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DOE OSTI2021

Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Trends from the Alternative Fueling Station Locator: Third Quarter 2020

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Alternative Fueling Station Locator contains information on public and private non-residential alternative fueling stations in the United States and Canada and currently tracks ethanol (E85), biodiesel, compressed natural gas, electric vehicle (EV) charging, hydrogen, liquefied natural gas, and propane stations. Of these fuels, EV charging continues to experience rapidly changing technology and growing infrastructure. This report provides a snapshot of the state of EV charging infrastructure in the United States in the third calendar quarter of 2020. Using data from the Station Locator, this report breaks down the growth of public and private charging infrastructure by charging level, network, and location. Additionally, this report measures the current state of charging infrastructure compared with the amount projected to meet charging demand by 2030. This information is intended to help transportation planners, policymakers, researchers, infrastructure developers, and others understand the rapidly changing landscape for EV charging. This is the third report in a new series. Reports for the first two calendar quarters of 2020 can be found in the publication databases of the Alternative Fuels Data Center and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

2020 Idaho National Laboratory Water Use Report and Comprehensive Well Inventory (Rev. 29)

This 2020 Idaho National Laboratory Water Use Report and Comprehensive Well Inventory (Revision 29) provides water use information for production and potable water wells at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Site for calendar year 2020. It also provides detailed information for new, modified, and decommissioned wells Two new wells (TRA-2317 and USGS-150) were drilled in 2019 and are included in this report. One well (USGS-147) was modified in 2020. The location maps and detailed construction diagrams are provided.in the appendix. Fifty-six monitoring wells and boreholes were abandoned (decommissioned) in calendar year 2020. The location maps and construction diagrams, if available, for the decommissioned monitoring wells and boreholes are provided in the appendix. This report is being submitted in accordance with the Water Rights Agreement between the State of Idaho and the United States, for the United States Department of Energy (dated 1990), the subsequent Partial Decree for Water Right 34-10901 issued June 20, 2003, and the Final Unified Decree issued August 26, 2014.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Trends from the Alternative Fueling Station Locator (Q4 2020)

The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Alternative Fueling Station Locator contains information on public and private non-residential alternative fueling stations in the United States and Canada and currently tracks ethanol (E85), biodiesel, compressed natural gas, electric vehicle (EV) charging, hydrogen, liquefied natural gas, and propane stations. Of these fuels, EV charging continues to experience rapidly changing technology and growing infrastructure. This report provides a snapshot of the state of EV charging infrastructure in the United States in the fourth calendar quarter of 2020 (Q4). Using data from the Station Locator, this report breaks down the growth of public and private charging infrastructure by charging level, network, and location. Additionally, this report measures the current state of charging infrastructure compared with the projected amount needed to meet charging demand by 2030. This information is intended to help transportation planners, policymakers, researchers, infrastructure developers, and others understand the rapidly changing landscape for EV charging. This is the fourth report in a series. Previous reports for the first (Q1), second (Q2), and third (Q3) calendar quarters of 2020 can be found in the Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) publication databases.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Thermal Hydraulic Experimental Test Article (FY21 Final Report)

