLT and xProduction systems form a complementary architecture: the HLT performs online event selection while the xProduction chain delivers high-quality results within a short amount of time. This integrated framework has enabled the prompt reconstruction of the $^5_Λ$ He hypernucleus with high statistical significance and the efficient processing of hundreds of millions of heavy-ion collision events. In conclusion, its demonstrated scalability and robustness establish a model for future high-luminosity experiments requiring both online event filtering and rapid access to analysis-quality data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cosmological moduli and non-perturbative production of axions

Cosmological moduli generically come to dominate the energy density of the early universe, and thereby trigger an early matter dominated era. Such non-standard cosmological histories are expected to have profound effects on the evolution and production of axion cold dark matter and dark radiation, as well as their prospects for detection. We consider moduli-axion couplings and investigate the early history of the coupled system, considering closely the evolution of the homogeneous modulus field, the back-reaction from the axion, and the energy densities of the two fields. A particular point of interest is the enhancement of axion production from modulus decay, due to tachyonic and parametric resonant instabilities, and the implications of such production on the cosmological moduli problem, axion dark radiation, and the available parameter space for axion dark matter. Using an effective field theory approach, WKB-based semi-analytical analysis, and detailed numerical estimates of the co-evolution of the system, we evaluate the expected decay efficiency of the modulus to axions. The effects of higher-order operators are studied and implications for UV-complete frameworks such as the Large Volume Scenarios in Type IIB string theory are considered in detail.

Axions and ALPs↗
DOE OSTI2026

Poxvirus infection triggers remodeling of host m⁶A epitranscriptome and benefits from the m⁶A regulatory responses

Understanding how host gene regulation responds to viral infection is essential for developing effective antiviral strategies. Emerging evidence suggests that host transcripts undergo dynamic chemical modifications to counteract viral invasion. Conversely, viruses that rely on nuclear transcription exploit host RNA methyltransferases to enhance mRNA export and translation. Orthopoxviruses, however, complete their entire replication cycle within compartmentalized cytoplasmic “factories” utilizing enzymes encoded by their large double-stranded viral DNA genomes. The dynamic interplay between host and poxviral epitranscriptome remains poorly characterized. Using a temporally resolved model of Vaccinia virus (VV) infection, we investigated host-virus interactions through transcriptome and N6-methyladenosine (m⁶A) epitranscriptome whole genome sequencing. We found that host m⁶A modifications respond rapidly to VV infection, preceding the delayed transcriptional changes that emerge at later stages. Early m⁶A signatures included key innate immunity factors as well as host genes involved in transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional modification, and protein ubiquitination. Functional assays validated two host factors with early m⁶A modification changes that are essential for VV infection: a m⁶A reader, YTHDF1, and a component of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, FBXO31. The m⁶A gain on YTHDF1 enhanced its protein expression and promoted efficient VV replication. In addition, we identified previously unrecognized roles of FBXO31 and the SCF E3 ligase complex in supporting VV infection. Temporal profiling of the m⁶A epitranscriptome reveals how VV exploits host post-transcriptional regulatory pathways, specifically m⁶A RNA modification and protein ubiquitination. These findings highlight critical host factors co-opted during poxvirus infection and identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Non-thermal resistive switching in Mott insulator nanowires

Abstract Resistive switching can be achieved in a Mott insulator by applying current/voltage, which triggers an insulator-metal transition (IMT). This phenomenon is key for understanding IMT physics and developing novel memory elements and brain-inspired technology. Despite this, the roles of electric field and Joule heating in the switching process remain controversial. Using nanowires of two archetypal Mott insulators—VO 2 and V 2 O 3 we unequivocally show that a purely non-thermal electrical IMT can occur in both materials. The mechanism behind this effect is identified as field-assisted carrier generation leading to a doping driven IMT. This effect can be controlled by similar means in both VO 2 and V 2 O 3 , suggesting that the proposed mechanism is generally applicable to Mott insulators. The energy consumption associated with the non-thermal IMT is extremely low, rivaling that of state-of-the-art electronics and biological neurons. These findings pave the way towards highly energy-efficient applications of Mott insulators.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

