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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 523 records · Page 29

Lessons learned from replicating services for flood prediction and monitoring in Asia to the assessment of hurricane impacts in Central America

In October and November 2020, two dangerous back-to-back hurricanes, Eta and Iota, made landfall in Central America. The SERVIR program - a joint effort of NASA and the U.S. Agency for International Development, and whose motto is “connecting space to village” was able to leverage two tools originally developed for use in other regions for predicting and assessing the flood impacts of the hurricanes. The GEOGLoWS Streamflow Prediction tool - originally implemented in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region - was used for predicting potential flooding ahead of landfall by Eta and Iota. In conjunction, the Hydrologic Remote Sensing Analysis for Floods (HYDRAFloods) framework - originally developed along with SERVIR-Mekong - was used for post-event flood mapping, leveraging its ability to map floods in cloud-covered areas using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery from the Copernicus program. Both tools were used in support of disaster coordination efforts being led by the Central American Regional Disaster Prevention Center (CEPREDENAC), in conjunction with its sister agency, the Regional Water Resources Committee (CRRH). The support provided to regional entities - and to their stakeholder national governments - served as an example of rapid generation of Earth observation products for disaster response. Feedback on those products was also provided, especially in terms of the implications of (i) calibration of predicted river volumes, and (ii) the latency of the input Earth observation imagery and attempts to map the floods’ maximum extents. An upcoming NASA DEVELOP project will also seek to strengthen the capability of CEPREDENAC and CRRH to apply HYDRAFloods for future extreme events. The application of the tools also provides a useful case study on capacity building, in terms of how Earth observation data and models can be replicated across regions.

Capacity building↗

HALOE Algorithm Improvements for Upper Tropospheric Sounding

This report details the ongoing efforts by GATS, Inc., in conjunction with Hampton University and University of Wyoming, in NASA's Mission to Planet Earth Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) Science Investigator Program entitled 'HALOE Algorithm Improvements for Upper Tropospheric Sounding.' The goal of this effort is to develop and implement major inversion and processing improvements that will extend Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) measurements further into the troposphere. In particular, O3, H2O, and CH4 retrievals may be extended into the middle troposphere, and NO, HCl and possibly HF into the upper troposphere. Key areas of research being carried out to accomplish this include: pointing/tracking analysis; cloud identification and modeling; simultaneous multichannel retrieval capability; forward model improvements; high vertical-resolution gas filter channel retrievals; a refined temperature retrieval; robust error analyses; long-term trend reliability studies; and data validation. The current (first year) effort concentrates on the pointer/tracker correction algorithms, cloud filtering and validation, and multichannel retrieval development. However, these areas are all highly coupled, so progress in one area benefits from and sometimes depends on work in others.

Thompson, Robert Earl↗

Improving “Domain-Relevant Metadata Requirements” for Supporting Open-Source Science Initiative

Implementation of the NASA Open-Source Science Initiative (OSSI) requires sharing of all relevant information to ensure “open reproducible science” [1]. However, there are several challenges in applying the OSSI to airborne field campaigns focused on atmospheric composition, which often involve a wide variety of in-situ measurements for trace gases, aerosol and cloud properties, meteorological parameters, and radiation fields. To ensure open reproducibility from airborne field campaigns, it is essential to obtain detailed measurement descriptions, which include the detection principle, sample procedure and treatment, and data processing and correction method. The challenge is that some information, e.g., sampling procedure and treatment, may be instrument-specific and campaign or platform-dependent. The data processing may also involve empirical corrections which may evolve over time. In addition, these details (especially operation- or campaign-specific ones) are often not given in journal publications. Given these issues, there is a need to leverage and improve the current “domain-relevant metadata requirements” to represent the measurement description in standardized metadata. These requirements can then facilitate systematic collection of measurement specific metadata and serve as a foundation to develop tools for making the information accessible and data more interoperable and usable or reusable. Here we show a review of existing metadata collections, use cases, and needs for new standards.