The Thermal Hydraulic Experimental Test Article (THETA) is a facility that will be used to develop sodium components and instrumentation as well as acquire experimental data for validation of reactor thermal hydraulic and safety analysis codes. The facility will simulate nominal conditions as well as protected/unprotected loss of flow accidents in a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR). High fidelity distributed temperature profiles of the developed flow field will be acquired with Rayleigh backscatter based optical fiber temperature sensors. The facility is being designed in partnership with systems code experts to tailor the experiment to ensure the most relevant and highest quality data for code validation. THETA is comprised of a traditional primary and secondary system. The primary system is submerged in the pool of sodium and consists of a pump, electrically heated core, intermediate heat exchanger, and connected piping and thermal barriers (redan). The secondary system, located outside of the sodium pool, consists of a pump, sodium to air heat exchanger, and connected piping and valves. Figure 1 illustrates the main components of the primary system. THETA has been installed in the Mechanisms Engineering Test Loop (METL) with the primary system in the 28 inch Test Vessel #4, Figure 2 and Figure 3. Since the FY20 THETA status report, further water shakedown testing was performed, some final welding modifications were performed, all system components were sanitized, dry assembled, and commissioned. The THETA submersible electromagnetic flowmeter was welded closed to hermetically seal internal components from sodium followed by a helium leak check for the final time. Following installation of THETA into vessel #4, all data acquisition and control systems were brought online and commissioned at room temperature in the argon gas space of the empty vessel. The vessel zone 1 heaters were reinstalled and the flange was then insulated. The vessel 4 heaters were brought to a temperature of 100 °C and the THETA pump was jogged at 600 RPM to ensure it was functioning correctly. The secondary, AC Conduction based electromagnetic pump from CMI Novacast (product number CA-15) was ordered and will be delivered in late calendar year 2021. The custom designed permanent magnet based secondary flowmeter was designed, a drawing package and manufacturing specification created and quote requested from a machine shop. The intermediate heat exchanger design was completed and a drawing package is currently in progress. During the middle of calendar year 2021 the Building 308 sodium scrubber system was shut down in order to replaced some corroded piping and facilitate improvements on the system, thus requiring the sodium in METL to remain frozen. This has imposed a delay in filling vessel 4 with sodium to begin THETA testing. Sodium testing is expected to begin in early fiscal year 2022 as all THETA primary systems are operational.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Design, Processing, and Integration of Pouch-Format Cell for High-Energy Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

This project objective was to develop and demonstrate a lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery in a pouch-format cell capable of achieving an energy density ≥ 500 Wh/kg while achieving a 1,000 cycle life. The research focused on cell optimization and fabrication addressing different technical barriers and challenges including: 1) thin lithium anode optimization; 2) current collector and tab attachment design; 3) cathode porosity control; 4) electrolyte to sulfur ratio control; 5) cell design; and 6) cell fabrication. The project developed and demonstrated various technologies to address these technical barriers and challenges. The project demonstrated a thin lithium anode by vapor deposition, a collector design and validation of laser welding of tab attachment method, a cathode porosity control strategy by binder optimization, a calendaring process control and surface/interface treatment, and an electrolyte to sulfur ratio control with influence on cell energy density. The sulfur cathode was optimized by tuning the formulation, optimizing the calendaring process, and introducing a novel electrode fabrication process. To address the electrolyte performance issue, the electrolyte optimization was achieved with additive and formulation tuning and the introduction of a dual-phase electrolyte system. In addition to the demonstration of the optimized electrode with a novel fast-curing coating process and dual-phase electrolyte, a coating separator was further developed to address the polysulfide shuttling issue. The resulting new cell design with these optimized cell components was demonstrated in the 1 Ah pouch cell with medium sulfur loading and moderate porosity (~ 4.5 mAh cm-2, 65% porosity) and showed an energy density of > 400 Wh/kg (with E/S ratio of 2.8). The Li-SPAN cell configuration was also evaluated in combination with a new dual-phase electrolyte system. Initial coin cell performance demonstrated cycle stability of >300 cycles with an estimated energy density of 300 Wh/kg at the pouch format level. The corresponding 1 Ah pouch format SPAN cells with the new polymer electrolyte were developed which has shown a stable capacity at 800-900 mAh for ~40 cycles so far.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Plant-level performance and degradation of 31 GW DC of utility-scale PV in the United States

