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At least 505 records · Page 28

Wave propagation and transport in the middle atmosphere

The paper reviews the dynamics of wave propagation and wave transport for vertically propagating, planetary scale waves in the middle atmosphere. Such waves are divided into two major classes: extratropical planetary waves and equatorial waves. The most significant extratropical modes are the quasi-stationary Rossby waves, while the most significant equatorial modes are the Kelvin wave and the mixed Rossby-gravity wave. Both types of waves are capable of generating mean flow changes through wave-mean flow interaction.

Holton, J. R.↗

Ocean wave-radar modulation transfer functions from the West Coast experiment

Short gravity-capillary waves, the equilibrium, or the steady state excitations of the ocean surface are modulated by longer ocean waves. These short waves are the predominant microwave scatterers on the ocean surface under many viewing conditions so that the modulation is readily measured with CW Doppler radar used as a two-scale wave probe. Modulation transfer functions (the ratio of the cross spectrum of the line-of-sight orbital speed and backscattered microwave power to the autospectrum of the line-of-sight orbital speed) were measured at 9.375 and 1.5 GHz (Bragg wavelengths of 2.3 and 13 cm) for winds up to 10 m/s and ocean wave periods from 2-18 s. The measurements were compared with the relaxation-time model; the principal result is that a source of modulation other than straining by the horizontal component of orbital speed, possibly the wave-induced airflow, is responsible for most of the modulation by waves of typical ocean wave period (10 s). The modulations are large; for unit coherence, spectra of radar images of deep-water waves should be proportional to the quotient of the slope spectra of the ocean waves by the ocean wave frequency.

Wright, J. W.↗

A ray tracing model of gravity wave propagation and breakdown in the middle atmosphere

Lindzen (1981, 1984) has considered the effects of monochromatic, steady gravity waves propagating into the upper atmosphere. These waves reach such large amplitudes in the mesosphere that they become convectively unstable. The wave is effectively dissipated by the convection, and the pseudomomentum carried by the wave is transferred to the basic flow. The net effect is to accelerate the background flow to the phase speed of the breaking gravity wave. Schoeberl et al. (1983) have discussed modifications to Lindzen's parameterization. The present paper has the objective to develop a type of parameterization scheme for wave breaking that, in principle, can handle lateral wave propagation. Ray tracing is used to follow the gravity wave packets through varying wind conditions. The theory considered uses both the propagation properties of the wave packet and the concept of the conservation of wave action density to determine the local amplitude and position of the wave packet.

Schoeberl, M. R.↗

Steepened magnetosonic waves in the high beta plasma surrounding Comet Giacobini-Zinner

Studies of intense hydromagnetic waves at Giacobini-Zinner are extended to investigate the mode and direction of wave propagation. Simultaneous high-resolution measurements of electron density fluctuations demonstrate that long period waves propagate in the magnetosonic mode. Principal axis analyses of the long period waves and accompanying partial rotations show that the sum of the wave phase rotations is 360 deg, indicating that both are parts of the same wave oscillation. The time sequence of the steepened waveforms observed by ICE shows that the waves must propagate towards the Sun with Cph less than Vsw. Observations are consistent with wave generation by resonant ion ring or ion beam instability which predicts right-hand polarized waves propagating in the ion beam (solar) direction. The large amplitudes and small scale sizes of the cometary waves suggest that rapid pitch-angle scattering and energy transfer with energetic ions should occur. Since the waves are highly compressive, first-order Fermi acceleration is forecast.

Tsurutani, B. T.↗

The behavior of planetary wave 2 in preconditioned zonal flows

The response of linear planetary wave 2 to changes in the isentropic zonally symmetric distribution of potential vorticity (PV) is investigated numerically. Wave 2 is sensitive to the width and position of a region where the meridional derivative of PV is weak, denoted the 'surf zone', in the middle stratosphere. A narrow surf zone leads to an amplification of wave 2, and confines some of its Eliassen-Palm wave activity in high latitudes. For wider surf zones the wave activity is concentrated near the associated critical surface, and the amplitude of the wave decreases. Large changes in the wave amplitude and in the distribution of its activity are associated with the subtle changes in the zonal winds produced by modest modifications in the distribution of PV. Basic states that include regions of reversed meridional gradients of PV lead to wave overreflection and strong poleward focusing of wave activity. The amplitude of wave 2 is enhanced in the presence of negative gradients, with large responses occurring for eastward traveling waves.