Sean Leavor↗

Spectral radiometry and tropospheric aerosols: Report of panel

The term aerosols, as used here, refers to the haze, smoke, and dust that appear in the troposphere. The term does not refer to the hydrometeors in cumulus and stratus clouds but does include the sulfuric acid-water droplets which are assumed to predominate in the stratospheric aerosol layer. The aerosol properties that were measured from satellites and those which can be made in the near term (up to 1992) will be reviewed. The capabilities that will exist in the years 1992 to 2000, with implementation of EOS, are then discussed. Finally, a few words will be said concerning the potential for aerosol measurements for the decade after 2000.

Fraser, Robert S.↗

Constraints on the Profiles of Total Water PDF in AGCMs from AIRS and a High-Resolution Model

Atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) cloud parameterizations generally include an assumption about the subgrid-scale probability distribution function (PDF) of total water and its vertical profile. In the present study, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) monthly-mean cloud amount and relative humidity fields are used to compute a proxy for the second moment of an AGCM total water PDF called the RH01 diagnostic, which is the AIRS mean relative humidity for cloud fractions of 0.1 or less. The dependence of the second moment on horizontal grid resolution is analyzed using results from a high-resolution global model simulation.The AIRS-derived RH01 diagnostic is generally larger near the surface than aloft, indicating a narrower PDF near the surface, and varies with the type of underlying surface. High-resolution model results show that the vertical structure of profiles of the AGCM PDF second moment is unchanged as the grid resolution changes from 200 to 100 to 50 km, and that the second-moment profiles shift toward higher values with decreasing grid spacing.Several Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5 (GEOS-5), AGCM simulations were performed with several choices for the profile of the PDF second moment. The resulting cloud and relative humidity fields were shown to be quite sensitive to the prescribed profile, and the use of a profile based on the AIRS-derived proxy results in improvements relative to observational estimates. The AIRS-guided total water PDF profiles, including their dependence on underlying surface type and on horizontal resolution, have been implemented in the version of the GEOS-5 AGCM used for publicly released simulations.

Molod, Andrea↗

Urban weather modeling using WRF: linking physical assumptions, code implementation, and observational needs

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model includes urban schemes that simulate the influence of urban surfaces on the atmosphere using parameterizations for flux, and radiative exchanges. Three core schemes – the Bulk urban parameterization, Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model (SLUCM), and Multi-Layer Urban Canopy Model (MLUCM) – represent increasing levels of complexity. Although the parameterizations within these urban schemes are described in the literature, their specific implementation remains poorly documented, thus slowing down model development efforts. This manuscript provides a roadmap to the three urban schemes in WRF version 4.5.2, presenting equations using the same symbols as in the model code, along with references to code lines, and including graphics and explanations that connect the code to its physical foundations. Our thorough review of the urban parameterizations implemented in WRF version 4.5.2 highlighted a handful of parameters that may introduce discontinuities in simulations: (i) in the SLUCM, a 1 mm h −1 rain rate threshold is employed to switch between two minimum moisture availability parameterizations, thus impacting latent heat flux calculations; (ii) in the SLUCM a threshold is used to partition shortwave radiation into direct and diffuse components; (iii) in all three urban schemes, the bulk Richardson number is employed to select the similarity function, which influences the vertical distribution of heat and momentum. We also identified a highly simplified treatment of the radiative balance on roof surfaces. The implications of these simplifications can be assessed through targeted observations across relevant conditions, including varying precipitation rates, cloud cover, and transitions between stability regimes. Furthermore, the widespread application of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory in these urban schemes warrants model evaluation under highly stable and unstable conditions and in heterogeneous urban settings with variable land cover and building heights on scales finer than model resolution. To address these challenges, we offer guidance on observational strategies, emphasizing the need for multi-parametric measurements to capture potential compensating biases and multi-height measurements that align with the levels where quantities are diagnostic and prognosed in the model (i.e., the lowest atmospheric level of the WRF model). Finally, our inspection of the code revealed implementation bugs that have now been corrected in WRF versions 4.6.0 and 4.6.1. Sensitivity tests over the Atlanta urban area show that these corrections affect surface temperatures, underscoring the importance of performing rigorous documentation and verification of the implementation of parameterizations in model code.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