In this updated study, which samples 50% more capacity than the original and adds two additional years of operating history, we assess the performance of a fleet of 631 utility-scale PV plants totaling 31.0 GW DC (23.6 GW AC ) of capacity that achieved commercial operations in the United States from 2007-2018 and that have operated for at least two full calendar years. We use detailed information on individual plant characteristics, in conjunction with modeled irradiance data, to model expected or “ideal” capacity factors in each full calendar year of each plant’s operating history. A comparison of ideal versus actual first-year capacity factors finds that this fleet has modestly underperformed initial expectations (as modeled) on average, though perhaps due as much to modeling issues as to actual underperformance. We then analyze fleet-wide performance degradation in subsequent years by employing a “fixed effects” regression model to statistically isolate the impact of age on plant performance. The resulting average fleet-wide degradation rate of -1.2%/year (±0.1%) represents a slight improvement (seemingly driven by the oldest plants in our sample) over the -1.3%/year (±0.2%) found in our original study, yet is still of greater magnitude than is commonly found. We emphasize, however, that these fleet-wide estimates reflect both recoverable and unrecoverable degradation across the entire plant, and so will naturally be of greater magnitude than module- or cell-level studies, and/or studies that focus only on unrecoverable degradation. Moreover, when focusing on a sub-sample of newer and larger plants with higher DC:AC ratios—i.e., plants that more-closely resemble what is being built today—we find a more moderate sample-wide average performance decline of -0.7%/year (±0.4%), which is more in line with other estimates from the recent literature.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Idaho National Laboratory CY 2021 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Analysis, Methodology and Results for Radionuclides

This report details calculations of potential dose at public receptor locations surrounding the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Site boundary, and INL in-town facilities, from radionuclides reported to be in use and potentially emitted from INL facilities during calendar year (CY) 2021. All calculations were performed in accordance with the requirements in Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, “Protection of the Environment,” Part 61, “National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs),” Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities” (40 CFR 61, Subpart H). Modeling methodology, model input parameters, and contribution to dose by facility, source, and radionuclide at the maximally exposed individual (MEI) location are also discussed. The information in this report supports the “National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants - Calendar Year 2021 INL Report for Radionuclides” (INL 2022). In CY 2021, the estimated annual potential dose at the INL Site MEI location was 6.67E-02 mrem/yr, up slightly from the previous year, but far less than the regulatory standard of 10 mrem/yr (CFR 40 Part 61, Subpart H). Approximately 97% of the total dose to the INL Site MEI originated from MFC sources. Emissions from INL in-town facilities resulted in an estimated annual potential dose of 6.21E-03 mrem/yr to the MEI, down 40% from the CY 2020 estimated dose. Year-to-year variations in estimated annual dose can be attributed to adjustments in laboratory operations, changes to facility infrastructure, and variation in meteorological conditions.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-Nickel Cathode Materials for High-Energy, Long-Life, Low-Cost Lithium-Ion Batteries (Final Report)

The overall goal of this project is to produce Li-ion cells, which deliver at least 600 Wh kg -1 at the cathode level with usable lifetimes of at least 1,000 cycles or 15 years of storage (calendar life). A secondary goal of this project is to minimize the use of cobalt in the cathode, with the ultimate goal of eliminating cobalt entirely. To develop such a cathode, the University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin) team extensively investigated the structural, physical, and chemical properties of layered oxide materials. A panel of dopant elements were surveyed with an emphasis on identifying those, which impart electrochemical and thermal stability. Of those tested, Al and Mg showed the greatest performance improvements while still being easily incorporated into the cathode through simple alterations of the precursor coprecipitation method. Other dopants, such as Ta, Nb, B, and F significantly improved cathode performance, yet their mode of incorporation required additional processing which negated their use under scaled-up conditions. From this work, a first-generation cathode LiNi 0.85 Mn 0.075 Co 0.05 Al 0.02 Mg 0.005 O 2 (NMCAM-85) was produced and an initial set of 2 Ah cells was fabricated by Tesla Inc. These cells delivered 650 Wh kg -1 and a cycle life of just over 700 cycles. Further improvements were garnered through careful study of electrolyte additives. A tailored, ethylene carbonate (EC)-free electrolyte was developed, which improved capacity retention from 60% to 82% after 500 cycles in model LiNi 0.9 Mn 0.05 Al 0.05 O 2 (NMA-90) full cells. This study identified the additives fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO 2 F 2 ) as beneficial additives, which were included in the electrolyte for the end-of-project cells. The UT Austin team developed a high-Ni layered oxide cathode LiNi 0.85 Mn 0.1 Al 0.05 Mg 0.005 O 2 (NMAM-85) capable of meeting the project goals. This cathode was synthesized in kilogram quantities and delivered to Tesla for fabrication into 2 Ah pouch cells for DOE testing. These large-format cells achieved 630 Wh kg -1 at the cathode level under the designated testing parameters, meeting the project goal with a completely cobalt-free cathode. The large-format cells are currently undergoing cycle life and calendar life evaluation at Idaho National Lab.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