Robinson, Walter A.↗

Effect of current on spectrum of breaking waves in water of finite depth

This paper presents an approximate method to compute the mean value, the mean square value and the spectrum of waves in water of finite depth taking into account the effect of wave breaking with or without the presence of current. It is assumed that there exists a linear and Gaussian ideal wave train whose spectrum is first obtained using the wave energy flux balance equation without considering wave breaking. The Miche wave breaking criterion for waves in finite water depth is used to limit the wave elevation and establish an expression for the breaking wave elevation in terms of the elevation and its second time derivative of the ideal waves. Simple expressions for the mean value, the mean square value and the spectrum are obtained. These results are applied to the case in which a deep water unidirectional wave train, propagating normally towards a straight shoreline over gently varying sea bottom of parallel and straight contours, encounters an adverse steady current whose velocity is assumed to be uniformly distributed with depth. Numerical results are obtained and presented in graphical form.

Tung, C. C.↗

Development of a satellite SAR image spectra and altimeter wave height data assimilation system for ERS-1

The applicability of ERS-1 wind and wave data for wave models was studied using the WAM third generation wave model and SEASAT altimeter, scatterometer and SAR data. A series of global wave hindcasts is made for the surface stress and surface wind fields by assimilation of scatterometer data for the full 96-day SEASAT and also for two wind field analyses for shorter periods by assimilation with the higher resolution ECMWF T63 model and by subjective analysis methods. It is found that wave models respond very sensitively to inconsistencies in wind field analyses and therefore provide a valuable data validation tool. Comparisons between SEASAT SAR image spectra and theoretical SAR spectra derived from the hindcast wave spectra by Monte Carlo simulations yield good overall agreement for 32 cases representing a wide variety of wave conditions. It is concluded that SAR wave imaging is sufficiently well understood to apply SAR image spectra with confidence for wave studies if supported by realistic wave models and theoretical computations of the strongly nonlinear mapping of the wave spectrum into the SAR image spectrum. A closed nonlinear integral expression for this spectral mapping relation is derived which avoids the inherent statistical errors of Monte Carlo computations and may prove to be more efficient numerically.

Hasselmann, Klaus↗

Wave-interactions in supersonic and hypersonic flows

Work completed under the current grant comprises the start of a theoretical and computational attack on the subharmonic route to secondary instabilities in compressible flows. The total flow field in this problem is made up of the following components: (1) a steady streamwise mean boundary layer flow which depends only on the normal space component y; (2) a two-dimensional time dependent T-S wave which moves with wavespeed c and has no spanwise dependence; and (3) a fully three-dimensional, time dependent T-S wave whose streamwise wavenumber is half of the streamwise wavenumber associated with the two-dimensional T-S wave in b. If a frame of reference is adopted which moves with the wavespeed c of the 2-D T-S wave, the time dependence of this portion of the flow can be eliminated. The effective steady mean flow in this problem is now the sum of the original parallel steady mean flow and the initial 2-D T-S instability. Dependence on the streamwise coordinate x in this mean flow can be extracted by assuming normal mode expansions involving complex exponentials and the streamwise wavenumber a. However, it is important to note that, because this is a wave-wave interaction problem, unlike the usual linear instability case, both the complex exponential, and its complex conjugate, must be retained in describing the 2-D T-S wave. The role of the perturbation to the steady mean flow is now played by the 3-D time dependent T-S wave. In treating this wave, normal modes in the streamwise and spanwise directions and time may be used. Consistent with the subharmonic nature of this transition route, the streamwise wavenumber is a/2, and complex conjugates of the complex exponential must be employed. This is not the case with the modes giving z and t dependence with wavespeed o and spanwise wavenumber B as the effective mean flow quantities are independent of z and their time dependence is accounted for by the moving frame of reference. Consequently, the wave-wave interaction which will produce mean flow modification occurs only through the streamwise exponentials.