WRF-Chem Simulations of Lightning-NOx Production and Transport in Oklahoma and Colorado Thunderstorms Observed During DC3

The focus of this analysis is on lightning-generated nitrogen oxides (LNOx) and their distribution for two thunderstorms observed during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign in May-June 2012. The Weather Research and Forecasting Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model is used to perform cloud-resolved simulations for the May 29-30 Oklahoma severe convection, which contained one supercell, and the June 6-7 Colorado squall line. Aircraft and ground-based observations (e.g., trace gases, lightning and radar) collected during DC3 are used in comparisons against the model-simulated lightning flashes generated by the flash rate parameterization schemes (FRPSs) incorporated into the model, as well as the model-simulated LNOx predicted in the anvil outflow. Newly generated FRPSs based on DC3 radar observations and Lightning Mapping Array data are implemented in the model, along with previously developed schemes from the literature. The results of these analyses will also be compared between storms to investigate which FRPSs were most appropriate for the two types of convection and to examine the variation in the LNOx production. The simulated LNOx results from WRF-Chem will also be compared against other previously studied mid-latitude thunderstorms.

Lightning↗

Cybersecurity Considerations for Emerging Energy Technologies

AI, cloud computing, post-quantum cryptography, zero-trust architectures, microgrids, and virtual power plants. What do these things have in common? They are all emerging technologies in the clean energy space that will be a critical part of grid modernization efforts. As we work towards clean energy and decarbonization targets, these technologies, developed to solve real-world problems, will help us reach goals and achieve new efficiencies as the paradigm of grid operation shifts. However, there are growing concerns about the cybersecurity risks associated with these trending topics as they are used in critical infrastructure applications. This talk will cover gaps, challenges, and opportunities for the secure implementation of grid modernization solutions and novel energy applications of state-of-the-art networking and communications. Proactive risk mitigation strategies, including the application of cyber-informed engineering, will be discussed. Practical applications of these techniques will help provide countermeasures to the impact of cyberattacks on critical infrastructure technologies in a new, digitized grid landscape.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

IoT-Based Comfort Control and Fault Diagnostics System for Energy-Efficient Homes

This project studies an Internet of Things (IoT)-based comfort control and fault diagnostics system (referred as iComfort in this report) for energy-efficient homes. The system delivers an occupant-comfort-oriented thermal environment adaptive to fault scenarios and achieves HVAC energy savings in a cost-effective and straightforward way. This smart iComfort home system consists of the following key features. 1) Cost-effectiveness and scalability of the entire hardware and software system: The system includes low-cost temperature, humidity, and airflow sensors, and a Raspberry Pi-based local hub that interfaces with the cloud and IoT-enabled devices. The cost is low, not only for sensors, but also the costs associated with sensor installation, system setup and commissioning, data communication and storage, and data analytics (e.g., the development of automated fault detection and diagnosis (AFDD), as well as adaptive control strategies that are both computationally efficient and practical to implement). 2) Energy performance and user satisfaction: The system delivers user satisfaction and energy savings. This includes a) ease of use, b) optimal occupant thermal comfort, and c) accurate system feedback (e.g., low false alarm of AFDD strategies). 3) Favorable demonstrated prototype performance: The prototype tested at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Lab Homes demonstrates the accuracy of fault detections and diagnoses and shows thermal comfort improvement and energy savings through adaptive and optimal HVAC operations.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

Impact of LANDSAT MSS sensor differences on change detection analysis

Differences in overall sensor response, due to both factors within the sensor system, and external factors such as atmospheric effects, must be dealt with before change detection techniques using image differencing can be successfully implemented. The approach used to be coregister data to a base, followed by between image scatterogram generation and evaluation, and image differencing. Data from LANDSAT 2 and 3 were registered to LANDSAT 4 data. The area was limited to a small protion of the scene near the City of Santa Cruz because this was the only area cloud and haze free on all the images. Visual examination of each image, as well as the between image scatterograms, provide information on radiometric characteristics of each sensor. The image differencing, after normalizing for radiometric differences, provides a visual depiction of geometric distortions.