2023 Annual Report of Available Drawdowns for Each Oil Storage Cavern in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve

DOE maintains an up-to-date documentation of the number of available full drawdowns of each of the caverns at the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). This information is important for assessing the SPR’s ability to deliver oil to domestic oil companies expeditiously if national or world events dictate a rapid sale and deployment of the oil reserves. Sandia was directed to develop and implement a process to continuously assess and report the evolution of drawdown capacity, the subject of this report. This report covers impacts on drawdown availability due to SPR operations during Calendar Year 2022. A cavern has an available drawdown if, after that drawdown, the long-term stability of the cavern, the cavern field, or the oil quality are not compromised. Thus, determining the number of available drawdowns requires the consideration of several factors regarding cavern and wellbore integrity and stability, including stress states caused by cavern geometry and operations, salt damage caused by dilatant and tensile stresses, the effect of enhanced creep on wellbore integrity, and the sympathetic stress effect of operations on neighboring caverns. Finite-element geomechanical models have been used to determine the stress states in the pillars following successive drawdowns. By computing the tensile and dilatant stresses in the salt, areas of potential structural instability can be identified that may represent red flags for additional drawdowns. These analyses have found that many caverns will maintain structural integrity even when grown via drawdowns to dimensions resulting in a pillar-to-diameter ratio of less than 1.0. The analyses have also confirmed that certain caverns should only be completely drawn down one time. As the SPR caverns are utilized and partial drawdowns are performed to remove oil from the caverns (e.g., for oil sales, purchases, or exchanges authorized by the Congress or the President), the changes to the cavern caused by these procedures must be tracked and accounted for so that an ongoing assessment of the cavern’s drawdown capacity may be continued. A methodology for assessing and tracking the available drawdowns for each cavern is reiterated. This report is the latest in a series of annual reports, and it includes the baseline available drawdowns for each cavern, and the most recent assessment of the evolution of drawdown expenditures. A total of 222 million barrels of oil were released in calendar-year 2022. A nearly-equal amount of raw water was injected, resulting in an estimated 34 million barrels of cavern leaching. Twenty caverns have now expended a full drawdown. Cavern BC 18 has expended all its baseline available drawdowns, and has no drawdowns remaining. Cavern BM 103 has expended one of its two baseline drawdowns, and is now a single-drawdown cavern. All other caverns with an expenditure went from at-least-5 to at-least-4 remaining drawdowns.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2023

Idaho National Laboratory CY 2022 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Analysis, Methodology and Results for Radionuclides

This report details calculations of potential dose at public receptor locations surrounding the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Site boundary, and INL in-town facilities, from radionuclides reported to be in use and potentially emitted from INL facilities during calendar year (CY) 2022. All calculations were performed in accordance with the requirements in Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, “Protection of the Environment,” Part 61, “National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs),” Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities” (40 CFR 61, Subpart H). Modeling methodology, model input parameters, and contribution to dose by facility, source, and radionuclide at the maximally exposed individual (MEI) location are also discussed. The information in this report supports the “National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants – Calendar Year 2022 INL Report for Radionuclides” (DOE-ID 2023). In CY 2022, the estimated annual potential dose at the INL Site MEI location was 1.78E-02 mrem/yr, down from the previous year, and far less than the regulatory standard of 10 mrem/yr (CFR 40 Part 61, Subpart H). Approximately 87% of the total dose to the INL Site MEI originated from Materials and Fuels Complex sources. Emissions from INL in-town facilities resulted in an estimated annual potential dose of 4.03E-03 mrem/yr to the MEI, down 35% from the CY 2021 estimated dose. Year-to-year variations in estimated annual dose can be attributed to adjustments in laboratory operations, changes to facility infrastructure, and variation in meteorological conditions.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2023