Lakin, William D.↗

The effects of transience on the propagation of stratospheric planetary waves

The propagation of planetary-scale Rossby waves in the stratosphere is investigated in a linear, time-dependent, primitive equation model. Two distinct maxima in the convergence of the Eliassen-Palm flux (EP flux) are found for steady and for transient waves in a variety of realistic northern hemisphere, winter season, zonal flows; one below the stratospheric polar jet and the other north of the zero wind line. These maxima appear at higher altitudes for wave 1 than for wave 2, especially in low latitudes. Different mechanisms cause the formation of these two maxima. The confinement of wave activity in high latitudes is mainly due to the dissipation of waves in that region under non-WKBJ conditions. The maximum in lower latitudes is related to the absorption of Rossby waves near their critical lines. For wave 2, the intensity of the high latitude maximum is sensitive to the transience of the wave forcing at the tropopause, while for wave 1 this sensitivity is reduced. For both waves the low latitude maximum shifts northward with increasing transience.

Chen, Ping↗

Parameterization of planetary wave breaking in the middle atmosphere

A parameterization of planetary wave breaking in the middle atmosphere has been developed and tested in a numerical model which includes governing equations for a single wave and the zonal-mean state. The parameterization is based on the assumption that wave breaking represents a steady-state equilibrium between the flux of wave activity and its dissipation by nonlinear processes, and that the latter can be represented as linear damping of the primary wave. With this and the additional assumption that the effect of breaking is to prevent further amplitude growth, the required dissipation rate is readily obtained from the steady-state equation for wave activity; diffusivity coefficients then follow from the dissipation rate. The assumptions made in the derivation are equivalent to those commonly used in parameterizations for gravity wave breaking, but the formulation in terms of wave activity helps highlight the central role of the wave group velocity in determining the dissipation rate. Comparison of model results with nonlinear calculations of wave breaking and with diagnostic determinations of stratospheric diffusion coefficients reveals remarkably good agreement, and suggests that the parameterization could be useful for simulating inexpensively, but realistically, the effects of planetary wave transport.

Garcia, Rolando R.↗

Effects of the Gulf Stream on ocean waves

In the present study a third-generation numerical wave model is used to study effects of a straight Gulf Stream ring on ocean waves in swell and storm conditions. The model accounts for all relevant processes of propagation, generation, and dissipation of the waves (including current effects) without imposing a priori restraints on the spectral development of the waves. The dominating mechanism affecting the waves appears to be current-induced refraction even though the short-crestedness of the incoming waves tends to mask its effects (also in swell conditions). Depending on wind and wave conditions, refraction may trap locally generated waves in the straight Gulf Stream or it may reflect wave energy back to the open ocean. In the Gulf Stream ring, refraction induces a considerable variation in significant wave height and short-crestedness, but it hardly affects the mean wave direction. In storm conditions the processes of generation and dissipation are considerably enhanced in countercurrent situations and reduced following-current situations.

Holthuijsen, L. H.↗

Planetary-scale waves in the Southern Hemisphere winter and early spring stratosphere - Stability analysis

A barotropic stability model linearized about a zonally symmetric flow is used to examine the stability characteristics of horizontal zonal-mean flow profiles representative of the Southern Hemisphere middle stratosphere during winter and early spring, with emphasis on periods when planetary wave growth appears confined to the stratosphere. Unstable modes of eastward-travelling waves 2 and 3 are found to have period sand spatial structures, similar to observations. Wave-2 and wave-3 momentum fluxes are similar in observations and model results and are consistent with the transfer of kinetic energy from the zonal-mean flow to the wave. When a barotropic model with a zonally symmetric basic flow is used, wave 3 is usually most unstable. Including a stationary wave 1 in the basic flow destabilizes both wave 2 and wave 3, but has little effect on their periods or spatial structures. The similarity between observed fields and model results in a number of cases when wave 2 appears to grow within the stratosphere suggests that in situ instabilities play a role in the evolution of the eastward-traveling wave-2 characteristic of the Southern Hemisphere winter and early spring stratosphere.