Likens, W.↗

Implementation of A New Microwave Scattering Database and A Forward Model for Active Microwave Sensors in CRTM

Radiative transfer models are extensively used for the assimilation of satellite observations into NWP models as well as retrieving geophysical products from satellite measurements. CRTM is a community model developed by NOAA JCSDA and widely used for different purposes requiring RT calculations. CRTM requires bulk scattering lookup tables in order to perform all-sky RT calculations. However, the current CRTM lookup tables for microwave frequencies were generated based on the Mie theory by assuming spherical frozen particles. The scattering lookup tables generated using the DDA technique has shown to largely improve the RT scattering calculations in the MW region. This presentation targets (i) the implementation and validation of a DDA database that was originally developed for the ARTS RT model into CRTM, and (ii) developing the CRTM active sensor module that takes advantage of the backscattering coefficients computed using the DDA method. The DDA database only provides single scattering properties of different habits, while CRTM requires bulk scattering properties. The CRTM cloud coefficients were previously generated based on the effective radius for representing the size of the particles. However, effective radius is neither measurable nor provided by the NWP models, thus need to be estimated from other geophysical variables such as water content. Therefore, in addition to calculating the CRTM bulk scattering properties from the DDA single scattering database, the CRTM was also largely modified to use cloud water content (kg.m-3), instead of effective radius, for performing the interpolation over size/mass of the particles. CRTM already requires water content as input, thus no extra variables are required for performing scattering calculations using the new ARTS DDA database. The CRTM scattering modules search for effective radius in cloud coefficient files and will use the cloud water content if the effective radius dimension is not found in the cloud coefficient files. Figure 1 shows the CRTM simulated brightness temperatures computed using different cloud coefficients versus ATMS observed values over Hurricane Irma on September 7, 2017 at 18:00 UTC. We used all the cloud water content values included in ERA5 with default CRTM/DDA habits for water, rain, snow, ice, hail, and graupel. ERA5 does not provide separate water content values for ice, hail, and graupel, thus the ice water content values were divided between ice, hail, and graupel clouds similar to what was explained in the previous section. In channels with a frequency lower than 90 GHz, emission from water and rain clouds can compensate for cloud scattering so that cloud contaminated Tbs are larger than corresponding clear sky Tbs. The DDA simulations for channels 1-7 largely perform better than the Mie simulations. The DDA simulations show a mix of small negative and positive simulated minus observed values, while the Mie results show large negative biases. The weighting functions for some of the ATMS temperature sounding channels (channels 9-15) peak mostly above the clouds, therefore the measured Tbs become less sensitive to clouds so that the results of both Mie and DDA become very similar. The Mie lookup tables generate excessive scattering for channel 16, but not enough scattering for the water vapor channels. In the specific case of Hurricane Maria, the DDA lookup tables do not generate enough scattering for channel 16, but the DDA results are much more consistent with observations for water vapor channels than for channel 16. It should be noted that the results may vary if we use other habits to represent snow, hail, and graupel in the DDA simulations. Although these results clearly show the advantage of the DDA database over the Mie dataset, different error sources such as error in the observations, displacement of clouds in the ERA5 reanalysis, and also lack of convective clouds or in general errors in the input atmospheric and cloud profiles contribute to the differences between the simulated and observed values. Aside from the improvements in the simulations, a major advantage of the new dataset is a large number of habits that can be used to tune the data assimilation systems to perform well in different weather conditions.

Isaac Moradi↗

The impact of aerosol mixing state on immersion freezing: insights from classical nucleation theory and particle-resolved simulations