2022 LANL Radionuclide Air Emissions Report (Rev. 2)

This report describes the emissions of airborne radionuclides from operations at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for calendar year 2022 and the resulting off-site dose from these emissions. This document fulfills the requirements established by the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants in 40 CFR 61, Subpart H – Emissions of Radionuclides other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities, commonly referred to as the Radionuclide NESHAP or Rad-NESHAP. Compliance with this regulation and preparation of this document is the responsibility of LANL’s Rad NESHAP compliance program, which is part of the Environmental Protection and Compliance (EPC) Division. The information in this report is required under the Clean Air Act and is being submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Headquarters and EPA Region 6. The highest effective dose equivalent (EDE) to an off-site member of the public was calculated using procedures specified by the EPA and described in this report. LANL’s EDE was 0.45 for 2022. The annual limit is 10 millirem per year, established by the EPA in 40 CFR 61 Subpart H. All measured air emissions are modeled to a single location, known as the Maximally Exposed Individual (MEI). During calendar year 2022, LANL continuously monitored radionuclide emissions at 27 “major” release points, or stacks. The Laboratory estimates emissions from an additional 34 “minor” release points using radionuclide usage source terms in lieu of stack monitoring. Also, LANL uses an EPA approved network of air samplers around the Laboratory perimeter to monitor ambient airborne levels of radionuclides. To provide data for dispersion modeling and dose assessment, LANL maintains and operates several meteorological monitoring towers. From these various systems, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted to calculate the MEI dose for the Laboratory. The MEI can be any member of the public at any off-site location where there is a residence, school, business, or office. In 2022, this MEI location was a business at 95 Entrada Drive, located in the eastern end of Los Alamos town site. The primary contributors to the off-site dose at this location are the ambient air data at that location combined with radioactive gas emissions from the LANSCE facility and the collected potential emissions from unmonitored (minor) sources. Overall, the MEI dose in 2022 is similar to that which has been observed in recent years, and it remains well below the EPA’s 10 millirem per year limit. Doses reported to the EPA for the past 10 years are shown in Table E1.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Solid State Li Ion Batteries Using Si Composite Anodes

Solid Power has teamed with Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) to develop an all solid-state lithium-ion battery (ASSB), enabled by a high-capacity Si anode and a solid state electrolyte (SSE). Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid electrolytes addresses the calendar life challenges that currently limit the widespread adoption of Si anodes. In this project, Si-SSE composite materials have been developed with a specific capacity >1500 mAh/g (at electrode level). A Si anode was coated by using a roll-to-roll process. All-solid-state NMC-Si pouch cells have been assembled and tested. Cycle life of 1100 at 100% DOD has been demonstrated in the solid state Si pouch cell. Excellent calendar life is achieved in the cell via a high temperature storage test.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Notice of Submittal – 2023 Radionuclide Air Emissions Report for Los Alamos National Laboratory