Thermally driven mesoscale chemomechanical interplay in Li 0.5 Ni 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 cathode materials

While Li ion batteries are intended to be operated within a mild temperature window, their structural and chemical complexity could lead to unanticipated local electrochemical events that could cause extreme temperature spikes, which, in turn, could trigger more undesired and sophisticated reactions in the system. Visualizing and understanding the response of battery electrode materials to thermal abuse conditions could potentially offer a knowledge basis for the prevention and mitigation of the safety hazards. Here we show a comprehensive investigation of thermally driven chemomechanical interplay in a Li 0.5 Ni 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 (charged NMC622) cathode material. We report that, at the early stage of the thermal abuse, oxygen release and internal Li migration occur concurrently, and are accompanied by mechanical disintegration at the mesoscale. At the later stage, Li protrusions are observed on the secondary particle surface due to the limited lithium solubility in non-layered lattices. As a result, the extraction of both oxygen and lithium from the host material at elevated temperature could influence the chemistry and safety at the cell level via rearrangement of the electron and ion diffusion pathways, reduction of the coulombic efficiency, and/or causing an internal short circuit that could provoke a thermal runaway.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Packaging a 650V/400A GaN Half-bridge Power Module with Ultra-low Parasitics for Electric Vehicle Drive Applications

This paper proposes a compact and efficient half-bridge power module with three 650 V / 150 A GaN dies in parallel. The power module incorporates a main power printed circuit board (PCB), an interface PCB, and a flex PCB to achieve low parasitics in both power loop and gate-side connection, resolving the issue of high parasitics typically encountered with wire bonding in high-current applications. Additionally, the interface PCB decouples the design constraints between the power loop and the gate loops. The proposed design is optimized with a vertical loop configuration to reduce power loop inductance through magnetic flux cancellation. Finite element analysis indicates that the power loop inductance is 0.58 nH at 100 MHz, while the maximum die junction temperature reaches 131 °C under an ambient temperature of 65 °C and a load current of 385 A. The proposed multi-piece PCB structure reduces the inductance of the drive circuit to minimize EMI and to mitigate false triggering. At the same time, it reduces impedance mismatches across different driver circuits, thereby achieving dynamic current sharing in multi-chip parallel configurations. Under simulation conditions of 400 V / 385 A, the current imbalance among chips was limited to 5 A. A 400 V / 385 A double-pulse test was conducted to experimentally validate the performance of the proposed power module.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Theory of In-Cloud Activation of Aerosols and Microphysical Quasi-Equilibrium in a Deep Updraft

The microphysical quasi-equilibrium in an ascending adiabatic parcel is elucidated by an analytical theory in 0D with drastic simplifications. The theory predicts how in-cloud activation is most likely to be triggered by the onset of precipitation during sufficient ascent, with the ascent only needing to approach almost twice the cloud-base updraft speed aloft. The precipitation and cloud condensate mass fields are coupled in a closed system in a simplified version of the model. The initial state of no precipitation is unstable with respect to a perturbation. In the 2D phase space of both mass fields, there is a neutral line. Unstable growth of precipitation mass drives the system to cross the line into a regime of stability. An attractor is then approached consisting of precipitation mass balanced by accretion of cloud mass and fallout. The cloud-particle number concentration also approaches a stable equilibrium governed by the balance between in-cloud activation aloft from the inexorably increasing supersaturation during vertical acceleration and accretion of cloud droplets by precipitation. Dimensionless numbers characterizing the microphysical equilibria and their stability are derived mathematically, including a condensation–precipitation efficiency and an in-cloud activation efficiency. The theory explains common observations of the orders of magnitude of liquid water content in convective and stratiform clouds. Finally, sensitivity tests of the numerically integrated theoretical equations are documented with respect to variations in cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) aerosols and updraft speed. In conclusion, it is shown that this theory of in-cloud activation, with an increasing supersaturation during ascent, applies to both ice-only and liquid-only cloud.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1996