Immersion freezing, initiated by ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in supercooled aqueous droplets, plays an important role in the formation of ice crystals within clouds. The efficiency of immersion freezing depends strongly on INP composition and, crucially, on the mixing state – how chemical species are distributed across the particle population. Here, we quantify the impact of aerosol mixing state on immersion freezing using a combined theoretical and particle-resolved modeling approach. We derive analytical expressions for the frozen fraction of internally and externally mixed INP populations based on classical nucleation theory, showing that the frozen fraction is sensitive to whether ice-active species are present in all particles or only in a subset of the population. We introduce a multi-species immersion freezing scheme into the particle-resolved model PartMC, using the water activity-based immersion freezing model (ABIFM) to compute freezing probabilities for mixed-composition particles. To improve computational efficiency, we implement a Binned Tau-Leaping algorithm and demonstrate an order-of-magnitude speedup with minimal accuracy loss. Simulations reproduce the analytical trends in limiting cases and extend the analysis to more general aerosol populations, where mixing state continues to exert a substantial control on frozen fraction. Sensitivity analyses across particle size, species type, and cooling condition reveal that the mixing state effect is most pronounced when small amounts of highly efficient INPs are mixed with less efficient materials. These findings underscore the need to represent aerosol mixing state explicitly in models of heterogeneous ice nucleation to reduce uncertainty in cloud-phase partitioning.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Efficient estimation of the modified Gromov–Hausdorff distance between unweighted graphs

Abstract Gromov–Hausdorff distances measure shape difference between the objects representable as compact metric spaces, e.g. point clouds, manifolds, or graphs. Computing any Gromov–Hausdorff distance is equivalent to solving an NP-hard optimization problem, deeming the notion impractical for applications. In this paper we propose a polynomial algorithm for estimating the so-called modified Gromov–Hausdorff (mGH) distance, a relaxation of the standard Gromov–Hausdorff (GH) distance with similar topological properties. We implement the algorithm for the case of compact metric spaces induced by unweighted graphs as part of Python library , and demonstrate its performance on real-world and synthetic networks. The algorithm finds the mGH distances exactly on most graphs with the scale-free property. We use the computed mGH distances to successfully detect outliers in real-world social and computer networks.

Oles, Vladyslav (ORCID:0000000188727463)↗

Improved Atmospheric Soundings and Error Estimates from Analysis of AIRS/AMSU Data

The AIRS Science Team Version 5.0 retrieval algorithm became operational at the Goddard DAAC in July 2007 generating near real-time products from analysis of AIRS/AMSU sounding data. This algorithm contains many significant theoretical advances over the AIRS Science Team Version 4.0 retrieval algorithm used previously. Three very significant developments of Version 5 are: 1) the development and implementation of an improved Radiative Transfer Algorithm (RTA) which allows for accurate treatment of non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (non-LTE) effects on shortwave sounding channels; 2) the development of methodology to obtain very accurate case by case product error estimates which are in turn used for quality control; and 3) development of an accurate AIRS only cloud clearing and retrieval system. These theoretical improvements taken together enabled a new methodology to be developed which further improves soundings in partially cloudy conditions, without the need for microwave observations in the cloud clearing step as has been done previously. In this methodology, longwave C02 channel observations in the spectral region 700 cm-' to 750 cm-' are used exclusively for cloud clearing purposes, while shortwave C02 channels in the spectral region 2195 cm-' to 2395 cm-' are used for temperature sounding purposes. The new methodology for improved error estimates and their use in quality control is described briefly and results are shown indicative of their accuracy. Results are also shown of forecast impact experiments assimilating AIRS Version 5.0 retrieval products in the Goddard GEOS 5 Data Assimilation System using different quality control thresholds.

Susskind, Joel↗

Current Status of Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) Algorithm

A new Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) algorithm has been developed for MODIS. MAIAC uses a time series and an image based rather than pixel-based processing to perform simultaneous retrievals of aerosol properties and surface bidirectional reflectance. It is a generic algorithm which works over all land surface types with the exception of snow. MAIAC has an internal Cloud Mask, a dynamic land-water-snow classification and a surface change mask which allows it to flexibly choose processing path over different surfaces. A distinct feature of MAIAC is a high 1 km resolution of aerosol retrievals including optical thickness and fine mode fraction, which is required in different applications including the air quality analysis. An overview of the algorithm, results of AERONET validation, and examples of comparison with MODIS Collection 5 aerosol product, including Deep Blue algorithm, will be presented for different parts of the world including continental USA, Persian Gulf region and India.