This report describes the emissions of airborne radionuclides from operations at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for calendar year 2023 and the resulting off-site dose from these emissions. This document fulfills the requirements established by the National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants in 40 CFR 61, Subpart H – Emissions of Radionuclides other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities, commonly referred to as the Radionuclide NESHAP or Rad-NESHAP. Compliance with this regulation and preparation of this document is the responsibility of LANL’s Rad NESHAP compliance program, which is part of the Environmental Protection and Compliance (EPC) Division. The information in this report is required under the Clean Air Act and is being submitted to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Headquarters and EPA Region 6. The highest effective dose equivalent (EDE) to an off-site member of the public was calculated using procedures specified by the EPA and described in this report. LANL’s EDE was 0.43 for 2023. The annual limit is 10 millirem per year, established by the EPA in 40 CFR 61 Subpart H. All measured air emissions are modeled to a single location, known as the Maximally Exposed Individual (MEI). During calendar year 2023, LANL continuously monitored radionuclide emissions at 28 “major” release points, or stacks. The Laboratory estimates emissions from an additional 59 “minor” release points using radionuclide usage source terms in lieu of stack monitoring. Also, LANL uses an EPA approved network of air samplers around the Laboratory perimeter to monitor ambient airborne levels of radionuclides. To provide data for dispersion modeling and dose assessment, LANL maintains and operates several meteorological monitoring towers. From these various systems, a comprehensive evaluation is conducted to calculate the MEI dose for the Laboratory. The MEI can be any member of the public at any off-site location where there is a residence, school, business, or office. In 2023, this MEI location was a business at 129 New Mexico State Road 4 (NM-4), located in the northern end of White Rock. The primary contributors to the off-site dose at this location are the ambient air data at that location combined with the collected potential emissions from unmonitored (minor) sources. Overall, the MEI dose in 2023 is similar to that which has been observed in recent years, and it remains well below the EPA’s 10 millirem per year limit. Doses reported to the EPA for the past 10 years are shown in Table E1.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Idaho National Laboratory CY 2025 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants Analysis, Methodology, and Results for Radionuclides

This report details calculations of potential dose—at public receptor locations surrounding the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Site boundary and INL in-town facilities—from radionuclides reported to be in use and potentially emitted from INL facilities during calendar year (CY) 2025. All calculations were performed in accordance with the requirements of Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 40, “Protection of the Environment,” Part 61, “National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs),” Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities” (40 CFR 61, Subpart H). Modeling methodology, model-input parameters, and contribution to dose by facility, source, and radionuclide at the maximally exposed individual (MEI) location are also discussed. The information in this report supports the “National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants—Calendar Year 2025 INL Report for Radionuclides” (DOE-ID 2026). During CY 2025, the estimated annual potential dose at the INL Site MEI location was 2.45E-02 mrem/yr, up from the previous year, but remaining far less than the regulatory standard of 10 mrem/yr (CFR 40 Part 61, Subpart H). Approximately 92% of the total dose to the INL Site MEI originated from Materials and Fuels Complex sources. Emissions from INL in-town facilities resulted in an estimated annual potential dose of 4.50E-03 mrem/yr to the MEI, down slightly from the CY 2024 estimated dose. Year-to-year variations in estimated annual dose can be attributed to adjustments in laboratory operations, changes to facility infrastructure, and variation in meteorological conditions.

42 - ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Daily Temperature and Precipitation Data for 223 Former-USSR Stations (NDP-040)

The stations in this dataset are considered by RIHMI to comprise one of the best networks suitable for temperature and precipitation monitoring over the the former-USSR. Factors involved in choosing these 223 stations included length or record, amount of missing data, and achieving reasonably good geographic coverage. There are indeed many more stations with daily data over this part of the world, and hundreds more station records are available through NOAA's Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCND) database. The 223 stations comprising this database are included in GHCND, but different data processing, updating, and quality assurance methods/checks mean that the agreement between records will vary depending on the station. The relative quality and accuracy of the common station records in the two databases also cannot be easily assessed. As of this writing, most of the common stations contained in the GHCND have more recent records, but not necessarily records starting as early as the records available here. This database contains four variables: daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperature, and daily total precipitation (liquid equivalent). Temperature were taken three times a day from 1881-1935, four times a day from 1936-65, and eight times a day since 1966. Daily mean temperature is defined as the average of all observations for each calendar day. Daily maximum/minimum temperatures are derived from maximum/minimum thermometer measurements. See the measurement description file for further details. Daily precipitation totals are also available (to the nearest tenth of a millimeter) for each station. Throughout the record, daily precipitation is defined as the total amount of precipitation recorded during a 24-h period, snowfall being converted to a liquid total by melting the snow in the gauge. From 1936 on, rain gauges were checked several times each day; the cumulative total of all observations during a calendar day was presumably used as the daily total. Again, see the measurement description file for further details. For access to the data files, click this link to the CDIAC data transition website: http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/ndps/ndp040.html