Manney, G. L.↗

Unsteady oblique interaction of a shock wave with a plane disturbance

Analysis is made of the flow field produced by oblique impingement of weak plane disturbances of arbitrary profile on a plane normal shock. Three types of disturbance are considered: (a) sound wave propagating in the gas at rest into which the shock moves; (b) sound wave overtaking the shock from behind,(The sound wave reflects as a sound wave, and a stationary vorticity wave is produced); (c) an incompressible vorticity wave stationary in the gas ahead of the shock. The incident wave refracts as a stationary vorticity wave, and either a sound wave or attenuating pressure wave is also produced. Computations are presented for the first two types of incident wave, over the range of incidence angles, for shock Mach numbers of 1, 1.5, and infinity.

Moore, Franklin K↗

The possible role of high-frequency waves in heating solar coronal loops

We investigate the role of high-frequency waves in the heating of solar active region coronal loops. We assume a uniform background magnetic field, and we introduce a density stratification in a direction perpendicular to this field. We focus on ion compressive viscosity as the damping mechanism of the waves. We incorporate viscosity self-consistently into the equations, and we derive a dispersion relation by adopting a slab model, where the density inside the slab is greater than that outside. Such a configuration supports two types of modes: surface waves and trapped body waves. In order to determine under what conditions these waves may contribute to the heating of active regions, we solve our dispersion relation for a range of densities, temperatures, magnetic field strengths, density ratios, wavevector magnitudes, wavevector ratios, and slab widths. We find that surface waves exhibit very small damping, but body waves can potentially damp at rates needed to balance radiative losses. However, the required frequencies of these body waves are very high. For example, the wave frequency must be at least 5.0/s for a slab density of 10(exp 9,5)/cc, a slab temperature of 10(exp 6,5) K, a field strength of 100 G, and a density ratio of 5. For a slab density of 10(exp 10)/cc, this frequency increases to 8.8/s. Although these frequencies are very high, there in no observational evidence to rule out their existence, and they may be generated both below the corona and at magnetic reconnection sites in the corona. However, we do find that, for slab densities of 10(exp 10)/cc or less, the dissipation of high-frequency waves will be insufficient to balance the radiative losses if the magnetic field strength exceeds roughly 200 G. Because the magnetic field is known to exceed 200 G in many active region loops, particularly low-lying loops and loops emanating from sunspots, it is unlikely that high-frequency waves can provide sufficient heating in these regions.

Porter, Lisa J.↗

ULF waves in the Io torus: Ulysses observations

Throughout the Io torus, Ulysses has observed intense ultralow frequency (ULF) wave activity in both electric and magnetic components. Such ULF waves have been previously suggested as the source of ion precipitation leading to Jovian aurorae. The peaks of the wave spectra are closely related to the ion cyclotron frequencies, which is evidence of the waves being ion cyclotron waves (ICWs). Analysis of the dispersion relation using a multicomponent density model shows that at high latitudes (approximately 30 deg), peak frequencies of the waves fall into L mode branches of guided or unguided ICWs. Near the equator, in addition to the ICWs below f(sub cO(2+)), there are strong signals at approximately 10 Hz which require an unexpectedly large energetic ion temperature anistropy to be explained by the excitation of either convective or nonconvective ion cyclotron instabilities. Their generation mechanism remains open for the future study. Evaluation of the Poynting vector and the dispersion relation analysis suggest that the waves near the equator had a small wave angle relative to the magnetic field, while those observed at high latitudes were more oblique. The polarization of the waves below f(sub cH(+)) is more random than that of the whistler mode waves, but left-hand-polarized components of the waves can still be seen. The intensity of the ICWs both near the equator and at high latitudes are strong enough to meet the requirement for producing strong pitch angle scattering of energetic ions.