Evidence of Boundary Reflection of Kelvin and First-Mode Rossby Waves from Topex/Poseidon Sea Level Data

The TOPEX/POSEIDON sea level data lead to new opportunities to investigate some theoretical mechanisms suggested to be involved in the El Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon in the tropical Pacific ocean. In particular, we are interested in studying the western boundary reflection, a process crucial for the delayed action oscillator theory, by using the TOPEX/POSEIDON data from November 1992 to May 1995. We first projected the sea level data onto Kelvin and first-mode Ross waves. Then we estimated the contribution of wind forcing to these waves by using a single baroclinic mode simple wave model forced by the ERS-1 wind data. Wave propagation was clearly observed with amplitudes well explained by the wind forcing in the ocean interior. Evidence of wave reflection was detected at both the western and eastern boundaries of the tropical Pacific ocean. At the eastern boundary, Kelvin waves were seen to reflect as first-mode Rossby waves during the entire period. The reflection efficiency (in terms of wave amplitude) of the South American coasts was estimated to be 80% of that of an infinite meridional wall. At the western boundary, reflection was observed in April-August 1993, in January-June 1994, and, later, in December 1994 to February 1995. Although the general roles of these reflection events in the variability observed in the equatorial Pacific ocean are not clear, the data suggest that the reflections in January-June 1994 have played a role in the onset of the warm conditions observed in late 1994 to early 1995. Indeed, during the January-June 1994 period, as strong downwelling first-mode Rossby waves reflected into downwelling Kelvin waves, easterly wind and cold sea surface temperature anomalies located near the date line weakened and eventually reversed in June-July 1994. The presence of the warm anomalies near the date line then favored convection and westerly wind anomalies that triggered strong downwelling Kelvin waves propagating throughout the basin simultaneously with the beginning of the 1994-1995 warm conditions.

Boulanger, Jean-Philippe↗
DOE OSTI2019

A DECam Search for Explosive Optical Transients Associated with IceCube Neutrino Alerts

To facilitate multimessenger studies with TeV and PeV astrophysical neutrinos, the IceCube Collaboration has developed a realtime alert system for the highest confidence and best localized neutrino events. In this work we investigate the likelihood of association between realtime high-energy neutrino alerts and explosive optical transients, with a focus on core-collapse supernovae (CC SNe) as candidate neutrino sources. We report results from triggered optical follow-up observations of two IceCube alerts, IC170922A and IC171106A, with Blanco/DECam ($gri$ to 24th magnitude in $\sim6$ epochs). Based on a suite of simulated supernova light curves, we develop and validate selection criteria for CC SNe exploding in coincidence with neutrino alerts. The DECam observations are sensitive to CC SNe at redshifts $z \lesssim 0.3$. At redshifts $z \lesssim 0.1$, our selection criteria reduce background SNe contamination to a level below the predicted signal. For the IC170922A (IC171106A) follow-up observations, we expect that 12.1% (9.5%) of coincident CC SNe at $z \lesssim 0.3$ are recovered, and that on average, 0.23 (0.07) unassociated SNe in the 90% containment regions also pass our selection criteria. We find two total candidate CC SNe that are temporally coincident with the neutrino alerts, but none in the 90% containment regions, which is statistically consistent with expected rates of background CC SNe for these observations. Here, given the signal efficiencies and background rates derived from this pilot study, we estimate that to determine whether CC SNe are the dominant contribution to the total TeV-PeV energy IceCube neutrino flux at the $3\sigma$ confidence level, DECam observations similar to those of this work would be needed for $\sim200$ neutrino alerts, though this number falls to $\sim60$ neutrino alerts if redshift information is available for all candidates.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