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Grand challenges and opportunities in next-generation batteries and technologies

The development of advanced Li-ion batteries and technologies generally addresses one of four objectives: 1) create a higher volumetric energy density and/or specific energy/power, 2) impart intrinsically safer chemistry, 3) produce speedier charging, and 4) utilize less expensive batteries but with competitive/near-competitive performances. Certainly, other factors can play a role as well, dependent on the type of market targeted and the availability of global supplies; however, for widespread adoption, the above points/criteria remain salient. Li-ion is commercially well entrenched in industry for communication and transportation (EV) applications. Nowadays, slight iterations, mostly electrolyte-defined, are incrementally improving safety, cost, and cycle or calendar life. The last point, calendar life, is one that is often overlooked for very high-energy dense Li-ion batteries, because of their reactivity at higher charge (OCV conditions) and elevated temperatures. While cycle life is debated with respect to capacity/energy performance decline, attempts to re-purpose the battery itself or recycle the internal chemical constituents at end of life have considerably grown in the field. Hopefully, energy-neutral processes are also considered in the recycling loop. Nevertheless, the energy storage arena is quite large, and this pursuit hinges on pushing the field in one of many directions, toward loftier objectives. The pursuit of next-generation batteries and technologies must thus delve deeper into new and novel chemistry and electrochemistry to create a world with a neutral, carbon-free environment, and one that is solely sufficient on energy-producing renewables such as the Sun and wind-derived means. The application of electricity and chemistry within our world is thus a 21st century opus.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Advances in statistical methods for cancer surveillance research: an age-period-cohort perspective

Background: Analysis of Lexis diagrams (population-based cancer incidence and mortality rates indexed by age group and calendar period) requires specialized statistical methods. However, existing methods have limitations that can now be overcome using new approaches. Methods: We assembled a “toolbox” of novel methods to identify trends and patterns by age group, calendar period, and birth cohort. We evaluated operating characteristics across 152 cancer incidence Lexis diagrams compiled from United States (US) Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program data for 21 leading cancers in men and women in four race and ethnicity groups (the “cancer incidence panel”). Results: Nonparametric singular values adaptive kernel filtration (SIFT) decreased the estimated root mean squared error by 90% across the cancer incidence panel. A novel method for semi-parametric age-period-cohort analysis (SAGE) provided optimally smoothed estimates of age-period-cohort (APC) estimable functions and stabilized estimates of lack-of-fit (LOF). SAGE identified statistically significant birth cohort effects across the entire cancer panel; LOF had little impact. As illustrated for colon cancer, newly developed methods for comparative age-period-cohort analysis can elucidate cancer heterogeneity that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to discern using standard methods. Conclusions: Cancer surveillance researchers can now identify fine-scale temporal signals with unprecedented accuracy and elucidate cancer heterogeneity with unprecedented specificity. Birth cohort effects are ubiquitous modulators of cancer incidence in the US. The novel methods described here can advance cancer surveillance research.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Orbitrap LC-MS Analysis of Nanoparticle Composition at the EPCAPE Mount Soledad site between 04 18 2023 and 06 14 2023

Weekly peak lists containing m/z, intensity, and assigned formula for filter samples, size selected for sub-100 nm particles. Filters were collected daily between 4/18/23 and 6/14/23, grouped based on calendar week for extraction, and analyzed via Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap LC-MS. Formulas were assigned to background-corrected peak lists and restricted to CHONS/CHONSNa atoms for the negative and positive modes respectively. Filters were grouped into calendar weeks 0-8 with dates provided in README text file.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