Lyapustin, A.↗

Developing a Radar Signal Simulator for the Community Radiative Transfer Model

Active radar instruments provide vertically resolved clouds and precipitation measurements that cannot be provided by the passive instruments. These active measurements are not conventionally assimilated into the data assimilation systems because of the lack of fast forward radiative transfer models and also difficulties in the error modelling of the measurements. This paper describes the development, evaluation, and sensitivity analysis for a forward radar model implemented in the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM). The scattering properties required by the forward model are provided by the hydrometeor lookup tables that were generated using the discrete dipole approximation. The model is able to calculate both the reflectivity and the attenuated reflectivity for any given radar instrument at any given zenith angles as long as CRTM instrument specific coefficients are available. The evaluation using CloudSat measurements shows a very good agreement between the simulations and measurements as long as the input profiles of hydrometeors are consistent with the measured reflectivity profiles. Major sources contributing to the differences between the measured and simulated reflectivities are input hydrometeor profiles, scattering lookup tables, lack of melting layer in the forward model, CRTM scattering solvers, and attenuation calculations. In addition to the forward model, both Tangent Linear and Adjoint of the model are also implemented and tested within CRTM. These components may be required by some data assimilation systems for the assimilation of radar measurements.

radar↗

Atlas: Navigating NASA’s Knowledge Universe with AI-Powered Natural Language Queries

NASA has a vast archive of engineering guidelines, standards, and best practices collected over decades. This encompasses a breadth of topics from rocketry and engineering standards to risk management and space-related health issues. This wealth of information, while invaluable to NASA engineers, staff, and the public, is too extensive for any individual to fully comprehend. To address this challenge, we have developed Atlas, a tool within NASA's Mission Cloud Platform that enables users to query these diverse sources effectively. Atlas allows users to ask natural language questions and receive answers grounded in factual information from source documents. The tool provides responses with direct quotations and links to original documents, ensuring transparency and accuracy. It can address a wide range of queries, from specific technical details like safe distances for rocket launches from lightning to broader topics such as crew health requirements for long-duration space missions, corrosion protection in low Earth orbit, and NASA's agreements with various entities. In developing Atlas, we encountered and overcame several technical challenges. Large Language Models often struggle with consistently providing accurate information, especially for highly specialized topics. We implemented strategies to prevent hallucinations and ensure the reliability of responses, even for complex questions on topics ranging from NASA Mission Classes to intricate rocket science concepts. Additionally, we addressed the challenges of delivering quick responses while maintaining cost-effectiveness. Our presentation will detail the innovative approaches we employed to optimize performance and efficiency, making Atlas a powerful and practical tool for accessing NASA's extensive knowledge base.

Artificial Intelligence↗

Fusing GeoNEX and VIIRS Surface BRDF Retrievals: Exploring a GEO-LEO Synergy

The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function or BRDF, which describes the dependency of surface reflectance on the illumination-view geometries, are the foundation of many high-level satellite products for terrestrial and aquatic system monitoring. The latest geostationary sensors like GOES ABI provide high frequent (~10 minutes) observations of the Earth surface that feature continuously changing sun angles, allowing us to retrieve surface BRDF with dedicated atmospheric correction algorithms like MAIAC (Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction). For mid-latitude locations, because geostationary satellites have fixed view angles in the back-scattering directions, the angular sampling of surface BRDF by GEO sensors is not comprehensive. This study explores a GEO-LEO synergy to address this issue. We first extract concurrent GeoNEX and VIIRS BRDF data with the best quality (cloud-free and low aerosol loading) at chosen AERONET sites. We then compare the magnitude and the shape factors of the two set of BRDF parameters as well as their variations through the season. We calculate the “distances” between the GeoNEX and VIIRS BRDF by using them to cross-predict the top-of-atmosphere reflectance measured by their counterpart and evaluating the corresponding prediction errors. This metric allows us to derive a set of optimized BRDF parameters that minimize such distances or prediction errors, which are considered as the fused BRDF result. We validate the algorithm with reserved AERONET data and then apply it to generate the GEO-LEO BRDF synergy over CONUS. We expect the fused BRDF to have reduced uncertainties as compared to the source GeoNEX or VIIRS data and may find broadly application in deriving other high-level satellite products.

Geostationary satellite↗