Lin, Naiguo↗

A survey of low frequency waves at Jupiter: The Ulysses encounter

We report the results of a survey of low-frequency (LF) plasma waves detected during the Ulysses Jupiter flyby. In the Jovian foreshock, two predominant wave periods are detected: 10(exp 2)-s and 5-s, as measured in the spacecraft frame. The 10(exp 2)-s waves are highly nonlinear propagate at large angles to vector-B(sub 0) (typically 50 deg), are steepened, and sometimes have attached whistler packets. For the interval analyzed the 10(exp 2)-s waves had mixed right-and left-hand polarizations. We argue that these are all consistent with being right-hand magnetosonic waves in the solar wind frame. The 10(exp 2)-s waves with attached whistler are similar to cometary waves. The trailing portions are linearly polaraized and the whistler portions circularly polarized with amplitudes decreasing linearly with time. The emissions are generated by approximately 2-keV protons flowing from the Jovian bow shock/magnetosheath into the upstream region. The instability is the ion beam instability. Higher Z ions were considered as a source of the waves but have been ruled out because of the low sunward velocities needed for their resonance. The 5-s waves have delta vector-B/B(sub 0 approximately = 0.5, are compressive and are left-hand polarized in the spacecraft frame. Local generation by three different resonant interactions were considered and have been ruled out. One possibility is that these waves are whistler mode by-products of the steepened lower-frequency magnetosonic waves. Mirror mode structures were detected throughout the outbound magnetosheath passes. For these structures, the theta(sub kB) values were consistently in the range of 80 deg to 90 deg, exceptionally high values.

Tsurutani, Bruce T.↗

Wave rotor demonstrator engine assessment

The objective of the program was to determine a wave rotor demonstrator engine concept using the Allison 250 series engine. The results of the NASA LERC wave rotor effort were used as a basis for the wave rotor design. A wave rotor topped gas turbine engine was identified which incorporates five basic requirements of a successful demonstrator engine. Predicted performance maps of the wave rotor cycle were used along with maps of existing gas turbine hardware in a design point study. The effects of wave rotor topping on the engine cycle and the subsequent need to rematch compressor and turbine sections in the topped engine were addressed. Comparison of performance of the resulting engine is made on the basis of wave rotor topped engine versus an appropriate baseline engine using common shaft compressor hardware. The topped engine design clearly demonstrates an impressive improvement in shaft horsepower (+11.4%) and SFC (-22%). Off design part power engine performance for the wave rotor topped engine was similarly improved including that at engine idle conditions. Operation of the engine at off design was closely examined with wave rotor operation at less than design burner outlet temperatures and rotor speeds. Challenges identified in the development of a demonstrator engine are discussed. A preliminary design was made of the demonstrator engine including wave rotor to engine transition ducts. Program cost and schedule for a wave rotor demonstrator engine fabrication and test program were developed.

Snyder, Philip H.↗

Plasma Waves in the Magnetosheath of Venus

Research supported by this grant is divided into three basic topics of investigation. These are: (1) Plasma waves in the Venus magnetosheath, (2) Plasma waves in the Venus foreshock and solar wind, (3) plasma waves in the Venus nightside ionosphere and ionotail. The main issues addressed in the first area - Plasma waves in the Venus magnetosheath - dealt with the wave modes observed in the magnetosheath and upper ionosphere, and whether these waves are a significant source of heating for the topside ionosphere. The source of the waves was also investigated. In the second area - Plasma waves in the Venus foreshock and solar wind, we carried out some research on waves observed upstream of the planetary bow shock known as the foreshock. The foreshock and bow shock modify the ambient magnetic field and plasma, and need to be understood if we are to understand the magnetosheath. Although most of the research was directed to wave observations on the dayside of the planet, in the last of the three basic areas studied, we also analyzed data from the nightside. The plasma waves observed by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter on the nightside continue to be of considerable interest since they have been cited as evidence for lightning on Venus.

Strangeway, Robert J.↗